不同恢复措施对内蒙古乌拉特中旗荒漠草原植物群落的影响

处于干旱地区的内蒙古荒漠草原，在防风固沙、生物多样性保育等方面发挥着重要的生态功能。近年来由于人类活动的干扰及气候变化的影响，内蒙古荒漠草原生态系统发生了严重的退化。如何有效恢复荒漠草原的生态功能是当前亟待解决的问题，科学合理地进行人为定向培育是荒漠草原植物群落恢复与重建的重要措施。本研究以乌拉特中旗荒漠草原为对象，通过控制实验探讨了不同退化程度下植物群落结构及地上生物量对不同恢复措施的响应。结果表明：在重度退化的荒漠草原生态系统，短期封育提高了杂类草的相对盖度，使群落地上生物量增加2.11倍；添加有机肥提高了禾草物种丰富度，使群落地上生物量提高了3.97倍；补播显著提高了植物群落的盖度、密度，使群落地上生物量提高了9.76倍。在重度沙化区，补播显著提高了群落的盖度、密度、地上生物量，但对物种多样性无显著影响。在中度退化区，添加复合肥显著降低了短花针茅群落杂类草物种数，提高了禾草及植物群落的地上生物量；添加复合肥显著提高了柠条锦鸡儿-丛生禾草群落中禾草物种丰富度，但对植物群落盖度、密度及地上生物量无显著影响；喷施叶面肥显著降低了藏锦鸡儿-灌丛化禾草群落杂类草的盖度和密度，提高了禾草的地...     

内蒙古高寒露天煤矿排土场植被恢复研究

探究不同恢复年限对于露天煤矿植被群落变化和植物个体生长的影响,进一步加强生态环境保护与生态修复治理措施。以内蒙古高寒露天煤矿排土场恢复4年(2018-2021年)的植物群落为研究对象,采用样方调查方法,对样地内植物群落进行调查,设置草本样方(1 m×1 m)和灌木样方(5 m×5 m),记录植物物种组成、高度及盖度等指标,计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpon指数、Pielou均匀度指数和物种重要值。探讨不同的恢复年限植物群落变化特征和优势植物的养分吸收,为矿区人工植被恢复提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)矿区排土场植物群落物种数、生物量和群落多样性均随着恢复年限的增加而显著增加。总物种数从恢复第1年的16种增加到恢复第4年的31种,主要是由于非人工种植植物从6种增加到19种导致,特别是在恢复第2年增加显著,然后趋于平稳,这说明恢复第2年是物种增加关键的时期;(2)随着恢复年限的增加,生物量和多样性指数显著增加;矿区植被优势物种多以禾本科披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis);豆科植物苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)、沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)、锦鸡儿(Caragana sinica);菊科植物大籽蒿(Artemisia sieversiana);十字花科油菜(Brassica napus)和胡颓子科沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)为主。(3)比较不同优势植物叶片、茎和根的氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)含量发现,草本优势种中菊科和豆科植物显著高于禾本科植物。灌木优势种中沙棘茎的N含量和P含量显著高于锦鸡儿。研究认为,在排土场植被恢复初期(4年)的物种选择上,豆科植物和菊科植物是草本植物首选的先锋物种,另外,沙棘是灌木首选的物种。     

露天煤矿排土场边坡植被组成特征及其群落稳定性评价

研究植被恢复过程中植物群落组成、结构及稳定性的变化,可进一步了解到植物群落的演替过程及规律。采用空间代时间的方法对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟北电胜利露天煤矿4个排土场边坡人工恢复植被进行群落调查,在此基础上采用多样性指数与优化后的M.Godron稳定性指数对植物物种组成、物种多样性及其群落稳定性进行分析,探究不同恢复年限排土场边坡植被在恢复过程中群落特征及稳定性变化特征。结果表明：（1）排土场边坡植物物种组成共有16科44属56种,植物群落组成较简单,其中禾本科种类最多,生长型以草本植物为主。（2）随着恢复年限的增加,植物生活型由一、二年生转变为多年生,坡面优势种由人工种植植物转变为本土植物。（3）整体看,随着恢复年限增加,物种多样性呈下降趋势,群落稳定性整体呈上升趋势。（4）由于不同坡向土壤微环境差异,北坡恢复效果及稳定性好于南坡。本研究在一定程度上可为露天煤矿排土场边坡人工修复过程中植物物种及合理配置模式的选择提供科学依据。     

鄂尔多斯高原植物群落多样性时空变化特点

作者利用1999年和2000年野外植物群落调查资料,结合李博(1990)的植物群落调查结果,分析了鄂尔多斯高原植物群落多样性的时空变化特点。鄂尔多斯高原主要植物群落类型有23类,不同植被类型的群落多样性表现出一定的差异性,其中丰富度指数的差异不显著,而Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数及群落盖度的差异明显。中东部典型草原表现为高多样性高盖度;西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原和草原化荒漠物种多样性较高,但盖度较低;毛乌素沙地植物群落物种多样性低,但盖度较高。从1986年到2000年,该地区典型草原群落、荒漠草原和沙地植被的群落多样性指数都有下降趋势;典型草原和草原化荒漠的群落盖度有所增加,荒漠草原有所下降。以上结果表明,沙地植被和草原化荒漠生物多样性已经得到了一定的保护,但还有待加强,而荒漠草原的保护亟待引起重视。     

草原矿区排土场恢复重建人工植被变化

以典型草原大型露天煤矿排土场为研究对象, 研究不同水土保持工程措施与植物措施配置形式下排土场人工、半人工植物群落的植物种类组成、结构及物种多样性变化, 结果表明, 自然恢复的人工裸露边坡草层低矮、植物种类单一, 水土保持工程措施与植物措施相结合进行植被恢复的试验小区植物种类明显增加, 项目实施第三年试验区内共出现23 种植物, 分属10 科22 属, 单种科和单种属占优势; “生态袋一字型布设+撒播种草”试验小区出现的植物种类最多, 植物成活率高、Shannon-wiener 多样性指数、Margalef 丰富度指数较大, 这一措施配置形式在草原矿区排土场边坡植物群落快速建植和水土流失防治等方面效果均显著; 抗逆性强、具有固氮功能、性状优良的豆科牧草可作为草原矿区人工扰动后植被恢复重建的先锋物种。     

高寒半湿润沙地植物与土壤微生物多样性对植被恢复的响应

为探究植被恢复对高寒半湿润沙化脆弱生态系统的恢复效应,明确植物群落与土壤微生物多样性对恢复的响应,为高寒沙化植被恢复提供科学支撑。以青藏高原东南缘沙化地为对象,通过连续种植老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)进行植被恢复,分析连续3年恢复后,植物群落物种组成与多样性的变化,土壤微生物群落不同季节数量与多样性的变化,探讨植物与土壤微生物多样性对植被恢复的响应特征。结果表明:老芒麦作为建群种促进植被恢复过程,3年后植物群落物种数量相较对照增加了13种,而物种种类相较对照新增14种,川甘亚菊(Ajania potaninii)从群落中消失,总体表现为短命植物和对水分需求较高的植物种类增加,植物群落物种多样性增加;土壤中微生物群落和微生物数量季节性变化剧烈,在非生长季节后期(4月),土壤细菌含量相较对照组增加了1.2倍(0-15 cm)与1.8倍(15-30 cm),真菌含量相较对照组增加了0.5倍(0-15 cm)和5.1倍(15-30 cm),放线菌相较对照组增加了1.5(0-15 cm)倍和4倍(15-30 cm);土壤微生物多样性显著增加。种植老芒麦恢复高寒半湿润沙化脆弱生态系统,促进了植物群落物种多样性与土壤微生物群落多样性恢复,这将有助于高寒沙化生态系统恢复过程。     

黄河首曲湿地植物群落生产力、物种多样性及其与生境的关系

近年来，在气候变化与人为干扰等因素的驱动下，高寒湿地退化导致生物多样性的丧失如何影响生态系统功能尚无共识。以黄河首曲高寒湿地为研究对象，基于野外采样数据和植物群落多样性指数，重点分析植物物种多样性、地上生物量空间分布格局及其与土壤因子关系。结果表明：首曲湿地存在一定程度退化，植物群落组成主要集中在菊科和禾本科，莎草科和豆科植物较少；植物群落物种多样性和地上生物量未表现出显著的经纬度和海拔梯度变化；Patrick丰富度指数(R)和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)与地上生物量呈显著正相关，说明保护区植物多样性的保护有利于生产力维持；土壤含水量影响着高寒湿地植被群落结构，与多样性指数呈显著相关性，是高寒湿地植被恢复和重建的关键性因子。该研究结果对于认识黄河首曲高寒湿地植物生物量和物种多样性及土壤因子的空间分异规律具有一定的参考价值，同时为高寒湿地退化生态系统功能的恢复及生物多样性的保护提供科学依据。     

乌兰布和沙漠-西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原过渡带灌木群落对生长季降水的响应

降水是影响荒漠植物群落结构和多样性的主要因子。研究乌兰布和沙漠-西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原过渡带植物群落特征及多样性对生长季内降水波动的响应，对该区的植物保护和生态环境建设具有重要意义。结合2020年生长季对驼绒藜、霸王、四合木和沙冬青群落固定样地的植被调查数据与同期降水量资料，分析了该区典型灌木群落特征及多样性随降水的变化趋势。7～9月，随着降水增加，驼绒藜群落内的多年生草本种类显著增加；4个灌木群落内的一年生草本种类显著增加。驼绒藜群落的密度显著增加；霸王和四合木群落的盖度显著增加。四合木群落草本层的Patrick丰富度指数显著增加；霸王群落草本层的Patrick丰富度指数显著增加，Simpson指数和Pielow指数显著降低；沙冬青群落草本层的4个多样性指数均显著增加。乌兰布和沙漠-西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原过渡带不同灌木群落特征及多样性对降水变化响应差异较大，灌木层受降水影响较小，草本层对降水增加响应比较敏感。     

露天煤矿排土场不同配置人工植被对草本植物物种多样性的影响

2012年8—9月对黑岱沟露天煤矿北排土场乔木、乔木+灌木、乔木+草本(禾本科)、乔木+草本(豆科)和撂荒地5种人工植被配置条件下草本植物种类和数量进行了调查。结果表明:撂荒地的植物物种多度为181.00±12.52,显著高于其他植被配置条件的物种多度;撂荒地和乔木+草本(豆科)配置的植物物种丰富度最高,分别为4.50±0.95和4.78±0.87,显著高于其他植被配置条件的物种丰富度。植物物种多度、丰富度与土壤有机质和全氮呈正相关,与磷含量呈显著负相关。增加排土场浅层土壤有机质和全氮含量,控制土壤磷的输入是促进露天煤矿排土场植物物种多样性恢复的有效措施。促进排土场草本植物多样性恢复,应优先考虑种植能够明显改善土壤质量的物种,如豆科植物。     

宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物群落物种多样性研究

通过野外植被调查,研究了宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物群落组成与结构、物种多样性变化;采用典范对应分析（CCA）对植物群落分布与土壤性状关系进行了分析。结果表明：（1）风沙区荒漠草原物种较为单一,多集中在6~13种;不同群落类型间地上生物量和盖度差异显著;群落内竞争性较弱的物种减少,优势种具有较高的重要值。（2）群落间物种多样性差异显著,但变化趋势并不一致;物种多样性指数与丰富度指数、均匀度指数的相关系数分别为0.975 7和0.880 2,而与优势度指数相关系数为-0.519 8。（3）CCA结果表明,土壤含水率、有机质以及氮磷钾含量较高、容重小时,植物物种相对丰富;对群落分布影响较大的环境因子是土壤水分、容重和土壤有机质,相关系数分别为-0.742 8、0.683 8、0.532 9,物种和群落二者在CCA排序轴相关性较大的土壤因子较为一致。研究认为,宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物优势种在群落中的地位明显,物种丰富度对植物多样性的影响大于均匀度,土壤水分是影响该区草原植物群落分布的决定性环境因子。     

Soil moisture dynamics and restoration of self‐sustaining native vegetation ecosystem on an open‐cut coal mine

Post‐mining landscape reconstruction on open‐cut coal mines aims to support restoration of self‐sustaining native vegetation ecosystems that in perpetuity require no extra inputs relative to unmined analogs. Little is known about the soil moisture retention capacity of the limited layer of topsoil replaced (often <30 cm deep), impacts of deep ripping of the profile, and the combined impacts of these on plant available water during the mine restoration process. We examined changes in soil moisture parameters (soil water potential, Ψ, and soil water content, Θ) daily using automated soil sensors installed at 30 and 45–65 cm depths on mine restoration sites aged between 3 and 22 years and on adjacent remnant vegetation sites following heavy rainfall events at Meandu mine, southeast Queensland, Australia. Consistent patterns in soil moisture attributes were observed among rehabilitated sites with generally marked differences from remnant sites. Remnant site soil profiles had generally higher Θ after drying than rehabilitated sites and maintained high Ψ for extended periods after rain events. There was a relatively rapid decline of Ψ on reconstructed soil profiles compared with remnant sites although the times of decline onset varied. This response indicated that vegetation restoration sites released soil moisture more rapidly than remnant sites but the rate of drying decreased with increasing rehabilitation age and increased with increasing tree stem density. The rapid drying of mine rehabilitated sites may threaten the survival of some remnant forest species, limit tree growth, and delay restoration of self‐sustaining native ecosystem.     

The importance of sampling intensity when assessing ecosystem restoration: ants as bioindicators in northern Australia

Insects are commonly used as bioindicators for assessing ecosystem restoration, but such assessments are potentially influenced by sampling intensity. Uncommon species are often late colonizers of sites undergoing restoration, so that sampling that is effective for only common species can under‐represent differences between rehabilitation and reference sites. We found that differences in observed ant species richness and composition between rehabilitation and reference sites at a northern Australian uranium mine increased markedly with increasing sampling intensity (through repeat sampling), reflecting differences in the numbers of uncommon species. Ensuring appropriately high sampling intensity is important in assessments of restoration success using insect bioindicators.     

A Method for Evaluating Outcomes of Restoration When No Reference Sites Exist

Ecological restoration typically seeks to shift species composition toward that of existing reference sites. Yet, comparing the assemblages in restored and reference habitats assumes that similarity to the reference habitat is the optimal outcome of restoration and does not provide a perspective on regionally rare off-site species. When no such reference assemblages of species exist, an accurate assessment of the habitat affinities of species is crucial. We present a method for using a species by habitat data matrix generated by biodiversity surveys to evaluate community responses to habitat restoration treatments. Habitats within the region are rated on their community similarity to a hypothetical restored habitat, other habitats of conservation concern, and disturbed habitats. Similarity scores are reinserted into the species by habitat matrix to produce indicator ( I ) scores for each species in relation to these habitats. We apply this procedure to an open woodland restoration project in north Mississippi (U.S.A.) by evaluating initial plant community responses to restoration. Results showed a substantial increase in open woodland indicators, a modest decrease in generalists historically restricted to floodplain forests, and no significant change in disturbance indicators as a group. These responses can be interpreted as a desirable outcome, regardless of whether species composition approaches that of reference sites. The broader value of this approach is that it provides a flexible and objective means of predicting and evaluating the outcome of restoration projects involving any group of species in any region, provided there is a biodiversity database that includes habitat and location information.     

Restoration of species‐rich grasslands by transfer of local plant material and its impact on species diversity and genetic variation—Findings of a practical restoration project in southeastern Germany

Restoration of species‐rich grasslands is a key issue of conservation. The transfer of seed‐containing local plant material is a proven technique to restore species‐rich grassland, since it potentially allows to establish genetically variable and locally adapted populations. In our study, we tested how the transfer of local plant material affected the species diversity and composition of restored grasslands and the genetic variation of the typical grassland plant species Knautia arvensis and Plantago lanceolata.For our study, we selected fifteen study sites in southeastern Germany. We analyzed species diversity and composition and used molecular markers to investigate genetic variation within and among populations of the study species from grasslands that served as source sites for restoration and grasslands, which were restored by transfer of green hay and threshed local plant material.The results revealed no significant differences in species diversity and composition between grasslands at source and restoration sites. Levels of genetic variation within populations of the study species Knautia arvensis and Plantago lanceolata were comparable at source and restoration sites and genetic variation among populations at source and their corresponding restoration sites were only marginal different.Our study suggests that the transfer of local plant material is a restoration approach highly suited to preserve the composition of species‐rich grasslands and the natural genetic pattern of typical grassland plant species.     

珍稀植物蒜头果野生植株结实量及果实特征研究

该研究对云南省广南县不同分布点的野生植株大小与结实量,果实、果核性状特征,果皮与果核性状间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)野生成年植株个体间结实量差异大,单株结实量从几十个至几千个,变异系数可达136.38%。结实量与冠幅有正相关关系(R=0.592,P0.01),与胸径和树高无相关关系(P0.05)。(2)扁球型果实平均纵径37.10~40.36 mm,变异系数7.28%~8.65%;平均横径41.15~45.03mm,变异系数6.44%~9.31%;平均果实重量35.77~47.29 g,变异系数18.99%~21.44%。野生蒜头果果实大小差异明显,单个果实重量差别为3.4倍。(3)果核平均纵径27.50~31.69 mm,变异系数7.13%~10.99%;平均横径30.94~34.16 mm,变异系数6.47%~9.41%;平均果核重量14.03~18.77 g,变异系数17.37%~22.68%。单个果核重量差别为3.7倍。(4)平均果皮纵向厚度4.33~4.80 mm,变异系数20.22%~26.91%;平均横向厚度5.10~5.44 mm,变异系数12.92%~20.98%;平均果皮重21.62~28.51 g,变异系数20.01%~24.12%。该研究结果表明野生蒜头果单株结实量、果实和果核大小、果皮厚等表型性状存在广泛的多样性,其资源为人工定向培育和开发利用提供了较为丰富的选择材料。     

退化天坑倒石堆阴坡植物群落垂直分布特征——以云南沾益深陷塘为例

以深陷塘退化天坑倒石堆阴坡乔灌层植物群落为对象,研究倒石堆不同坡位的物种多样性变化特征及其主要影响因子。结果表明: 深陷塘南侧乔木层物种有13科17属21种,灌木层物种有14科20属20种,群落属于亚热带湿润针阔混交林类型;微气候环境使坑口与坑坡植被差异明显,倒石堆上的二次崩塌使中坡位能够涵养更多的水分,为需水性植物提供了优质的生态位。各α多样性指数均在坑底边缘坡位达到最大值,Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数分别为3.58、2.47、0.79、0.86,但整体上差异较小,变异系数最高仅为0.226;β多样性指数波动较大,沿坑口、坑坡和坑底边缘间,Routledge指数、Whilson-Shmida指数均呈现减小-增大-减小趋势,其最大值分别为15.95、1.20,物种更替率总体呈上升趋势,共有种的数量逐渐减少。土壤是各坡位间差异最主要的影响因子,各坡位上植物多样性主要与土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷、有机碳含量有关。     

Plant community composition and attributes reveal conservation implications for newly created grassland on capped landfill sites

Biodiversity conservation through restoring degraded habitats or creating new habitats is advocated in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Restored grasslands on capped landfill sites are semi-natural habitats that could potentially support a wide range of plant communities. However, it is unknown whether these re-created habitats represent a significant resource in terms of biodiversity conservation. The UK National Vegetation Classification (NVC) was used to study these communities on nine restored capped landfill sites together with paired reference sites in the East Midlands region of the UK during 2007. Plant species data were collected by random quadrats along two 100 m transects from each site. The effects of restoration were investigated by examining plant attributes and Ellenberg indicators on restored landfill sites in comparison to paired reference sites. A total of 170 plant species were found from both sets of sites. There were no significant differences for most of the plant attributes between restored landfill sites and reference sites, though reference sites had significantly higher mean frequencies of native plants, nationally decreasing species and perennial species. In total 26 broad NVC community types were identified of which more than 70% fell within mesotrophic grassland (MG). The diversity of NVC communities confirms that underlying environmental factors such as soil fertility are important, dictating the type of plant communities that exist. It is recommended that management of these capped landfill sites should be targeted towards specific NVC community types to meet conservation targets.     

不同类型高寒草地群落结构与生产对施氮的响应及其敏感性

大气氮沉降增加被认为是目前重要的环境问题,会引起生物多样性的丧失和生态系统稳定性的降低。但作为草地改良的管理措施,养分添加被广泛应用于退化草地的恢复。但由于不同类型草地所处气候与群落组成的差异,对氮输入的响应可能不同。通过在藏北高原高寒草甸与高寒草甸草原设定长期氮添加梯度试验(对照, 25, 50, 100, 200 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1)),来探讨氮输入对生物多样性与生产的影响,并估算不同类型高寒草地的氮饱和阈值。施氮对高寒草甸物种多样性指数无影响,而随着施氮量的提高高寒草甸草原植物物种数和多样性指数均逐渐降低。开始施肥前两年,随着施氮量提高高寒草甸地上生物量呈现逐渐增加趋势,随着施肥时间的延长地上生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。在高寒草甸草原随着施氮量提高地上生物量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。随着施氮量提高,开始施氮前三年高寒草甸禾草植物地上生物量逐渐提高;随着施氮时间的延长,禾草和豆科植物地上生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。高寒草甸莎草植物地上生物量由施氮开始时的逐渐增加转变为先增加后降低趋势,最后变为逐渐降低的趋势,这说明施氮不利于莎草植物的生长。施氮只在施肥第四年显著提高杂草植物地上生物量。高寒草甸草原呈现不同的规律,开始施氮前三年随着施氮量提高,禾草植物地上生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势;随着施氮时间的延长,禾草地上生物量逐渐提高。莎草和杂草植物地上生物量呈现先增加后降低趋势。利用对氮输入响应最敏感的植物功能群禾草生物量估算的高寒草甸和高寒草甸草原的氮饱和阈值分别是109.5、125.8 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1),这说明高寒草甸氮敏感性显著高于高寒草甸草原。由此可见,未来氮沉降增加会对不同类型高寒草地产生不同的影响,在不同类型高寒草地进行施肥恢复时也应将氮饱和阈值的差异考虑在内。