白蚁防治中引诱技术的应用

白蚁是一类危害面广、破坏性极大的世界性害虫。利用各种防治技术控制白蚁危害由来已久,引诱技术乃其中一种。采用引诱技术具有防治成本低、针对性强、效果显著、对生态环境破坏性小等优点。白蚁是社会性昆虫,其行为有利于我们采用引诱技术实施防治。引诱技术包括饵诱法、信息素引诱法、灯诱法等具体方法,本文主要介绍饵诱法和信息素引诱法应用情况及研究进展。１饵诱法食物引诱是最古老、最简单易行的引诱方法。其采用３种方式：（１）诱集．杀灭：在白蚁活动区域设置白蚁喜食饵料（堆、坑）诱其前来取食,然后用烫、烧、踩、喂鸡和药杀…     

白蚁信息素研究进展

白蚁是最古老的社会性昆虫, 其社会性的维持需要信息素的相互作用。本文回顾了近年来国内外白蚁信息素研究的最新进展, 内容涉及白蚁踪迹信息素、 性信息素、 告警信息素和促食信息素的功能、 化学成分及产生信息素的外分泌腺。白蚁分泌信息素的腺体主要有背板腺、 腹板腺、 后腹板腺、 额腺和唾腺。绝大多数白蚁信息素是挥发性物质。白蚁在化学通讯上存在节俭策略, 即同一种化合物由不同的白蚁种类的不同外分泌腺分泌, 可具有不同的功能。总结了各类信息素在白蚁物种间、 同一物种的品级间和性别间的异同和作用方式, 强调了白蚁信息素的反应阈值、 最佳浓度、 有效期和物种特异性对其功能的影响。目前对白蚁信息素的研究尚处于起步阶段, 其研究成果对等翅目系统发育研究和白蚁防治具有重要的意义。文章最后展望了白蚁信息素在白蚁防治上的应用前景。     

白蚁跟踪信息素及其类似物的活性比较试验初报

自从1967年Smythe等发现某些真菌寄生过的木材中含有一种活性物质,与白蚁腹腺分泌的跟踪信息素有相似的效用以后,引起了人们探讨白蚁踪迹物质的浓厚兴趣。白蚁是一种社会性昆虫。群体间的觅食、防卫、筑巢、交哺等行为都是通过信息物质的调节来进行的。所以开展白蚁跟踪信息素及其类似物的研究,有可能为我们找出一条新的防治途径。     

台湾乳白蚁种群兵蚁量度特征变异及其分类学意义分析

台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus是我国南方木材及其建筑结构最主要的有害白蚁,也是世界重要的入侵性物种。台湾乳白蚁兵蚁品级的量度特征是其描述鉴定的重要依据,本文对台湾乳白蚁兵蚁主要量度特征数据进行了整合,并就台湾乳白蚁11个地理种群兵蚁品级的主要量度特征进行了比较,探讨了台湾乳白蚁相应量度特征的分类学意义。     

台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁对三种饵剂的嗅觉行为反应

利用“Y”型嗅觉仪,测定了台湾乳白蚁Coptotermesformosanus和黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermesflaviceps对灭蚁灵,氟虫胺,氟铃脲等3种饵剂在不同浓度下的嗅觉行为反应。结果表明2种白蚁对0. 2 5和0 . 5 %灭蚁灵;0 .2 5 ,0 .75和1 %氟虫胺;0 . 5 %氟铃脲均具有明显的趋性,且趋性差异不显著。因此,可将氟虫胺及氟铃脲作为灭蚁灵的替代品来防治白蚁。此外,台湾乳白蚁对1 %灭蚁灵,0 . 5 %氟虫胺,1 %氟铃脲具忌避性;而黄胸散白蚁对0 . 75和1 %灭蚁灵;0. 2 5 ,0. 75和1 %氟铃脲具忌避性,表明2种白蚁对饵剂的嗅觉反应既有相似性,又有不同点;台湾乳白蚁产生趋性的饵剂浓度大于黄胸散白蚁。因此用饵剂防治白蚁时,需根据不同种类的白蚁,采用不同的浓度进行防治。     

容器形状和出口位置对台湾乳白蚁逃遁行为的影响(英文)

【目的】逃离危险对集群生活的动物来说是一项重要挑战。白蚁是真社会性昆虫,群体密度较大。因此,白蚁可能进化出了特殊的策略集体逃离危险情境。【方法】本研究比较了实验室条件下台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus工蚁在不同形状容器(没有出口的圆形和方形容器)的逃遁行为,并调查了在有出口的情况下,台湾乳白蚁工蚁从圆形容器边缘、方形容器直角处和方形容器直角边中间的撤离效 率。【结果】在没有出口的情况下,受惊的台湾乳白蚁立即移动到圆形或方形容器的边缘区域并沿着容器的壁移动。然而,在方形容器的直角处,逃遁的台湾乳白蚁工蚁形成明显的堵塞(直角附近的白蚁密度显著高于其他区域,而移动速度显著低于其他区域的白蚁)。当容器上有出口时,大部分台湾乳白蚁工蚁分散在容器边缘,因此在出口位置周围未发现明显的堵塞。有趣的是,台湾乳白蚁工蚁逃出有出口的圆形容器的时间与从出口在直角附近的方形容器的无显著差异,但其从出口在直角边中间的方形容器的逃出时间更长。【结论】研究结果表明容器形状与出口位置均对台湾乳白蚁工蚁的逃遁行为与撤离效率造成影响。此外,白蚁使用了特殊的策略来避免多见于其他群居动物(如人类、小鼠等)的“快即慢”效应。由于白蚁工蚁没有视觉,研究白蚁的逃遁策略可为人群如何高效撤离可视度较低的危险环境提供启示。     

台湾乳白蚁与赭黄乳白蚁的异名关系---基于形态与分子特征的分析(等翅目：鼻白蚁科）

乳白蚁属Coptotermes是鼻白蚁科Rhinotermitidae最具经济意义的属之一,其中的台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shriaki分布广、适应性强,个体在不同种群以及不同巢龄间外部形态存在明显变异,已报道多个同物异名。本研究发现在模式产地重新采集到经形态学鉴定为赭黄乳白蚁Coptotermes ochraceus Ping et Xu的标本,其形态特征与台湾乳白蚁相似度较高,又以线粒体16S rRNA和CO II基因作为分子标记,将两者进行了序列比对,并与美国国立生物技术信息中心(NCBI)中台湾乳白蚁以及其他一些乳白蚁种类的相应序列一起进行了遗传差异比较和同源性分析。结果表明,台湾乳白蚁与赭黄乳白蚁16S rRNA和CO II序列的遗传差异均明显小于台湾乳白蚁与属内其它种之间的差异;在基于两种分子标记构建的支序图中,台湾乳白蚁和赭黄乳白蚁均聚为一支,并得到了很高的自展支持率。综合分子和形态两方面的证据,本研究建议赭黄乳白蚁为台湾乳白蚁的次异名。     

白蚁信息素研究进展

采用信息素防治白蚁这种世界性害虫是当前白蚁研究的一大热点。本文从化学和生物两个方面总结了几十年来国内外白蚁信息素及其类似物研究进展。讨论了影响信息素活性的几个因素。并根据最新的研究情况,对今后的信息素及其类似物的理论研究和应用情况进行了展望。     

利用植物提取物绿色合成纳米银粒子及其对台湾乳白蚁的毒性

【目的】利用多种药用植物水提液绿色合成纳米银粒子，测定分析其对台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus的毒杀活性和作用机理，探索绿色合成的(silver nanoparticles, AgNPs)在白蚁防治方面的潜力，拓宽AgNPs在农业领域的应用前景。【方法】分别利用药用植物大黄Rheum palmatum根茎、白毛夏枯草Ajuga nipponensis全株、苦参Sophora flavescens根和鱼腥草Houttuy niacordata全株的水提取液绿色合成纳米银粒子，采用紫外 可见分光光度计(UV-vis)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)和纳米粒度分析仪验证AgNPs的生成并表征其粒子大小、形状和聚集程度等；在实验室条件下测定AgNPs对台湾乳白蚁工蚁的毒杀效果。通过测定800 mg/L AgNPs处理7 d的台湾乳白蚁工蚁体内可溶性蛋白质含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性和滤纸酶活性(filter paper activity, FPA)水平，来探析AgNPs对白蚁的毒杀作用机理。【结果】4种药用植物水提取液合成的AgNPs颗粒均呈球形，粒径在69~180 nm之间；7 d内AgNPs对台湾乳白蚁工蚁的LC₅₀值分别为150, 340, 342和309 mg/L；800 mg/L AgNPs处理7 d后台湾乳白蚁工蚁的可溶性蛋白质含量以及AchE活性和FPA与对照相比均显著降低。【结论】4种植物提取物合成的AgNPs对台湾乳白蚁工蚁均有较好的毒杀效果，它们可通过降低白蚁体内的可溶性蛋白质含量、AchE活性和FPA来影响其存活，说明绿色合成的AgNPs在防治台湾乳白蚁方面具有较大的潜力。     

不同pH值土层对台湾乳白蚁穿透力及取食的影响

我国有400多种白蚁,它们主要分布在华南一带,常见危害种台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki是危害房屋建筑、林木果树的主要害虫。为摸清不同pH土壤与台湾乳白蚁生存和取食的关系,测定pH1.7～10.8的黄粘土泥层对台湾乳白蚁活动和取食的影响。结果表明,台湾乳白蚁能快速穿透pH3.0～10.1范围的泥层,进入泥层中心取食木块;随着泥层pH值的增加穿透力减弱,取食量减少。采用逐步回归方程预测,台湾乳白蚁不能进入土层蛀蚀木块的土壤pH范围为<1.85和>10.91。     

Repellent and toxic effects of plant extracts on subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

The effects of four plant extract formulations on the orientation and survival of subterranean termites were tested. In choice experiments, extract-treated filter paper had a significantly repellent effect on groups of Reticulitermes santonensis De Feytaud, R. virginicus (Banks), Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and Schedorhinotermes intermedius Breinli. There was no species-specific difference in avoidance behavior toward the tested concentrations. No-choice experiments revealed toxic properties of all investigated extracts by contact or airborne compounds against R. santonensis. However, high termite mortality was only achieved by forced direct or forced indirect exposure to the plant material, Feeding deterrence or digestive toxicity could not be judged in these experiments. One of the extracts was efficiently used for soil treatments to protect a food substrate against R. santonenis infestation. Extract-treated barriers in the experiments did not affect mortality compared with control trials but prevented termites from penetrating treated soil.     

合肥环城公园林木白蚁的危害及防治

调查了合肥环城公园内 2 7种树木 ,其中 1 1种树木受到白蚁的侵害 ,占调查树种的 40 75 % ;树木侵害数为 82株 ,占总调查株数的 4 0 2 %。台湾乳白蚁CoptotermesformosanusShirak是危害林木的主要种类 ,在受害的 82株树木中 ,有 80株 (占受害株数的 97 5 6% )是受到台湾乳白蚁的危害 ,占调查株数的3 92 %。刺槐、榆树和构树受其危害最为严重。通过针对性防治 ,白蚁的发生情况明显减少     

Responses of Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to three types of wood rot fungi cultured on different substrates

This study examined the responses of two termite species, the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), to three types of wood decay fungi: a brown rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum (Persoon: Fries) Murrill; a white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burdsall; and a litter rot fungus, Marasmiellus troyanus (Murrill) Singer. We also examined the responses of termites to these three types of fungi grown on different substrates. For all three fungal species, both termite species showed a strong preference for fungus-infected sawdust over uninfected sawdust. In choice tests, both termite species preferred sawdust infected with either M. troyanus or P. chrysosporium over G. trabeum. However, termites did not show any preference for fungus-infected potato dextrose agar over uninfected potato dextrose agar. Tunneling activity of C. formosanus was greater in sand treated with methanol extracts of fungus-infected sawdust than in sand treated with extracts of uninfected sawdust. Because chemicals in the fungal extracts caused termites to tunnel further into treated sand than untreated sand, these chemicals could potentially be used to direct termite foraging toward bait stations in the field.     

Evaluation of DNA Fingerprinting, Aggression Tests, and Morphometry as Tools for Colony Delineation of the Formosan Subterranean Termite

Multilocus DNA fingerprinting, aggression tests, and morphometry were compared to evaluate their potential for the delineation of colonies of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera; Rhinotermitidae) in Hawaii. DNA fingerprinting segregates the termites from all collection sites and allows the assignment of all individuals to their original collection site. The genetic similarity of termites from different collection sites approaches the population's genetic background similarity, consequently collection sites represent independent colonies. Aggression between colonies is comparatively low and does not provide reliable colony delineation. Morphometry allows a 79% classification rate of termites to their colony of origin. No correlation among genetic similarities, aggression levels, and morphometric distances is found. Of the three investigated methods, we conclude that the genetic approach is the most useful tool for colony delineation in C. formosanus.     

Effect of imidacloprid soil treatments on occurrence of Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in independent monitors

Periodic sampling of 30 independent monitors, initially active with the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil treated with imidacloprid on nearby termite activity. Monitors were located adjacent (1-3 m) to the buildings. Soil around and under the buildings was treated with 0.05% imidacloprid. None of the termites collected showed latent mortality attributed to imidacloprid intoxication. Imidacloprid soil treatments did not measurably reduce C. formosanus populations adjacent to the treatments. Imidacloprid does not seem to fit the liquid-bait model.     

Cuticular permeability of two species of Coptotermes Wasmann (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Cuticular permeability (CP) values of worker and soldier castes of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes vastator Light were determined using gravimetric techniques. Comparisons were made between castes, species, and between colonies of C. formosanus and C. vastator. CP values did not differ among either species or colony, however they did differ between castes. Data reported here and that of established data in the literature for C. formosanus are inconsistent, with the current report having values as small as half that of previously published data. Examining mean CP data by colony indicated that there is a range for Coptotermes spp. termites, from 6.84+/-1.2 to 25.61+/-1.49 microg H(2)Ocm(-2)mmHg(-1)h(-1) dependent upon caste. A novel method of examining intercaste CP variability is the use of worker:soldier CP ratios. Ratios for C. formosanus were consistent between the current study and previous reports. Mean percentage total body water (%TBW) lost at the time of death was 33.75+/-1.15% (soldiers) and 54.24+/-1.43% (workers) for C. formosanus, and 37.69+/-3.31% (soldiers) and 52.87+/-3.65% (workers) for C. vastator. Consistently, %TBW (and fresh mass) was greater in worker than in soldier castes. These data suggest the use of water storage mechanisms in worker termites, as shown for other rhinotermitids.     

广西南宁市园林树木白蚁发生种类及危害情况

2009年311月对南宁市园林树木白蚁为害情况进行了调查。结果表明,台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki是危害园林树木的优势种;调查的57种树木中,45种树木受到了白蚁的侵害,占总数的78.95%,树木受害株率达13.11%,严重受害株率为1.66%。银桦、侧柏和樟树等树种受白蚁危害最为严重。     

DNA technology,interstate commerce,and the likely origin of formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) infestation in Atlanta,Georgia

This study was the first to use DNA sequencing data to infer the origin of a Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, infestation. Cytochrome oxidase II gene sequence was used to define eight specific maternal lineages from 14 geographic locations across the southeastern United States, Hawaii, and China. One maternal lineage, A, was unique to all the Atlanta collections and one New Orleans collection, which indicated that termites at these sites shared a common maternal ancestor. The impact of interstate commerce in terms of Formosan subterranean termite introductions is addressed as is the industry response needed to arrest the spread of these termites via commercial traffic in used railroad cross ties.     

Effect of Summon Preferred Food Source on feeding, tunneling, and bait station discovery by the formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

This study evaluated the effect of Summon Preferred Food Source on feeding, tunneling, and bait station discovery by the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Bioassays were conducted to determine whether Summon disks affected the aggregation and feeding behavior of termites and to determine whether the presence of Summon disks caused increased recruitment of termites to wood blocks. When termites encountered the disk, they immediately clustered on top of the disk. Termites were observed aggregating on top of the disk throughout the experiment. Consumption of Summon disks was significantly greater than consumption of cardboard disks in paired choice tests. The presence of a Summon disk on top of a wood block caused a significant increase in consumption of the wood block. Bioassays also were conducted to determine whether water extracts of Summon disks affected termite behavior. Consumption of filter paper disks treated with a water extract of Summon disks was significantly greater than consumption of control filter paper disks. Termites tunneled through sand treated with a water extract of Summon disks faster than they tunneled through untreated sand. In a field test, the rate of infestation of monitoring stations with a Summon disk was 3 times greater than the rate of infestations of stations without a disk.