合肥环城公园林木白蚁的危害及防治

调查了合肥环城公园内 2 7种树木 ,其中 1 1种树木受到白蚁的侵害 ,占调查树种的 40 75 % ;树木侵害数为 82株 ,占总调查株数的 4 0 2 %。台湾乳白蚁CoptotermesformosanusShirak是危害林木的主要种类 ,在受害的 82株树木中 ,有 80株 (占受害株数的 97 5 6% )是受到台湾乳白蚁的危害 ,占调查株数的3 92 %。刺槐、榆树和构树受其危害最为严重。通过针对性防治 ,白蚁的发生情况明显减少     

台湾乳白蚁对南宁市园林树木的为害及其筑巢规律

在广西南宁市调查台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki对园林绿化树木的危害情况及其筑巢规律。结果表明,在调查的57种树木中,有44种树木受到台湾乳白蚁的侵害,占调查树种的77.19%,树木受害株率13.38%,严重受害株率1.63%。侧柏Thuja arientalis、荫香Cinnamomum burmannii和银桦Grevillea robusta的严重受害率最高,分别为15.85%、13.43%和11.11%。台湾乳白蚁筑巢对树木种类有明显的选择性,可在树心筑巢的树种有16种,隶属于11科14属,其中筑巢率较高的树种为荫香、侧柏、银桦和桂花树Osmanthus fragrans,分别占所调查树木的16.42%、15.85%、11.11%和10.91%;其次为樟树Cinnamonaom camphora、大叶桉Eucalyptus robusta和白千层Melaleuca leucadendta,筑巢率分别为7.98%、5.76%和3.42%。     

隆安县板栗园的白蚁种类及其危害调查

2010年7月～2012年10月对南宁市隆安县板栗园的白蚁种类及危害情况进行调查,结果表明：板栗园的白蚁种类隶属2科8属16种,以白蚁科的种类占的比例较大,共有6属14种,种类数占875%;鼻白蚁科有2属2种,种类数占125%。危害板栗树的白蚁种类有7种,其中小头钩白蚁Ancistrotermes dimorphus、黄翅大白蚁Macrotermes barneyi、土垄大白蚁Macrotermes annandalei和黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus是危害板栗树的主要种类;平形土白蚁Odontotermes parallelus、细齿大白蚁Macrotermes denticulatus、平头大白蚁Macrotermes planicapitatus、梅多大白蚁Macrotermes meidoensis、方头亮白蚁 Euhamitermes quadratceps、扬子江近扭白蚁Pericapritermes jangtsekiangensis、五指山近扭白蚁Pericapritermes Wuzhishanensis、合浦近扭白蚁Pericapritermes hepuensis和中华钩扭白蚁Pseudocapritermes sinensis等9种白蚁在板栗园中有分布,但不危害板栗树,其中梅多大白蚁及五指山近扭白蚁2个种属广西新记录种。板栗树受白蚁为害较严重的阶段主要在老龄时期,老龄板栗树的受害株率达到9265%,严重受害株率达到7918%。     

赤腹松鼠（Callosciurus erythraeus）对林木剥皮危害的初步研究

浙江省被松鼠剥皮危害的树木有马尾松、杉木、柳杉、湿地松、银杏等计47种,以针叶树最严重。危害林木的主要种类为赤腹松鼠嘉兴亚种(Callosciurus erythraeus styani)。据1987—1989年在759块标准样地12947株树木调查,平均被害率为54.44％,被害树木中死亡的占13.3％。 松鼠剥食树皮从秋季开始,以2—3月最严重,这与此时松鼠食物供应不足有关。松鼠剥皮危害程度也与林分组合有关,混交林较单纯林受害率低。此外与食物供需丰歉也有关系。     

柳厚壁叶蜂对乌鲁木齐市柳树的危害及其空间分布特征

【背景】柳厚壁叶蜂是一种严重为害柳树的害虫,会造成叶片提早枯黄、脱落,虫瘿成串,叶片扭曲变形,严重影响柳树的生长发育和园林景观效果。【方法】通过体视显微镜观察了柳厚壁叶蜂雌雄成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹及虫瘿的形态特征,并调查了乌鲁木齐市不同区域各种柳树上柳厚壁叶蜂的危害率及空间分布特征。【结果】垂柳和龙爪柳受害最严重,受害株率达到100%;其次是旱柳,受害株率52.63%;该蜂对白柳及馒头柳没有危害。柳树冠不同方向和上、中、下不同部位受害率无显著性差异。每片叶通常有1~3个虫瘿,串珠状分布,每个虫瘿中有1头幼虫,幼虫在枝条上的分布格局为聚集分布。不同区域垂柳受害率调查表明,新疆农业大学柳树枝条受害率最高,达8.65%;其次是新疆大学洪湖,枝条受害率为5.19%;然后依次是儿童公园、西公园、植物园、水上乐园、红山公园、水磨沟公园。【结论与意义】本研究为柳厚壁叶蜂的预防控制提供了依据。     

江苏镇江地区主要白蚁种类分布、危害状况及防治策略

【目的】本文旨在明确镇江市白蚁种类分布、危害状况和防治策略。【方法】本文按照镇江市人口密度和园林绿化分布特点,将全市划分为商住区、工业区、园林区三个主要不同的生态区域。通过2012—2013年两年时间的调查与数据收集,在各生态区域共采集185份白蚁标本。运用传统白蚁形态学分类和现代分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对镇江市白蚁主要危害种类进行了鉴别确认。根据白蚁危害严重程度的不同,将镇江市不同生态区域分为蚁害严重区、较重区、一般区,以此确定镇江市白蚁分布危害的特点。【结果】本研究鉴别确认了镇江市主要白蚁种类为2科4属共7种白蚁,分别为黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki、黄翅大白蚁Macrotermes barneyi Light、台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki、黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder、尖唇散白蚁Reticulitermes aculabialis Tasi et Hwang、圆唇散白蚁Reticulitermes Labralis Hsia et Fan和黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes flaviceps Oshima。根据镇江市主要白蚁种类危害发生空间生态分布情况,镇江市的白蚁危害面广,各区域都有不同程度发生,其中城中区域白蚁分布最为密集。黑胸散白蚁在各个生态区域均有危害分布,且分布范围最广。三个不同生态区域中,蚁害严重区都集中在商住区,且散白蚁危害较大。园林区多为蚁害较重区,且土白蚁危害比较突出。工业区多为白蚁危害一般区,其散白蚁和土白蚁危害程度基本相同。根据镇江市近5年主要白蚁种群及蚁害发生时间,镇江地区的白蚁危害在全年各个月份都有发生,其危害的高峰期主要集中在4—6月,在5月达到高峰值。【结论】通过系统研究与调查,我们掌握了镇江市的白蚁种类以及主要白蚁种群的生态分布区域,明确了镇江地区白蚁发生的时间规律、区域分布特征及其危害严重程度。以此为基础,本文提出了有针对性的镇江地区食木白蚁综合防治策略,为今后更有效地开展白蚁防治工作,保护珍贵园林树种及古典建筑,进一步提高我国白蚁防治和管理水平提供了有效的科学依据及其防治策略。     

红脂大小蠹的发生和危害规律

采用标准地调查和单株调查的方法,研究了红脂大小蠹的发生和危害规律。结果表明：红脂大小蠹主要为害油松的基部和根部,多为胸径7．5cm以上、树龄30年生以上的树木,幼龄树受害很少;海拔850m以上的树木受害重,且随海拔的增高危害加重;路边树木受害最为严重,其次是山顶,林缘树木受害较轻,林内树木受害最轻;在不同坡向分布的树木,阴坡受害大于半阴坡,半阴坡大于阳坡;此外,该害虫一般侵害树势衰弱的林木,随着树势衰弱程度的增加,其危害程度加重,树体内害虫数量与树木的衰弱程度呈线性相关,其方程为Y=13．32X-16．25,此方程可以用来推断红脂大小蠹可能发生的程度。     

杭州的白蚁(下)

(五)黄翅大白蚁Macrotermes barneyi Light 分布于杭州市郊的山区(如:灵隐、九溪、六和塔、屏风山、玉泉等处),是一种筑巢于土下,危害树木根部及树干的害虫,苗圃中苗木如法国冬青等受害颇重、山区房屋也常被蛀蚀。黄翅大白蚁在杭州地区所有的白蚁种类中是种型分化最多的一种,卽兵蚁有大小二型。它在許多方面与黑翅大白蚁有相同之处,例如:其蚁巢均筑于土下,巢内亦有菌圃,干旱季节亦有作泥质蚁路的习性,受害的寄主亦多相同。     

天津市黄胸散白蚁的危害及分群观察

黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes speratus(Kolbe)在天津市的危害日趋严重,给国家和人民财产带来很大的损失。我们于1976年10月—1977年7月对它的危害及分群作了初步的调查。 (一)危害情况 黄胸散白蚁在天津主要危害房屋的人墙柱、木椽、门窗等与地面接触的木构件,被害房屋多为沿河一带较阴湿地方的平房,亦有楼房。蚁区内除房屋受害外,多数电杆、树木也遭蚁害。此外,如幼儿园的木马、滑梯、多年不用的账目和搭防空洞的备用木料亦遭为害。     

应用PVC 防护套防御退耕还林区幼龄林木鼠害

本文报道了PVC 防护套对鼠类危害内蒙古退耕还林区幼龄林的防护作用,目的在于检验其是否能用于治理退耕还林区鼠类对林木的危害。2004 年9 月至2005 年4 月,在内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市杭锦后旗的退耕还林区进行防护实验,逐月调查危害情况。结果表明,本地区鼠类的危害期主要为9 月至11 月,累计危害率为34.25%, 其中9 月份的危害最严重,危害率高达17.42% ;该防护套可有效防止林业鼠类对林木的危害,实验期间未发现一例树木受到鼠类的危害,同时,PVC 防护套亦未增加其它树木受到危害的概率。建议在每年的9月之前对树木采取防护措施,以提高其对树木的防护效率。     

Damage and ecological characteristics of termite Neotermes koshunensis on Taiwan cherry tree Cerasus campanulata in Okinawa Island

Termites are typical house pests that can also be harmful pests for living trees, although this topic has not received much attention. To clarify the damage to trees caused by dry-wood termites (Neotermes koshunensis), and the ecological characteristics of such damage, we conducted a study on Taiwan cherry trees (Cerasus campanulata) grown in parks, historical sites, and streets in the central-southern area of Okinawa Island, a subtropical region. Damage by N. koshunensis was confirmed in 21 of the 36 sites surveyed (58.3%) and in 76 of the 1076 trees surveyed (7.1%). However, damage by Formosan subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus), a house pest, was only observed at six sites (16.7%), and 10 trees (0.9%), indicating that most damage was caused by N. koshunensis. Furthermore, the probability of the presence of damaged trees close to other damaged trees was significantly higher than the probability of the presence of damaged trees close to undamaged trees, implying that destructive colonies spread from damaged trees to other trees nearby. Therefore, care for trees in the initial stages of termite invasion seems to be the best method for preventing the spread N. koshunensis damage to other trees in the same area. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report that dry-wood termite N. koshunensis are harmful pests for Taiwan cherry trees in Okinawa Island. Our results could be used to establish dry-wood termite countermeasures for garden tree species.     

闽东沿海防护林台风灾害的影响因子

以2010年台风"鲇鱼"(编号1013)为例,调查闽东主要海防林树种台风受灾情况,并对其影响因子进行分析,结果表明:1)不同树种受害程度差异明显,阔叶树种受害重于针叶树种,平均受害级和受害指数分别高出79.1%和76.7%。其中,桉树受灾最重,平均受害级和受害指数分别比湿地松、木麻黄高出90.5%、36.2%和86.7%、36.6%。受灾类型中,折干现象最严重,比例高达40.7%。2)林木不同形态特征受灾程度差异显著,折干类型集中于12～14cm径级,比例为56.8%,倒伏、掘根类型集中10～12cm,比例为57.9%,弯干、断稍现象径级分布较均匀,但同在14cm比例最高,分别为28.6%和18.3%。林木抗风性能与植株尖削度成正相关,而与树高、树冠面积、树冠相对高度成负相关。3)地形条件是影响林木受灾的重要因素,表现为受灾程度迎风坡大于背风坡,陡坡大于缓坡,同一坡向上,迎风坡下腹大于上腹,背风坡正好相反。4)割脂对湿地松抗风性能有较大影响,割脂林木受害指数比未割脂高40.6%,因割脂发生折干植株比例为92.7%。     

台风“布拉万”对东北近天然落叶松云冷杉试验林的影响

台风是重要的森林干扰因子之一,会对森林生态系统的结构和功能产生较大的影响。2012年的台风"布拉万"对我国东北地区局部森林造成了严重的破坏。以受灾最重的吉林省汪清林业局的近天然落叶松云冷杉林为对象,采用方差分析和相关分析方法,研究林分结构和地形条件对林木株数损伤率的影响。结果表明:(1)林木损伤类型可分为折断、连根拔起、搭挂、压弯4种,其中连根拔起为最主要的损伤类型,占总损伤株数的52%,台风灾害造成的林木株数损伤率平均为14.09%。(2)径级大小对林木株数损伤率的影响显著。损伤主要发生于径级较小林分处,径级越大,其株数损伤率越小。(3)林木株数损伤率随林分密度的增加有减小的趋势,但在统计学上它们的关系不显著。(4)不同树种间的林木株数损伤率差异显著,落叶松、冷杉等针叶树种损伤株数最多。(5)林分的树种多样性指数与林木株数损伤率无显著的相关性。(6)海拔、坡度和坡位对林木株数损伤率的影响不显著,但坡向的影响显著,东北坡向林分的林木株数损伤率最大。研究结果可以为灾后森林恢复和减少风灾影响的森林培育措施提供依据。     

Colony structure and caste distribution in living trees of the Ryukyu drywood termite,Neotermes sugioi (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae) in Okinawa Island

Termites are major pests of houses and buildings, and also living plants such as agricultural crops, trees in forests, urban areas and gardens. However, in Japan, the basic ecology of termites nesting in living trees is not fully understood. In this study, we observed 255 colonies (nests) of the drywood termite Neotermes sugioi, collected in the field on Okinawa Island, and reported the frequency composition of the reproductive castes, the size of wood with termite gallery, the population size of colonies, and the relative position of the reproductive and non-reproductive castes within nests. Most colonies were headed by a primary queen and a primary king. However, colonies headed only by primary queens, primary kings, or neotenic kings, each accounted for approximately 5% of the colonies. A colony size of 1,000– 4,000 individuals (2058.2 ± 1695.0 [mean ± SD]) was common and the average length of colony branches was less than 100 cm. Queens and kings were found in the same or nearby nest areas, and more predominantly in the central or root side of nest wood areas. The termites may experience colony fragmentation and reproductive loss as a consequence of typhoons. Incipient colonies (i.e., colonies at an early stage of development) were found on 11.3% of branches of Leucaena leucocephala that did not show any obvious signs of infestation. In future research, it will be necessary to update the list of trees damaged by this termite species, compare the damage by tree species, and evaluate the economic impact.     

The dynamics of hollowing in annually burnt savanna trees and its effect on adult tree mortality

Savanna trees often display significant hollows due to the combined action of fire and termites (N’Dri et al., J Trop Ecol 27:269–278, 2011). Observations have shown that internal cavities caused by termites in tree stems often result in external hollows under annual fire regimes, and it is quite possible that such hollows/fire interaction may increase the probability of trunk or big branch breakage and/or tree mortality. A study of individual tree and branch mortality as a function of prior termite and fire damage was undertaken in a West African savanna (Lamto, Côte d’Ivoire) where most of the trees naturally have hollows in their stems due to termite and fire interaction. Our goal was to examine the dynamics of hollowing and to determine whether hollowing significantly affected tree mortality. Branch and whole plant mortality were quantified for dominant tree species according to their initial hollow state and height. Four different responses were obtained depending on tree species: (1) mortality increased with cavity severity and tree size (Piliostigma thonningii), (2) mortality depended on tree size only (Bridelia ferruginea), (3) no mortality even after being hollowed by termites and externally damaged by fire (Crossopteryx febrifuga, the species with the highest proportion of individuals with hollows yet the greatest background survival time, 14 ± 2 years) and (4) high mortality, but few hollow trees suggesting a weak resistance to hollowing (Cussonia arborea which was insensitive to all the factors examined in this study). For species resistant to hollowing, tree mortality was rare; alternatively, for species prone to hollowing, whole trees died quickly and before the most severe hollow classes could be observed. Long-term demographic data yielded population-level mortality estimates of adult trees at least four times lower in fire-exclusion zones than that in fire-prone areas. Because hollow dynamics interact with fire in affecting adult mortality of some dominant tree species, fire management is important for a sustainable woody component of these savannas.     

冰灾后南岭五指山森林树种的受损与早期恢复

应用样带调查法,于2009年调查了2008年冰灾后南岭五指山森林优势种及保护树种的受损及恢复情况。在3条长2～7km、宽15m的样带调查区共记录了2832株胸径>2cm的树木,它们隶属于53科96属141种,其中2072株林木受到损伤,总受损率为73%,61%为轻度受损。灾后一年,约84%的个体能通过萌条恢复生长,但16%未出现萌条而死亡或濒临死亡。群落优势类群壳斗科、樟科、木兰科和金缕梅科优势种的受损率和萌条恢复率均较高。共记录了15种国家级保护树种,以广东松(Pinus kwangtungensis)和福建柏(Fokienia hodginsii)最为常见,除三尖杉(Cephalotaxus fortunei)和穗花杉(Amentotaxus argot-aenia)外,其余种类均有不同程度的受损,其中59%死亡或濒临死亡。此外,在43个具3株以下的小频度种中,25%的个体未见恢复而死亡。本研究结果揭示了2008年冰雪灾害对南岭五指山森林林木造成了严重的伤害,大多数树种具有较强的自然恢复能力,能以快速萌条方式进行恢复,但部分濒危珍稀植物和低密度种的死亡可能会改变原有群落的物种组成,进而影响未来群落的演替进程。     

Assessing the effects of elephant foraging on the structure and diversity of an Afrotropical forest

African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) are ecosystem engineers that browse and damage large quantities of vegetation during their foraging and movement. Though elephant trail networks and clearings are conspicuous features of many African forests, the consequences of elephant foraging for forest structure and diversity are poorly documented. In this study in northeastern Gabon, we compare stem size, stem density, proportional damage, species diversity, and species relative abundance of seedlings and saplings in the vicinity of seven tree species that produce elephant-preferred fruits (“elephant trees”) relative to control trees that do not. Across 34 survey trees, with a combined census area of 2.04 ha, we recorded data on 26,128 woody stems in three sizes classes. Compared with control trees, the area around elephant trees had the following: (a) a significantly greater proportion of damaged seedlings and a marginally greater proportion of damaged saplings (with 82% and 24% greater odds of damage, respectively); (b) no significant difference in stem density or species diversity; and (c) a significantly greater relative abundance of seedlings of elephant tree species. Increasing distance away from focal elephant trees was associated with significantly reduced sapling stem damage, significantly increased sapling stem density, and significantly increased sapling species diversity. Considered in sum, our results suggest that elephants can affect the structure and diversity of Afrotropical forests through their foraging activities, with some variation based on location and plant size class. Developing a more complete understanding of elephants’ ecological effects will require continued research, ideally with manipulative experiments.     

达维台风对海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林群落的影响

 海南岛地处我国台风的频发地带, 台风是影响海南岛热带雨林的一个重要的自然干扰因子。该文对2005年达维台风前后海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林天然次生林2 600 m²固定样地的物种组成、胸高断面积、植株数目、风倒木的影响因子、物种多样性、生物量变化及碳储量归还进行比较分析。结果显示, 台风后森林内产生大量的风倒木、断枝和落叶, 导致群落郁闭度减少、透光性增强, 并产生大量的林窗。台风后群落的组成结构发生显著变化, 受损株数达514株(占总株数26.1%); 其中风倒木比例较大, 达206株(占总株数10.5%)。方差分析结果显示, 受台风影响产生的风倒木与未明显受损树木的胸径面积、树高和木材密度均无显著差异; 但与树种组成有较紧密的关联, 对乔木层、幼树层和下木层造成的损害存在种类上的明显差异。台风产生的损害可以分为直接性损害和间接性损害两种: 1)直接性损害主要作用于乔木层, 造成大径级植株严重受损; 部分树种重要值降低, 变成伴生种, 或者次优势种和原有优势种成为共同优势种; 2)间接性损害主要通过风倒木作用于幼树层和下木层, 产生的倒木、断枝和落叶压倒其它植株, 表现为小面积范围内的个体死亡, 甚至有种类消失; 部分优势种的个体数减少较多, 但占该种群所有个体数目的比例较小。乔木层的Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数均略有下降, 而幼树层和下木层均略有上升, 但3个林层均表现为不同程度的种类消失和一些种类的个体数目减少。此次台风还造成该样地至少占台风前总生物量10.42%的生物量归还给林地, 并对森林生态系统碳循环产生重大影响。