胎儿发育过程中食管上皮糖复全物的改变

采用十种生物素化凝集素UEA－I、DBA、PSA、BSL、PNA、LCA、RCA－I、SBA、ConA及WGA分别对8W、14W、20W、28W及32W的人胎儿食管上皮进行研究,以确定胎儿食管上皮在发育过程中凝集素的结合位点以及结合方式随年龄的变化。结果提示,BSL、RCA－I、WGA的染色强度及特笥不受年龄影响,而与之相对应,UEA－1在除20W以外的食管上皮显色;含α－D－GlcNAc的糖复合物（DBA受体）只在20W表达;含α-D-man/α-D-Glc的糖复合物（PSA受体）则只出现于32W;ConA体虽在胎儿食管上皮各年龄组都表现阳性反应,但在28W□时受体在上皮各层细胞中的分布方式及染色强度出现了有意义的变化,即腔面细胞染色阴性,中层细胞染色强阳性,基底细胞弱阳性,而在其他时间腔面反应强阳性,中层中等阳性,基底弱阳性;PNA、SBA及LCA在各年龄组均呈阴性反应,这些结果表明,在胎儿食管上皮发育过程中存在着多个素结合位点,含α-L-Fucose、α-D-GalNAc、α-D-Man/α-D-Glc残基的糖复合物在分布方式和／或量上存在着发育相关性改变,即糖复合物的改变具有阶段性,总之,本实验资料提示,胎儿食管上皮在发育过程中表现出不同的结合位点,RCA－Ⅰ、BSL、WGA受体似与年龄变化无关,UEA－Ⅰ、DBA、PSA、ConA与食管上皮结合方式的年龄相关性改变,可能提示含α－L－Fucose、α－D－GalNAc、α－D－Man/α-D-Glc糖复合物的分布的改变是在8－32W胎儿中与胎儿食管上皮的形态学发生和细胞分化有关的特征性事件,细胞表面及细胞周围基质糖复合物的这些改变可能影响细胞与细胞、细胞与细胞基质之间的相互作用,同时修饰靶细胞对支持胎儿食管上皮发育可能是必需的效应分子的反应。     

落葵粘液细胞分布及发育的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片法对落葵粘液细胞的分布及发育构造进行观察研究.结果表明:(1)除花药、子房及种子外,粘液细胞普遍存在于落葵植株的地上部分内.茎中的粘液细胞多单个散生分布于皮层、髓及髓射线;叶内的粘液细胞主要分布于海绵组织,栅栏组织中则很少见;叶柄中的粘液细胞主要沿叶柄"U"型皮层的两边分布;发育后期作为果实的花萼片中粘液细胞则散生分布很多.(2)根据发育过程的不同形态,可将粘液细胞的发育分为4个阶段:原始细胞阶段、液泡化阶段、成熟阶段和细胞质解体阶段;粘液细胞最早可见于第三叶原基,并且粘液细胞的发育与植株器官的发育不同步.     

油樟油细胞和粘液细胞的发育解剖学研究

利用薄切片法对油樟茎叶油细胞和粘液细胞发育的研究结果表明,油细胞最早发生于第二叶原基以及茎端皮层和髓的基本分生组织中。未出现油细胞以前,在上述器官的基本分生组织和原分生组织中,难以区分油细胞的原始细胞与周围细胞,当油细胞原始细胞呈现出体积较大,液泡化程度较低,细胞核大而明显的特征才明显可辨,以后经过液泡融合,油细胞成熟和油细胞的细胞质解体阶段而成为一贮油的囊,而且油囊连接在杯形构造上,粘液细胞的早期发育过程与油细胞的相同,而在细胞液泡化的后期,靠近大液泡的细胞质中产生粘液物质。并扩散到大液泡中,粘液物质不断产生,变浓,占据整个细胞腔,细胞质解体后而成为完全成熟的粘液细胞,因此可见,油细胞和粘液细胞是同源的,也可能粘液细胞是由油细胞转化而来的。     

甘草腺毛的形态发生和组织化学研究

利用扫描电镜及薄切片技术对甘草的腺毛形态发生和发育过程进行了观察,并对腺毛发育过程中黄酮类成分积累进行了组织化学定位研究。结果表明：甘草腺毛为多细胞构成的盾状腺毛,有长柄和短柄2种类型;前者主要分布在花萼片上,而后者主要分布于叶片上。组化鉴定结果显示：腺毛中存在着黄酮类成分、其他亲脂类和非纤维素多糖类成分;在腺毛的发育过程中,黄酮类物质是随腺毛的发育成熟,在头部盘状结构的分泌细胞及角质层下腔中积累。研究结果对进一步探讨甘草叶中黄酮类成分的合成及其作用提供科学依据。     

鲤鱼粘液细胞类型的研究

以阿新蓝－过磺酸雪夫氏染色方法（ＡＢ－ＰＡＳ）观察了鲤鱼粘液细胞的形态和类型。根据ＡＢ－ＰＡＳ染色结果将鲤鱼粘液细胞分成四型：Ⅰ型为红色,ＡＢ阴性,ＰＡＳ阳性,含中性粘多糖;Ⅱ型为蓝色,ＡＢ阳性,ＰＡＳ阴性,含酸性粘多糖;Ⅲ型为紫红色,ＡＢ与ＰＡＳ均为阳性,同时含有中性粘多糖和酸性粘多糖,但以中性粘多糖为主;Ⅳ型为蓝紫色,ＡＢ与ＰＡＳ均为阳性,同时含中性粘多糖和酸性粘多糖,但以酸性粘多糖为主。     

青花菜花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育

采用染色体制片及爱氏苏木精染色-冬青油透明技术对青花菜花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育过程进行了细胞学研究.结果表明:花粉母细胞减数分裂的细胞质分裂为同时型,四分体为正四面体型或十字交叉型;中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ,少数细胞可见赤道板外染色体;后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ部分细胞出现染色体桥及落后染色体;四分体时期可观察到二分体、三分体及含微核的异常四分体.雄配子体发育过程包括2次有丝分裂,成熟花粉为3细胞型,具3个萌发孔.减数分裂过程中染色体行为异常的花粉母细胞约占10.28%;雄配子体发育过程中异常频率约为3.2%,败育主要发生在单核期.     

基因打靶突变小鼠的早期T细胞发育

早期Ｔ细胞的发育是一个受到多种分子精确调控的过程,基因打靶技术的建立和发展 内研究上述分子的作用提供了有效的手段。对ＴＣＲ、ＣＤ３基因打靶小鼠的研究表明,ＣＤ４４－ＣＤ２５阶段是早期Ｔ细胞发育的重要调控点,在此发育阶段,由ＴＣＲβ、ＴＣＲα和ＣＤ３成分组成的ｐｒｅ－ＴＣＲ复俣体的表达或其与未知配体的结合通过ｐ５６ｌｃｋ传递信号,介导ＣＤ４４－ＣＤ２５细胞的进一上发育,该复全体任何成分的缺失都将使Ｔ     

人体小脑神经元发育的定量观察

目的：研究人体小脑神经元的发育过程。方法：应用体视学方法,对18例不同时期人体小脑组织Golgi染色后进行观察,观测小脑皮质分层出现的时间,观测并计算神经元的数密度、体密度和表面积密度。结果：6月龄时,小脑皮质出现较明显的分子层、蒲肯野细胞层和颗粒层;星形细胞、篮状细胞、蒲肯野细胞、颗粒细胞和高尔基细胞的的数密度随月龄／年龄的增长而减少,体密度和表面积密度随月龄／年龄的增长而增加,但这些减小和增大是不等速的,6-8月龄变化最明显。结论：人体小脑神经元的发育呈现快慢交替、不均速发展,6～8月是小脑神经元发育的重要时期。     

人体小脑神经元发育的定量观察

目的:研究人体小脑神经元的发育过程。方法:应用体视学方法,对18例不同时期人体小脑组织Golgi染色后进行观察,观测小脑皮质分层出现的时间,观测并计算神经元的数密度、体密度和表面积密度。结果:6月龄时,小脑皮质出现较明显的分子层、蒲肯野细胞层和颗粒层;星形细胞、篮状细胞、蒲肯野细胞、颗粒细胞和高尔基细胞的的数密度随月龄/年龄的增长而减少,体密度和表面积密度随月龄/年龄的增长而增加,但这些减小和增大是不等速的,6-8月龄变化最明显。结论:人体小脑神经元的发育呈现快慢交替、不均速发展,6～8月是小脑神经元发育的重要时期。     

落葵薯粘液细胞分布及发育的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片法对落葵薯(Anredera cordifolia(Tenore)Steenis)粘液细胞的分布及发育进行了研究。结果表明,粘液细胞普遍存在于落葵薯的茎、叶、叶柄中,粘液细胞单个散生分布于茎的髓及皮层组织中;叶的栅栏组织和海绵组织中都可见粘液细胞,且海绵组织中的数量明显多于栅栏组织中的;叶柄中的粘液细胞不多,主要分布在维管束四周的皮层组织中。粘液细胞的发育分为4个阶段:原始细胞阶段、液泡化阶段、成熟阶段和细胞质解体阶段。粘液细胞最早出现于第六叶原基,且其发育与茎、叶器官的组织分化不同步。     

腹腔注射ConA对鲤鱼表皮粘液细胞的影响

腹腔注射Ｃｏｎ Ａ （伴刀豆球蛋白Ａ） 后, 鲤鱼腮粘膜上皮、口腔粘膜上皮和皮肤的粘膜细胞数量明显增多, 且在上皮的深层也出现部分粘膜细胞, 但其形态、大小无明显变化。     

Larval organogenesis of Pagrus pagrus L., 1758 with special attention to the digestive system development

Organogenesis of the red porgy (Pagrus pagrus L., 1758) was examined from hatching until 63 days post-hatching (dph) using histological and histochemical techniques. At hatching, the heart appeared as a tubular structure which progressively developed into four differentiated regions at 2 dph: bulbus arteriosus, atrium, ventricle and sinus venosus. First ventricle and atrium trabeculae were appreciated at 6 and 26 dph, respectively. Primordial gill arches were evident at 2 dph. Primordial filaments and first lamellae were observed at 6 and 15 dph, respectively. At mouth opening (3dph), larvae exhausted their yolk-sac reserves. The pancreatic zymogen granules appeared at 6 dph. Glycogen granules, proteins and neutral lipids (vacuoles in paraffin sections) were detected in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes from 4-6 dph. Hepatic sinusoids could be observed from 9 dph. Pharyngeal and buccal teeth were observed at 9 and 15 dph, respectively. Oesophageal goblet cells appeared around 6 dph, containing neutral and acid mucosubstances. An incipient stomach could be distinguished at 2 dph. The first signs of gastric gland development were detected at 26 dph, increasing in number and size by 35-40 dph. Gastric glands were concentrated in the cardiac stomach region and presented a high content of protein rich in tyrosine, arginine and tryptophan. The intestinal mucous cells appeared at 15 dph and contained neutral and acid glycoconjugates, the carboxylated mucins being more abundant than the sulphated ones. Acidophilic supranuclear inclusions in the intestinal cells of the posterior intestine, related to pynocitosis of proteins, were observed at 4-6 dph.     

草鱼和鲤杂交的细胞学研究—鱼类远缘杂交核质不同步现象

以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为母本、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)为父本进行人工杂交,杂种胚胎发育至孵化期全部死亡;同时获得了少数雌核发育草鱼和雄核发育的鲤。分析比较了草鲤杂种胚胎染色体变化及胚胎发育情况。发现杂种胚胎染色体数目变化较大,一般在24—73之间,绝大部分细胞染色体在发育过程中不断丢失而出现非整倍体;极少数细胞在受精后雌性原核和雄性原核不结合而引起雌核发育和雄核发育;草鱼和鲤胚胎发育时序有较大差别;因此细胞分裂不能同步。可能是杂种胚胎染色体不断丢失的主要原因。     

硬骨鱼类体细胞核移植的研究

本文用不同属、科、目的硬骨鱼类作材料进行体细胞核移植研究。鲫鱼（Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓａｕｒａｔｕｓ）、鲮鱼（Ｃｉｒｒｈｉｎｕｓｍｏｌｉｔｏｒｅｌｌａ）和尼罗罗非鲫（Ｔｉｌａｐｉａｎｉｌｏｔｉｃａ）的体细胞核（头肾细胞）移植到鲤鱼（Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓｃａｒｐｉｏ）的成熟去核卵中,通过继代核移植,在鲫鱼体细胞核和鲤鱼去核卵的属间组合中,获得发育到血液循环期的幼鱼;在鲮鱼体细胞核和鲤鱼去核卵的亚科间组合中,获得发育到心脏跳动期的晚期胚胎;在尼罗非鲫体细胞核和鲤鱼去枚卵的目间组合中,获得发育到肌肉效应期的胚胎。由于是直接用成鱼体细胞核作供核体进行核移植,因而能够克服供体鱼和受体鱼不同步产卵的困难。实验结果表明,这对进行硬骨鱼类核质杂交研究无疑是一种简便而又有效的方法。     

Why is grouper larval rearing difficult?: an approach from the development of the feeding apparatus in early stage larvae of the grouper,Epinephelus coioides

The osteological development of elements forming the oral cavity was examined in early stage larvae of the grouper,Epinephelus coioides, from hatching to 242.5 hours after hatching. By the time of initial mouth opening, at 54 hours after hatching, the fundamental elements, composed of the trabecula, some components of the lower branchial and hyoid arches, the quadrate and symplectic-hyomandibular cartilages, maxilla and Meckel's cartilage, had appeared. No further elements were observed until 165 hours after initial mouth opening, except some components in the lower branchial arch and head region. The appearance of new elements and initial ossification of existing cartilage occurred thereafter, but all elements related to feeding either had not appeared or had not started ossifying until 188.5 hours after initial mouth opening. Based on the morphology and developmental modes of these elements, the feeding mode of grouper larvae was considered to be “sucking/grasping.” However, the appearance and ossification of elements occurred slowly, with no transitional phase from sucking to grasping modes of feeding being observed during the study; such delayed development of the feeding-related bony elements was considered to be a cause of the difficulty in rearing early stage grouper larvae.     

鲤胚胎孵化腺细胞

鲤胚胎孵化腺为单细胞腺体,发生于外胚层,可特异地被PAS染色。最早可在眼色素期检验出孵化腺细胞(Hatching gland cell,HGC)它们主要分布在头部腹面及头部与卵黄囊连接处。开始,HGC位于表皮细胞下面,随发育迁移到胚胎表面。根据扫描和透射电镜观察,在分泌孵化酶的前后,HGC区表面细胞呈鸡冠花状和疣状两种突起。前者系HGC处于分泌孵化酶期间;后者系HGC业已完成分泌作用,由于相邻的表皮细胞活动而形成的。HGC内富有粗面内质网、线粒体、核糖体和高尔基体,并由后者合成酶原颗粒。HGC在完成分泌作用后,仍留在表皮中,以后逐渐退化,但在孵化后30h仍可见残留的HGC。     

Morphological aspects of feeding and improvement in feeding ability in early stage larvae of the milkfish,Chanos chanos

The osteological development of elements comprising the oral cavity and fins was examined in early stage larvae of laboratory-reared milkfish,Chanos chanos, from hatching to 200 hours after hatching. Fundamental elements of the oral cavity had developed by the time of initial mouth opening, 54 hours after hatching. The oral cavity was long and cylindrical, with a short, robust Meckel's cartilage, and robust quadrate and symplectic-hyomandibular cartilages. The initial ossification of existing elements and addition of new elements occurred between 120–146 hours after initial mouth opening (HAMO), whereas the cartilaginous basihyal and caudal fin-supports appeared at 37.5 and 61.5 HAMO, respectively. Based on the morphology and developmental patterns of characters examined in this study, the feeding mode of early stage larval milkfish was considered to be “straining,” with an improvement in feeding ability occurring between 120–146 HAMO.     

The ontogeny of the alimentary tract of larval pandora, Pagellus erythrinus L.

The ontogenesis of the alimentary tract and its associated structures (liver, pancreas, gall bladder) was studied in common pandora Pagellus eythrinus L., a promising species for diversification in Mediterranean aquaculture. Mass production of pandora has been limited so far by high larval and juvenile mortalities, which appear to be related to nutritional deficiencies. The development of the larval digestive system was studied histologically from hatching (0 DAH) until day 50 (50 DAH) in reared specimens, obtained by natural spawning from a broodstock adapted to captivity. At first feeding (3–4 DAH) both the mouth and anus had opened and the digestive tract was differentiated in four portions: buccopharynx, oesophagus, incipient stomach and intestine. The pancreas, liver and gall bladder were also differentiated at this stage. Soon after the commencement of exogenous feeding (5–6 DAH), the anterior intestinal epithelium showed large vacuoles indicating the capacity for absorption of lipids, whereas acidophilic supranuclear inclusions indicating protein absorption were observed in the posterior intestinal epithelium. Both the bile and main pancreatic ducts had opened in the anterior intestine, just after the pyloric sphincter, at this stage. Intestinal coiling was apparent since 4 DAH, while mucosal folding began at 10 DAH. Scattered mucous cells occurred in the oral cavity and the intestine, while they were largely diffused in the oesophagus. Gastric glands and pyloric caeca were firstly observed at 28 DAH and appeared well developed by 41 DAH, indicating the transition from larval to juvenile stage and the acquisition of an adult mode of digestion.     

Evidence for somatostatin,gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide-like substances in the mucosa cells of the gut in fishes with and without stomach

Gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin immunoreactive cells in the gut of two fish with stomachs (perch and catfish) and a stomachless fish (carp) were studied by immunocytochemistry. In the gastric mucosa of perch and catfish, cells showing gastrin and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity are found, scattered among the surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells. No pancreatic polypeptide (P.P.) immunoreactive cells are detected in the gastric mucosa. Cells showing gastrin and P.P.-like immunoreactivity are observed in the intestinal mucosa of perch, catfish and carp. In this location no somatostatin immunoreactive cells are found.     

Light microscopic characterization of glycoconjugates in secretory cells of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) gill epithelium

Secretory products of granular and mucous cells in the gill epithelium of the carp, Cyprinus carpio, were distinguished by their cytochemical reactions with peroxidase-labelled lectins and with the galactose oxidase (GO)-Schiff reagents. Secretory products of granular cells reacted with lectins from Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Glycine max (SAB), and Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA). They also reacted with GO-Schiff reagents. After sialic acid cleavage with HCl, new binding sites for DBA and SBA appeared, suggesting the terminal sequence sialic acid-N-acetylgalactosamine (SA-GalNAc) for the secretion of this cell type. In mucous cells, binding sites for WGA, DBA, and SBA and, after acid hydrolysis, binding sites for PNA and a positive GO-Schiff reaction were detected. The terminal trisaccharide sialic acid-galactose (beta 1-3)-N-acetylgalactosamine (SA-Gal-GalNAc) is proposed for the secretion of mucous cells. These cytochemical differences are discussed in light of the involvement of both cell types in fish mucus elaboration.