人体小脑神经元发育的定量观察

目的:研究人体小脑神经元的发育过程。方法:应用体视学方法,对18例不同时期人体小脑组织Golgi染色后进行观察,观测小脑皮质分层出现的时间,观测并计算神经元的数密度、体密度和表面积密度。结果:6月龄时,小脑皮质出现较明显的分子层、蒲肯野细胞层和颗粒层;星形细胞、篮状细胞、蒲肯野细胞、颗粒细胞和高尔基细胞的的数密度随月龄/年龄的增长而减少,体密度和表面积密度随月龄/年龄的增长而增加,但这些减小和增大是不等速的,6-8月龄变化最明显。结论:人体小脑神经元的发育呈现快慢交替、不均速发展,6～8月是小脑神经元发育的重要时期。     

猫小脑皮质GABA能神经元年龄相关性变化

为探讨青年猫和老年猫小脑皮质GABA能神经元及其表达的年龄相关性变化,利用Nissl染色显示小脑皮质结构及神经元,免疫组织化学ABC法标记GABA免疫阳性神经元。光镜下观察,采集图像,并利用图像分析软件对分子层、蒲肯野细胞层和颗粒层神经元及GABA免疫阳性神经元及其灰度值进行分析统计。结果显示,GABA免疫阳性神经元、阳性纤维及终末在青年猫和老年猫小脑皮质各层均有分布。与青年猫相比,老年猫分子层、蒲肯野细胞层神经元和GABA免疫阳性神经元密度及其GABA免疫阳性反应强度均显著下降(P<0.01),颗粒层神经元密度和GABA免疫阳性强度也显著下降(P<0.01),但其GABA免疫阳性神经元密度无显著变化(P>0.05);蒲肯野细胞的胞体萎缩,阳性树突分枝减少。因此认为,衰老过程中猫小脑皮质GABA能神经元的丢失和GABA表达的下降,可能是老年个体运动协调、精确调速和运动学习等能力下降的重要原因之一。     

多巴胺受体1在皖西白鹅小脑皮质发育中的表达

采用普通染色及免疫组化SABC染色法研究皖西白鹅小脑皮质的发育和多巴胺受体1(DRD1)阳性细胞在其发育中的表达.结果表明,小脑皮质在胚龄13 d(E13)由外向内分为外颗粒层(EGL)、浦肯野细胞层(PCL)和内颗粒层(IGL),E19由外向内分为EGL、分子层(ML)、PCL和IGL.随发育天数的增加,EGL的厚度和细胞层次呈先升后降的变化趋势,细胞密度逐渐下降;ML厚度逐渐增大,在E24到E28时增值最大;浦肯野细胞(PC)在E13、E19、E24和E28时随胚龄增大逐渐增大,在E28后趋于稳定,细胞密度随着发育天数的增加逐渐下降,在小脑皮质发育中还发现有一部分PC呈多层排列,且细胞层次逐渐变少;IGL厚度呈先升后降的变化趋势,细胞密度呈上升趋势.外颗粒层和内颗粒层在E13、E19、E24和E28时有DRD1阳性细胞表达,分子层在E24、E28、日龄7 d(P7)和15d(P15)有阳性细胞表达,PC在所检测的6个时段均有阳性表达.研究表明,小脑皮质的发育主要与细胞增殖、迁移和凋亡有关,外颗粒层的逐渐消失是以细胞迁移和凋亡为主,多层PC逐渐退化成单层是与细胞凋亡和正常突触联系的建立有关;DRD1在皖西白鹅小脑皮质发育中对外颗粒层细胞和PC起着重要作用.     

幼龄红嘴相思鸟小脑皮层组织学结构

为了探讨不同日龄幼龄红嘴相思鸟（Leiothrix lutea）小脑皮质的组织学结构变化,本文分别以1、5、9日龄幼龄红嘴相思鸟为研究对象,通过H.E.和甲苯胺蓝法进行染色,光镜下观察红嘴相思鸟小脑冠状切面的显微结构。结果显示,1日龄时小脑皮层由外颗粒层（EGL）、浦肯野细胞层（PCL）和内颗粒层（IGL）3层构成,外颗粒层较厚且清晰,而浦肯野细胞层和内颗粒层界限不清楚;5日龄和9日龄时小脑皮质均可见外颗粒层、分子层（ML）、浦肯野细胞层和内颗粒层4层结构。对不同日龄红嘴相思鸟小脑皮质各层厚度进行单因素方差分析显示,随日龄增长,小脑皮质、分子层和内颗粒层厚度极显著增厚（P < 0.01）,浦肯野细胞体积也极显著增加（P < 0.01）;外颗粒层厚度变化不明显（P < 0.01）,呈现先增厚后变薄的趋势,与皮质厚度的比例逐渐减小。研究表明,幼龄红嘴相思鸟在出生后,随日龄增长,小脑皮质层逐渐发育成熟。内颗粒层与外颗粒层的相对变化规律表明内颗粒层细胞是由外颗粒层细胞迁移而来。     

幼龄红嘴相思鸟小脑皮质组织学结构

为了探讨不同日龄幼龄红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)小脑皮质的组织学结构变化,分别以1、5、9日龄红嘴相思鸟为研究对象,通过H.E和甲苯胺蓝法进行染色,光镜下观察红嘴相思鸟小脑冠状切面的显微结构。结果显示,1日龄时,小脑皮层由外颗粒层(EGL)、浦肯野细胞层(PCL)和内颗粒层(IGL)3层构成,外颗粒层较厚且清晰,而浦肯野细胞层和内颗粒层界限不清楚;5日龄和9日龄时,小脑皮质均可见外颗粒层、分子层(ML)、浦肯野细胞层和内颗粒层4层结构。对3个日龄红嘴相思鸟小脑皮质各层厚度进行单因素方差分析,随日龄增长,小脑皮质、分子层和内颗粒层厚度极显著增厚(P0.01),浦肯野细胞体积也极显著增加(P0.01);外颗粒层厚度变化不明显(P0.05),呈现先增厚后变薄的趋势,与皮质厚度的比例逐渐减小。研究表明,幼龄红嘴相思鸟在出生后,随日龄增长,小脑皮质层逐渐发育成熟。内颗粒层与外颗粒层的相对变化规律表明,内颗粒层细胞是由外颗粒层迁移而来的。     

NF200在猫小脑中的分布及其老年性变化

目的探讨NF200（神经丝蛋白-200）在猫小脑中的分布及其老年性变化,以及导致相关变化的原因与在小脑功能衰老中的意义。方法利用Nissl染色显示小脑内部结构和神经元,免疫组织化学ABC法标记NF200免疫阳性（NF200-IR）结构。光镜下观察,采集图像,并利用Image-Pro Express5.1图像分析软件对小脑中NF200免疫阳性神经元以及各层免疫阳性反应灰度值进行分析统计。结果NF200免疫阳性神经元主要分布于蒲肯野细胞层和分子层底部,阳性纤维及终末在青年猫和老年猫小脑各层均有分布。与青年猫相比,老年猫蒲肯野细胞层神经元密度及其各层NF200免疫阳性反应强度均显著下降（P〈0.01）;蒲肯野细胞的胞体萎缩,阳性树突分枝明显减少。结论衰老过程中猫小脑NF200含量的下降,导致细胞结构紊乱,轴浆运输能力下降,可能是老年个体小脑功能衰退的重要原因之一。     

人胎视皮质皮质下层NPY－IR神经元的发育

本文用免疫组化方法研究了１６周至足月人胎视皮质皮质下层ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元的发育。各胎龄视皮质ＳＰ层内均有ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元分布。从１６周至２６周,ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元密度逐渐增高并于２６周达高峰;３２周以后阳性神经元密度随胎龄增长而下降。人胎视皮质ＳＰ层ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元形态也随胎龄而变化;２０周以前,ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元大多是胞体较小,突起短而少的未分化神经元、ＳＰ层内ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ纤维少。２０周以后,ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元胞体增大,突起增多、变长;多极和双极、双簇神经元随胎龄增长而增多;ＳＰ层内的ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ纤维大量增加,部分纤维穿入皮质板。３２周以后,多极ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元逐渐减少,双极双簇神经元所占比例相对增高。ＮＰＹ免疫组化结合ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组化显示人胎视皮质ＳＰ层大多数ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元同时呈ＮＯＳ阳性。本研究观察到人胎视皮质ＳＰ层内ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元发育可分为发生、成熟和退化三个阶段。     

猫小脑皮质Glu/GABA表达的老年性变化

衰老导致小脑的生理功能下降,但其神经机制仍然不清楚。为此,利用免疫组织化学方法标记猫小脑皮质内谷氨酸(Glutamate,Glu)和γ-氨基丁酸(γ-Aminobutiric acid,GABA)免疫反应阳性(Glu-IR和GABA-IR)结构,探讨青年猫和老年猫小脑皮质Glu/GABA表达的老年性变化及其可能影响。并利用Image-Pro Express图像分析软件对小脑皮质各层Glu和GABA免疫反应阳性细胞密度及其灰度值进行测量。结果显示:与青年猫相比,老年猫小脑皮质内的Glu免疫反应阳性浦肯野细胞密度、颗粒层Glu免疫反应阳性细胞密度及其两者的免疫阳性反应灰度值均显著下降(P<0.01)(免疫反应强度与平均灰度值成反比);老年猫分子层、浦肯野细胞层GABA免疫反应阳性神经元密度及其免疫反应强度均显著下降(P<0.01);颗粒层GABA免疫反应阳性神经元密度无显著变化(P>0.05),但神经元免疫反应强度显著减弱(P<0.01)。研究结果提示,衰老过程中猫小脑皮质出现神经元Glu的表达增强、GABA的表达减少等,可能是小脑神经元丢失和精确调控能力下降等的重要原因之一。     

生长休止蛋白7在大鼠小脑皮质发育过程中的动态表达

目的研究生长休止蛋白7(Gas7)在大鼠小脑皮质不同发育时期的动态表达。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测Gas7mRNA在大鼠小脑皮质不同发育时期的表达;免疫组织化学方法观察Gas7蛋白在大鼠小脑皮质不同发育时期的表达和分布。结果 RT-PCR结果:Gas7mRNA在大鼠小脑皮质发育时期的表达呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,高峰出现在生后第21d(P21)。免疫组化实验结果:在胚胎第18.5d(E18.5)和E20.5仅Purkinje细胞层有Gas7免疫阳性产物分布;出生当天(P0)外颗粒层出现Gas7阳性神经纤维,Purkinje细胞层出现形态不规则的Gas7免疫阳性细胞;P7外颗粒层和Purkinje细胞层免疫反应增强,内颗粒层出现一些散在的Gas7强阳性细胞,胞体较小,突起清晰可见;P14小脑皮质4层均有Gas7阳性表达;P21小脑皮质3层Gas7免疫阳性反应较P14增强(P0.01);Adult(2月龄)较P21免疫反应减弱(P0.01)。结论 Gas7在大鼠小脑皮质发育过程中的动态表达呈现出时空特异性,提示Gas7基因在大鼠小脑皮质发育过程中可能起着重要的调控作用。     

不同月龄虹鳟肝显微及超微结构特征

应用多种组织化学方法和透射电镜技术,对同一生长条件下8月龄、20月龄及30月龄虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）肝显微结构和超微结构特征进行研究。结果表明：不同月龄虹鳟肝被膜均为单层扁平上皮,厚度变化明显;肝细胞为单核,8月龄细胞排列不明显,20月龄及30月龄形成完整双层管式排列,胆管及其周围结缔组织随月龄发育尤为明显,血窦分支吻合成网状,窦壁内皮细胞扁平,胞质孔较多,窦腔内巨噬细胞具有典型胞质突,但并没有观察到Kupffer细胞;各月龄组肝星状细胞发育完善,胞突彼此相连;汇管区分为胆管孤管型、胆管动脉型、胆管静脉型、胆管动静脉型4种,8月龄以胆管孤管型为主,20月龄以胆管动脉型为主,30月龄以胆管动脉型、胆管动脉静脉型为主。因此,性成熟前虹鳟肝组织结构与其生理发育密切相关,胆管系统结构形式随月龄变化明显,肝细胞排列逐渐完善,Disse间隙胶原纤维及网状纤维含量逐渐增加,与被膜、中央静脉及汇管区结缔组织互相延伸,构成肝完整骨架,有利于调节肝细胞正常生理功能。     

Age-related changes of structures in cerebellar cortex of cat

We studied the structures of the cerebellar cortex of young adult and old cats for age-related changes, which were statistically analysed. Nissl staining was used to visualize the cortical neurons. The immunohistochemical method was used to display glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive (IR) astrocytes and neurofilament-immunoreactive (NF-IR) neurons. Under the microscope, the thickness of the cerebellar cortex was measured; and the density of neurons in all the layers as well as that of GFAP-IR cells in the granular layer was analysed. Compared with young adult cats, the thickness of the molecular layer and total cerebellar cortex was significantly decreased in old cats, and that of the granular layer increased. The density of neurons in each layer was significantly lower in old cats than in young adult ones. Astrocytes in old cats were significantly denser than in young adult ones, and accompanied by evident hypertrophy of the cell bodies and enhanced immunoreaction of GFAP substance. Purkinje cells (PCs) in old cats showed much fewer NF-IR dendrites than those in young adults. The above findings indicate a loss of neurons and decrease in the number of dendrites of the PCs in the aged cerebellar cortex, which might underlie the functional decline of afferent efficacy and information integration in the senescent cerebellum. An age-dependent enhancement of activity of the astrocytes may exert a protective effect on neurons in the aged cerebellum     

人胎大肠氮能神经元发育的研究

用NADPH-d组织化学法对人胎大肠氮能神经元的发育进行了观察.结果表明第5个月胎龄时,肌间神经节处圆形细胞中部分细胞出现一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性反应,并分化成氮能神经细胞.第6个月胎龄时,氮能神经元胞体增大,突起伸长,在肌层、粘膜下层和肠腺基部出现氮能神经纤维分布.第7个月胎龄时,氮能神经元生长发育达到高峰,肌间神经节细胞数目增多,环肌层神经纤维分布密度增加,膨体结构明显.第8-10个月胎龄时,氮能神经元染色强度加深,其胞体分布以肌间神经节最多,粘膜下层和内环肌层较少.氮能神经纤维的分布密度以内环肌层最高,粘膜下层和外纵肌层次之,粘膜层较低.本研究揭示了大肠氮能神经元发育的变化规律.     

人胎大肠氮能神经元发育的研究

By using histochemical methed of NADPH-diaphorse, the development of the nitrergic neurons in the large intestine of human fetus were studied. The results showed: At the fifth month of gestation, weak positive reaction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) appeared in part of the round cells of intermuscular ganglia. The round cells differentiated into the nitrergic nerve cells. At the sixth month, the bodies of nitrergic neurons were obviously enlarged, the processes of which were lengthened. The nitrergic nerve fibers were seen in the muscle layer, the submucosa and the base of the intestinal gland. The growth and development of nitrergic neurons reached its peak at the seventh month. The number of intermuscular ganglionic cells was increased. The density of nitrergic nerve fibers was increased in the inner circular muscle layer, and have bead-like structures. At the eighth to tenth month, the staining intensity of nitrergic neurons was increased. The myenteric plexus was densely distributed with nitrergic nerve cell bodies, whereas the submucosa and the inner circular muscle layers contained only a few neurons. The nitrergic nerve fibers were observed in all layer of large intestine, the density of the distribution of nitrergic nerve fibers was by far the highest in the inner circular muscle layer, less in the submucosa and outer longitudinal muscle layer, and only a few were found in the mucous layer. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the development of nitrergic neurons in the large intestine of human fetus was demonstrated.     

Effect of 2,450 MHz microwave radiation on the development of the rat brain

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2,450 MHz microwave radiation at an incident power density of 10 mW/cm2 daily for 3 hours from day 4 of pregnancy (in utero exposure) through day 40 postpartum, except for 2 days at the perinatal period. The animals were killed, and the brains removed, weighed, measured, and histologically examined at 15, 20, 30, and 40 days of age. The histologic parameters examined included the cortical architecture of the cerebral cortex, the decline of the germinal layer along the lateral ventricles, the myelination of the corpus callosum, and the decline of the external germinal layer of the cerebellar cortex. In 40-day-old rats, quantitative measurements of neurons were also made. The spine density of the pyramidal cells in layer III of the somatosensory cortex, and the density of basal dendritic trees of the pyramidal cells in layer V were measured in Golgi-Cox impregnated specimens. In addition, the density of Purkinje cells and the extent of the Purkinje cell layer in each lobule were measured in midsagittal sections of the cerebellum stained with thionin. There were no remarkable differences between microwave-exposed and control (sham-irradiated) groups for any of the histologic or quantitative parameters examined; however, the findings provide important information on quantitative measurements of the brain. The data from this study failed to demonstrate that there is a significant effect on rat brain development due to microwave exposure (10 mW/cm2) during the embryonic, fetal, and postnatal periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Immunohistochemical Localization of α-Mannosidase During Postnatal Development of the Rat Cerebellum

The localization of alpha-D-mannosidase in the rat cerebellum was studied by using indirect immunohistochemistry at both optical and electron microscopic levels. In the adult the enzyme is particularly concentrated in the dendrites and cell bodies of Purkinje cells, basket cells, and Golgi neurons in the cerebellar cortex and in the cytoplasm and dendrites of deep nuclei neurons. The cytoplasm of granule cells is poorly stained, whereas parallel fibers, white matter, Bergman fibers, and Golgi epitheloid cell perikarya show virtually no staining. Electron microscopy suggests that most of the staining is found in the cytosol, although some staining is found in the postsynaptic densities of the synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje dendrites. The pattern of staining was followed throughout the postnatal development of the rat cerebellum. At bith an intense and diffuse staining is found in all cells except those of the external germinative layer. At the 6th postnatal day, Purkinje cell bodies and apical cones are strongly labeled. From the 13th day on the pattern is very similar to that found in the adult. However, at the 18th postnatal day (when compared with the other structures), the staining of Purkinje cell dendrites seems to be higher than at all other ages. These data are correlated with biochemical studies and discussed in relation to the possible role of this enzyme during the postnatal development of the rat cerebellum.     

Calcium-binding Proteins Calbindin D28K, Calretinin, and Parvalbumin Immunoreactivity in the Rabbit Visual Cortex

The distribution and morphology of neurons containing three calcium-binding proteins, calbindin D28K, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the adult rabbit visual cortex were studied. The calcium-binding proteins were identified using antibody immunocytochemistry. Calbindin D28K-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were located throughout the cortical layers with the highest density in layer V. However, calbindin D28K-IR neurons were rarely encountered in layer I. Calretinin-IR neurons were mainly located in layers II and III. Considerably lower densities of calretinin-IR neurons were observed in the other layers. Parvalbumin-IR neurons were predominantly located in layers III, IV, V, and VI. In layers I and II, parvalbumin-IR neurons were only rarely seen. The majority of the calbindin D28K-IR neurons were stellate, round or oval cells with multipolar dendrites. The majority of calretinin-IR neurons were vertical fusiform cells with long processes traveling perpendicularly to the pial surface. The morphology of the majority of parvalbumin-IR neurons was similar to that of calbindin D28K: stellate, round or oval with multipolar dendrites. These results indicate that these three different calcium-binding proteins are contained in specific layers and cells in the rabbit visual cortex.     

Meningeal cells stimulate and direct the migration of cerebellar external granule cells in vitro

The external granular layer is a secondary proliferative zone that arises from the caudolateral margin of the cerebellar ventricular zone and then spreads beneath the pial surface, eventually covering the entire cerebellar anlage. Here, both a part of the Bergmann glia and granule cells are generated. Selective destruction of the leptomeningeal cell layer during development in vivo disrupts the subpial extension of the external granular layer and the laminar deposition of its descendant cells. The mechanisms by which meningeal fibroblasts exert their controlling influence on cortical development have remained unclear but could involve diffusible factors and/or interactions mediated by direct cellular contacts. In order to test these assumptions, we have co-cultivated cerebellar slice explants with meningeal cells with and without interposition of a microfilter barrier. In this setup, meningeal cells by a diffusible factor stimulated the emigration of immature neurons exclusively from the external granular layer. This effect could also be elicited by fibroblasts from other tissues but not by nonfibroblastic cells such as, e.g., astroglia. In the Boyden chamber assay, the migration of undifferentiated neurons isolated from the external granular layer was chemotactically oriented towards the source of meningeal cell-conditioned media. In comparison, neurons from the internal granular layer did not respond to this stimulus. The attraction of immature neurons towards the pial surface could (1) represent a mechanism for the establishment of (subpial) secondary proliferative zones and (2) hypothetically also play a role in the outward-directed migration of postmitotic cells, e.g., in the isocortical anlage.