神农架龙门河地区的植被制图及植被现状分析

依据龙门河地区所处位置的植被地理分布规律性 ,绘制了该地区 1∶50 0 0 0的植被复原图。并在野外调查、资料搜集的基础上 ,辅以全球定位系统 (GPS)、GIS软件及TM影像数据 ,绘制了该地区 1∶50 0 0 0的植被类型图。结果表明 :1 )植被海拔分布由低至高依次为常绿阔叶林 (海拔 90 0m以下 ) ,硬叶常绿阔叶林 (海拔 90 0～ 1 30 0m)、常绿落叶阔叶混交林 (海拔 1 30 0～ 1 60 0m)以及落叶阔叶林 (海拔 1 60 0～ 2 2 0 0m)。 2 )龙门河地区林地面积 441 9.2hm2 ,占该地区总面积的 93 .71 % ,共计 8个植被型 65个群系。其中常绿落叶阔叶混交林面积最大 ,为 1 674.0 9hm2 ,占林地面积的 37.88%。另外 ,果园 (3种类型 )和农田两种农业用地面积 2 2 8.1 2hm2 ,占总面积的 4 .84%。 3)由植被复原图与现状植被类型图叠加分析可知 ,干扰后增加了针叶林、针阔混交林、灌丛、草地 4种植被类型 ,占龙门河地区总面积的 34 .6 %。其中针阔混交林所占面积最大 ,996 .79hm2 。     

云南大围山种子植物区系海拔梯度格局分析

 海拔梯度包含了多种环境因子的梯度效应,因而研究山地植物区系的海拔梯度格局对揭示植物区系的环境梯度变化规律、了解生物适应性和生物多样性沿海拔梯度的变化趋势等具有重要意义。为了探讨山地植物区系构成特征及其海拔梯度的生态意义,该文根据对大围山国家级自然保护区植被线路调查和垂直样带调查,并结合文献研究等获得的植物区系资料,分析了该保护区种子植物区系构成的基本特征及其随海拔梯度的变化趋势;利用系统聚类的方法寻找和研究大围山植物区系沿海拔梯度变化的断点位置。研究结果表明：1)大围山大多数热带成分分布的上限位于海拔1 500 m左右,以此为界划分热带雨林和常绿阔叶林是合理的。 2)湿润雨林分布于海拔700 m以下;山地雨林分布于海拔700～1 500 m;季风常绿阔叶林分布于海拔1 300～1 800 m;山地苔藓常绿阔叶林分布于海拔1 800 m以上;在海拔2 100 m以上的迎风坡面、土层瘠薄的地段分布有不甚典型的山地苔藓矮林。     

西双版纳热带湿性季节雨林和次生林林下砂仁种植的比较研究

为保护热带雨林,改变现有砂仁栽培模式,探讨改雨林下种砂仁为次生林下种砂仁的可行性．比较研究了热带雨林和次生林下砂仁的生长状况和产量．砂仁种植对雨林生物量和生产力影响显著,对次生林的影响不显著．2种林下砂仁4类植株的密度和生物量的大小顺序均为壮株、衰老株、苗和笋．雨林和次生林下砂仁笋和苗的总数分别为衰老株数量的3．95和1．66倍,远多于衰老株数量,表明砂仁能够维持种群稳定．雨林下砂仁苗多为长势较弱的老苗,绝大多数最终不能生长成壮株．2种林下砂仁壮株密度和生物量差异不显著。但次生林下砂仁衰老株、苗和笋的密度和生物量显著高于雨林,表明次生林下砂仁更新比雨林下快．次生林下砂仁产量为78．068kg·hm^-2,略高于雨林．值得注意的是。砂仁产量很低,茎生物量比很高(0．6以上),果实生物量比极低(0．01),增产潜力较大．次生林的生物量低于雨林,透光率高于雨林。土壤水分含量与雨林接近,有利于砂仁的生长发育。可以在次生林下种植砂仁。     

热带林下人工种植阳春砂仁的生长与果实产量动态

调查了西双版纳不同海拔热带沟谷雨林和次生林下的阳春砂仁生长和果实产量动态．结果表明,西双版纳热带林下阳春砂仁自身年龄增长、林下光照不足和旱季水分胁迫影响阳春砂仁果实产量。随种植期增加,阳春砂仁果实产量和成熟植株密度降低．当林下光照水平在全日照的35％以下时,阳春砂仁果实产量随林下日照水平变化呈线性增加(P<0．05)。沟谷下方阳春砂仁果实产量显著高于上方(P<0.05)。海拔600～1000m,由于阳春砂仁的主花期从干热季3～4月推迟到雨季5月,果实产量显著增加,沟谷雨林和次生林下阳春砂仁果实产量差异不显著。因此,在海拔800～1000m沟谷中轮歇地次生林下有计划种植阳春砂仁,代替在沟谷雨林下种植阳春砂仁,既能解决沟谷雨林下光照和当地旱季水分不足对阳春砂仁果实产量的影响,又有利于热带沟谷雨林的保护。     

西双版纳勐养自然保护区种植砂仁对重点保护植物的影响及对策

勐养保护区种植砂仁主要在沟谷雨林林下 .通过 2 5m× 1 0 0m典型沟谷雨林与6m× 40 0m砂仁种植地植物种类的比较分析 ,表明种植砂仁使雨林结构的B层受到影响 ,B、C、D、E层受到破坏 ,使 8种国家级保护植物可能流失 ,它们是A层的大果青冈和香籽含笑 ;B层的云南肉豆蔻、琴叶风吹楠、林生芒果和大叶木兰 ,D层的云南苏铁和E层的艹立句 艹弱薯等 .使 7种云南省省级保护植物可能流失 ,它们是C层 3种 ,D层 4种 .对策是依法严格保护核心区 .试验区保护植物相对集中地段和当地村民共同管理 .种植砂仁尽量留保护植物作遮荫树     

热带林下人工种植阳春砂仁的生长与果实产量动态

调查了西双版纳不同海拔热带沟谷雨林和次生林下的阳春砂仁生长和果实产量动态.结果表明,西双版纳热带林下阳春砂仁自身年龄增长、林下光照不足和旱季水分胁迫影响阳春砂仁果实产量.随种植期增加,阳春砂仁果实产量和成熟植株密度降低.当林下光照水平在全日照的35%以下时,阳春砂仁果实产量随林下日照水平变化呈线性增加(P<0.05).沟谷下方阳春砂仁果实产量显著高于上方(P<0.05).海拔600～1000m,由于阳春砂仁的主花期从干热季3～4月推迟到雨季5月,果实产量显著增加.沟谷雨林和次生林下阳春砂仁果实产量差异不显著.因此,在海拔800～1000m沟谷中轮歇地次生林下有计划种植阳春砂仁,代替在沟谷雨林下种植阳春砂仁,既能解决沟谷雨林下光照和当地旱季水分不足对阳春砂仁果实产量的影响,又有利于热带沟谷雨林的保护.     

树种组成和径级结构对热带次生林生物量恢复影响的研究

本研究在海南尖峰岭和吊罗山热带林区海拔245～1255 m范围内根据林分恢复时间设立固定监测样地,探讨了森林地上生物量与树种组成和径级结构的关系.结果显示:海南热带次生林平均地上生物量为(155.38±37.16)×103 kg/hm2,其中低地次生雨林为(137.91±31.02)×103 kg/hm2,山地次生雨林...     

砂仁生产对西双版纳自然保护区的影响

调查研究表明 ,西双版纳砂仁种植主要在沟谷季节性雨林林下 ,它造成局部雨林垂直结构层次简单化 ,使中层乔木部分树种和几乎全部下层乔木、灌木和草本植物种类流失 .种植砂仁只能在试验区内一般地段进行 ,严格保护核心区 .在试验区确定保护植物相对集中的敏感地段和村民共同管理 ,在核心区最适宜发展砂仁的沟谷地段重点巡护有利于提高保护区的管理水平 .砂仁高产与环境保护关系密切 ,有利于提高当地村民参与自然保护的自觉性 .     

川西高原山地美味牛肝菌气候生态适宜性及潜在分布

利用数字高程模型(DEM)数据、土地覆盖栅格数据、四川省52个站点和4个其他省市站点的气象观测数据,基于美味牛肝菌的生物学特性,结合前人研究成果,系统分析了川西高原山地美味牛肝菌的气候生态适宜性。选取气温、降水、植被等影响因子作为区划指标,应用集优法,通过GIS分析本区美味牛肝菌资源的潜在分布。结果表明: 美味牛肝菌潜在分布区的北界在32° N附近,海拔上限约为3000 m,下限约为800 m,总面积约286.3万hm²,约占研究区整个行政区域面积的9.7%;29° N以南的攀西地区是美味牛肝菌的主要潜在分布区,核心分布区在攀西地区中南部,攀西分布区面积约占全部潜在分布区的90%,其中,适宜区面积约占20%,次适宜面积约占80%。适宜区主要分布于攀西地区雅砻江以东的安宁河流域、海拔1000~2600 m的山区;次适宜区主要是适宜区分别向上、向下延伸到海拔3000和800 m左右的林区;海拔3000 m以上的高原高山区和海拔800 m以下的干热河谷区为不适宜区。     

海南霸王岭不同森林类型附生兰科植物的多样性和分布

附生兰科植物是热带林附生植物的主要类群之一,对于维持热带林生态系统的物种多样性及生态功能具有重要的作用。以海南岛霸王岭国家级自然保护区内的6种热带原始林类型(热带季雨林、低地雨林、热带针叶林、山地雨林、山地常绿林及山顶矮林)中的附生兰科植物为研究对象,通过样带调查(每个森林类型设置12个10m×50m的样带,记录每个样带内胸径(DBH)≥5cm的树木及藤本上附生兰科植物的物种名称、株数及附生位置)分析了附生兰科植物的物种多样性、附生位置及其在不同森林类型中的分布规律。结果表明:1)3.6hm2森林调查样带内共记录到附生兰科植物9634株,分属于26属60种;2)除趋势对应分析(DCA)结果表明,6种森林类型中的附生兰科植物可分成5组(其中,山地常绿林与山顶矮林内的附生兰科植物归为一组);3)分布海拔范围相临近的森林类型的附生兰科植物具有较高的相似性,山地常绿林和山顶矮林附生兰科植物的相似性最高(88.9%);4)6种森林类型中,较高海拔的3种森林类型(山地雨林、山地常绿林和山顶矮林)中,附生兰科植物的丰富度和多度均显著高于其在较低海拔的3种森林类型(热带季雨林、低地雨林和热带针叶林),其中,附生兰科植物在山地常绿林内的丰富度和多度均最高;5)热带季雨林、低地雨林、热带针叶林及山地雨林内,宿主冠区附生兰科植物的多度均高于干区;山地常绿林内两者之间无显著差异;而山顶矮林干区的附生兰科植物的多度高于冠区;6)调查木上附生兰科植物的发生率在高海拔森林类型均高于其在低海拔森林类型,各森林类型内附生兰科植物的多度及物种丰富度与宿主胸径均存在显著正相关关系。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.