红河哈尼梯田遗产区生态系统服务价值外溢研究

传统农业生态系统服务的价值外溢效应评估有助于提高对该农业生态系统服务价值的正确认知，为合理规划区域社会经济产业结构以及生态安全布局提供科学依据。以云南省红河哈尼梯田遗产区为例，采用基于单位面积当量因子方法估算哈尼梯田遗产区农业生态系统服务价值，并采用市场价值法和旅行费用区间法估算梯田景观的生产服务价值和休闲旅游服务价值，厘清哈尼梯田遗产区农业生态系统服务价值特征，探究传统农业生产景观的服务价值外溢情况。结果表明：(1)1995—2018年，研究区土地利用总体变化不显著，而建设用地面积相对增加较多，变化率为59.3%;(2)哈尼梯田遗产区农业生态系统服务价值总量减少了811万元，变化率为0.6%;农业生态系统服务结构保持稳定，一级服务类型中，调节服务价值量最大，二级服务类型中，气候调节服务价值量最大，食物和原材料生产价值贡献率仅为6%,水资源供给服务价值为负值；(3)2018年元阳哈尼梯田景观的粮食生产服务价值为0.8×10⁸元，休闲旅游服务功能价值为1.3×10⁸元。元阳哈尼梯田生态旅游促进区域可持续发展，梯田农业生产景观具有明显的价值外溢效...     

辽宁省土地退化与景观生态建设

利用1997－1998年1：25万辽宁省TM遥感影像及相应的GIS获取的数据,调查分析了辽宁省土壤侵蚀,土地沙化和盐渍化3种类型土地退化程度,面积和分布,结果表明,全省92．52％的土地面积遭受不同程度的侵蚀,3．39％的土地为沙化土地,2．22％土地为盐渍化土地,在此基础上,以新的角度进行全省地土地退化分区,现代侵蚀退化区,地质侵蚀退化区和沙化盐渍化退化区,分析不同区域内不同类型的退化特点和原因,依据区域自身特点和景观生态学原理,提出相应的景观生态建设恢复治理模式。     

基于GIS重庆土壤侵蚀及土壤保持分析

土壤侵蚀作为一个重大的全球环境问题,严重地威胁着区域生态环境质量和社会经济。在考虑植被覆盖度与土壤侵蚀关系的前提下,通过查表法,构建不同土地覆盖类型和不同植被覆盖度下的C值图层,并基于地理信息技术(GIS)和通用土壤侵蚀方程(USLE)估算了重庆地区土壤侵蚀量,土壤保持量和土壤保持价值。结果表明:重庆地区2010年土壤侵蚀量约为2.23亿t/a;土壤保持量约为14.69亿t/a。利用市场价值法,机会成本法和影子工程法评价了各类生态系统土壤保持的生态价值。研究区2010年土壤保持价值相对于2006年有所提升,2010年生态系统因防止土壤侵蚀而产生的土壤保持总价值约为6.18×105万元,其中保持土壤养分的价值为5.44×105万元;减少废弃地的价值为2.65×104万元;减轻泥沙淤积灾害的价值为4.78×104万元。各生态系统类型中,森林生态系统土壤保持价值量最大,单位面积价值最高。     

福建土地退化的景观敏感性综合评估与分区特征

在GIS支持下,研究了福建土地退化的景观区域分异特征,综合预测了土地退化的景观变化趋势,利用地理分区图的表示方法和一定的数学模型理论,对福建省土地退化的区域景观活跃性程度和区域景观危险性程度进行定必瑟半定量相结合的综合评估与预测分区,目的主要是为土地退化的区域预报提供基本资料信息和减灾防灾决策提供服务。     

天山北坡绿洲土地退化的时空变异

以天山北坡三工河流域农业绿洲-阜北农场为例,运用遥感与GIS技术,结合地统计学理论,对研究区1983-2005年间景观结构与土壤表层（0～20cm）土地退化时空变异特征进行了研究．结果表明：人为活动增加了区域绿洲景观破碎化和多样性,区域景观改变的人为影响程度加剧是造成景观多样性和景观破碎化的主要动因;1983-2005年间,区域土地退化面积减少26．69％,土地退化程度较高的区域主要分布在北部靠近沙漠区,沿沙漠区向绿洲内部土地退化的程度降低．灰漠土退化程度明显高于盐土和潮土,并且土地质量差的区域,土地退化程度逐渐减轻,有65．38％的土地质量提高;而土地质量好的区域土地退化程度加重,有33．38％的土地发生退化．     

藏北地区生态与环境敏感性评价

藏北地区自然条件极为严酷,生态与环境非常脆弱和敏感。采用地理信息系统手段与综合评价方法,对藏北地区主要生态与环境敏感性问题进行评估,分析了土壤侵蚀、沙漠化和草地退化等方面的敏感性空间分异规律,指出了今后生态与环境建设的优先区域。结果表明:藏北地区土壤侵蚀敏感区占土地总面积的42.5%,主要分布于东中部区域;藏北地区沙漠化敏感区面积较大(占土地总面积的78.8%),主要分布在人类活动强度相对较低的西北部;藏北中东部和北部地区草地退化较为严重,尤其是藏北地区冰川与雪山及其周围等气候变化较为敏感区域和交通要道沿线等人类活动较为频繁区域的草地退化相对严重,对草地退化也比较敏感,是今后草地退化治理和恢复的优先区。     

植被和梯田对黄土高原小流域泥沙连通性的影响

黄土高原经过长期水土流失治理,泥沙问题得到有效解决,但植被恢复和梯田修建对泥沙空间输移的影响尚未完全揭示。通过土地利用数据和Landsat影像确定梯田分布和植被覆盖情况,使用能表征植被和梯田对泥沙输移的阻滞作用的植被覆盖与作物管理因子和工程因子计算泥沙连通性指数(IC),分析泥沙连通性的时空动态变化,量化植被与梯田共同影响下黄土高原第三副区典型流域泥沙连通性。调整权重因子模拟不同情景下泥沙连通性指数的计算,分析植被与梯田对泥沙连通性的单独影响。结果表明由于植被快速恢复和梯田大面积修建,IC在35年间(1986—2020年)从-3.42到-9.17显著下降。情景模拟发现,在1986—1999年间,梯田为泥沙连通性减弱主要驱动因素,1999年后植被与梯田共同作用。植被影响下的IC从1986年到2020年下降73.05%,在1986—2020年间梯田影响下IC下降26.75%。在空间上梯田及高植被覆盖度区域呈弱泥沙连通性,中下游主沟及部分支沟区域为强泥沙连通性。总体而言,植被恢复和梯田修建减弱泥沙输移能力,流域输沙路径集中于主沟中下游及部分支沟区域。研究结果有助于深化黄土丘陵区小流域植被恢复...     

长江源区土地覆盖变化与草地退化格局的时空分异

基于野外调查、遥感影像和统计资料,分析了1987-2007年长江源头地区土地覆盖变化和草地退化格局的时空分异特点,并从海拔、坡度和坡向3方面探讨了导致长江源区草地生态环境变化的主要自然因素.结果表明： 研究期间,长江源头地区土地类型破碎化整体呈增加趋势,自然地理条件和气候变化是导致土地格局变化的主要驱动因素;不同海拔草地退化面积差异显著,研究区草地退化主要发生在海拔4800～5100 m范围内,且退化面积随海拔的升高呈增加趋势,退化面积比重在不同坡度和坡向的差异较大.1987-2007年,长江源头地区气候呈暖干化趋势,区域土地覆盖类型空间结构变化明显;不同坡向、坡度和海拔的草地退化分布格局与高寒环境和人为干扰的格局基本一致,高寒环境和气候演化对草地生态系统格局起决定作用.     

土地整理的生态系统服务价值评估与生态设计策略——以吉林省大安市土地整理项目为例

土地整理作为土地利用变化的重要驱动因素,显著改变土地利用和景观格局,对区域生态系统功能及其服务价值产生影响.本文以吉林省大安市的土地整理项目为例,利用生态服务价值模型计算了村域、镇域和县域尺度下土地整理区的生态服务价值及其总量变化.结果表明: 以增加耕地为目标的土地整理项目易造成草地和湿地等具有较高生态服务价值的地类减少,导致不同尺度下土地整理区生态服务价值总量出现不同程度的下降.村域尺度下,整理后研究区总的生态服务价值为796.14万元,较整理前减少10.5%;镇域尺度下,整理后总的生态服务价值为84301.26万元,较整理前减少14.2%;县域尺度下,整理后总的生态服务价值为120585.76万元,较整理前减少33.1%.根据土地整理的生态服务价值评估,从提高生态功能入手,最后提出了土地整理的景观生态设计策略,以期为土地整理的持续发展提供决策依据.     

藏北高原牧区人工草地建设布局的适宜性分析

人工草地是缓解天然草地退化和提升草地生产力的一种有效途径,但人工草地建设发展需注重区域布局、种植区划、经营管理等战略问题,尤其是在高寒牧区建立人工草地,目前还存在诸多值得探讨的科学问题。为此,选取藏北高原高寒牧区为研究区,基于遥感数据,土壤数据,气象数据,地形和土地利用数据,结合野外实地调查,从可利用土地资源角度考虑,通过分析藏北现有人工草地建设的立地条件,识别出区域适宜人工草地建设的潜在分布区,并与现有人工草地分布位置及其面积进行对比分析和验证,以期为区域未来人工草地建设布局提供科学指导。研究结果表明:在各种约束因子的限制下,藏北满足人工草地建设条件的适宜区域极其有限,难以发展大面积的人工草地建设工程。水热条件和海拔是限制区域人工草地建设的主要地理因素,尤其是那曲地区,绝大部分区域无法满足人工牧草生长活动的积温需求。因此,区域牧草种植规划中需重点考虑牧草品种的生物学特性。另一方面,在藏北高寒牧区建立人工草地必须慎重,今后人工草地种植规划还需要加强牧草的抗寒性和抗旱性研究,在人工草地的管理方面要特别关注已建人工草地的可持续性和稳定性,防止出现草地退化和沙化等问题。     

Terracing in the Mixteca Alta, Mexico: Cycles of Resilience of an Ancient Land-Use Strategy

Terracing is an important and ubiquitous landscape feature in the Mixteca Alta region of southern Mexico. It is a land-management strategy that has been in use for millennia, perhaps starting around 300 B.C.E. We discuss terracing as an adaptive and resilient strategy of food production and land management that continues to be culturally significant to modern-day farmers. Through the integration of archaeological, geomorphological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic data we document the history of terracing and discuss how Mixtec communities and terraces have responded to natural and cultural perturbations through millennia. We find that different stages in the history of terracing show parallels with the adaptive cycles of a resilient system.     

基于投入产出的中国省际农业水-土-碳足迹流动分析

水-土-碳多要素耦合研究是近年来资源环境领域的热点之一。开展农业水-土-碳足迹流动分析有助于揭示农业生产和贸易带来的跨区域环境影响,对不同区域资源可持续管理和协同减排具有重要意义。以中国30个省级行政区为研究对象,基于投入产出方法科学识别不同省区农业水、土、碳足迹的空间格局、流动特征及关联状况。主要结论如下：（1）省域尺度农业水、土、碳足迹具有较大的空间差异,这归因于自然条件、社会经济、产业结构、耕作方式及种植结构等的区域差异;（2）农业水、土、碳足迹流动主要从西部和北部流向东部和东南部地区,这与农产品市场供需关系密切相关,表明东部和东南部地区农产品消费导致了西部和北部地区资源的虚拟占用和隐含碳排放;（3）农业水、土、碳足迹及其强度之间存在一定程度的关联关系,经济发展状况、地区产业结构、自然条件状况等因素均会影响某一要素或几种要素的消耗强度,进而影响其关联作用;农业水、土、碳足迹流动表现出明显的关联性特征,空间关联网络存在不均衡性,关联渠道有待丰富;（4）建议未来加强农业技术革新,提高机械化、智能化生产水平;通过土地规模化经营实现水土资源的节约集约利用;开展基于水-土-碳跨区域影响的横向农业生态补偿,实现中国省际协同减排和资源优化。     

Analysis of land consolidation projects and their impact on land use change,landscape structure,and agricultural land resource protection: case studies of Pilsen-South and Pilsen-North (Czech Republic)

Within the countries of the former socialist bloc, the changes in the politico-economic system at the end of the 1990s created a situation where it was (and still is) necessary to restore agricultural land resource property rights, to adjust the structure of agricultural land to current needs and to improve the current state of environmental resources. This case study covers 19 cadastral areas in the western part of the Czech Republic that were affected by the land consolidation process during 2000–2006. The main task of this study was to document how land consolidation processes could affect the change of land use and landscape structure and whether the land consolidation planners take into account the protection of natural resources. The increased acreage of grasslands was the most important change which has occurred in the land use in the 19 analysed cadastral areas, before and after land consolidations. In the studied area, the changes of land use involved 6.8 % of the total land consolidation area. This area of grassland significantly increased the protection of agricultural land from water erosion. In terms of changes in the landscape structure, the construction of new field road networks is the most important result. The results confirm the importance of land consolidation processes not only for the organization and recovery of ownership and cadastral records but also for the improvement of agricultural use of landscape and protection of natural resources such as soil, water and plant and animal communities.     

Agro-ecological field vulnerability evaluation and climate change impacts in Souma area (Iran), using MicroLEIS DSS

Soil erosion and contamination are two main desertification indices or land degradation agents in agricultural areas. Global climate change consequence is a priority to predict global environmental change impacts on these degradation risks. This agro-ecological approach can be especially useful when formulating soil specific agricultural practices based on the spatial variability of soils and related resources to reverse environmental degradation. Raizal and Pantanal models within the new MicroLEIS framework, the Ero&Con package, are database/expert system evaluation approach for assessing limitations to land use, or vulnerability of the land to specified agricultural degradation risks. This study was performed in Souma area with approximately 4100 ha extension in the North-West of Iran (west Azarbaijan). Based on 35 sampling soils, Typic Xerofluvents, Typic Calcixerepts, Fluventic Haploxerepts and Fluventic Endaquepts were classified as main subgroups. Climatological data, referred to temperature and precipitation of more than 36 consecutive years were collected from Urmieh station reports and stored in monthly Climate Database CDBm, as a major component of MicroLEIS DSS (CDBm) program. Climate data for a hypothetical future scenario were collected from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports for the 2080s period. The evaluation approach predicts that attainable water erosion vulnerability classes were none (V1) very low (V2) and moderately low (V4) in the total of 72%, 13% and 15% of the Souma area, respectively and they will not affected by climate change. On contrary, attainable wind erosion vulnerability classes will increase. Also, phosphorous and heavy metal contamination vulnerability risks will not differ in two compared scenarios while nitrogen and pesticides vulnerability classes will be improved.     

微地形改造的生态环境效应研究进展

干旱缺水和生境不良使世界上许多地区的植被恢复和生态改善面临困难。为了提高植被成活率、遏制土壤侵蚀和土地退化态势,国内外许多重点地区都开展了多种微地形改造与下垫面整地措施,使得地表生境和植被状况得到一定改善。但微地形改造对生态环境影响的基础研究仍严重滞后于实践的客观需求,许多关键效应和科学机理不明。本文系统梳理和总结了国内外学者在不同生态系统类型区和自然地理单元上开展的相关研究。认为微地形改造对土壤属性和微生境、降雨入渗和水蚀过程、植被恢复的效果及其生态服务功能发挥等多个方面都有重要影响,并综述了相关研究进展。同时指出当前微地形改造研究中存在的突出问题。包括科学分类标准有待系统化、实地量化技术相对滞后、微地形改造的水文效应有待强化、影响植被恢复的机理不明等若干重要局限。建议应进一步加强微地形改造的分类体系研发、发展微地形改造方式的定量刻画技术;设立野外定位站,跟踪监测其长期效应,并加强不同微地形改造措施的生态环境效应对比,为科学筛选和优化下垫面改造技术、服务区域生态改善和应对气候变化提供科学依据。     

Frontiers in alley cropping: Transformative solutions for temperate agriculture

Annual row crops dominate agriculture around the world and have considerable negative environmental impacts, including significant greenhouse gas emissions. Transformative land‐use solutions are necessary to mitigate climate change and restore critical ecosystem services. Alley cropping (AC)—the integration of trees with crops—is an agroforestry practice that has been studied as a transformative, multifunctional land‐use solution. In the temperate zone, AC has strong potential for climate change mitigation through direct emissions reductions and increases in land‐use efficiency via overyielding compared to trees and crops grown separately. In addition, AC provides climate change adaptation potential and ecological benefits by buffering alley crops to weather extremes, diversifying income to hedge financial risk, increasing biodiversity, reducing soil erosion, and improving nutrient‐ and water‐use efficiency. The scope of temperate AC research and application has been largely limited to simple systems that combine one timber tree species with an annual grain. We propose two frontiers in temperate AC that expand this scope and could transform its climate‐related benefits: (i) diversification via woody polyculture and (ii) expanded use of tree crops for food and fodder. While AC is ready now for implementation on marginal lands, we discuss key considerations that could enhance the scalability of the two proposed frontiers and catalyze widespread adoption.     

生态安全条件下土地利用格局优化——以皇甫川流域为例

在人类活动导致的生态环境问题中,土地利用格局变化对区域生态安全起着决定性作用。选择我国乃至在世界上都罕见的多沙、粗沙、强烈水土流失的黄河皇甫川流域作为研究区域,针对土壤侵蚀和生态用水这两大影响流域生态安全的关键问题,开展土地利用变化模拟、土壤侵蚀3S监测、适宜植被盖度估算、土壤侵蚀情景模拟、土地利用格局优化等方面的综合研究。结果表明:(1)土地利用格局变化是导致土壤侵蚀变化的重要因素。从1987年到2015年,建筑用地、林地和灌丛面积增加,水域、沙地和裸砒砂岩面积减少,导致流域年平均土壤侵蚀模数由16160.72 t km-2a-1降至9710.72 t km-2a-1。(2)土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀模数密切相关并存在一定规律。6种不同土地利用类型多年平均土壤侵蚀模数的大小顺序为:裸砒砂岩沙地耕地草地林地灌丛,表明灌、林措施是流域植被恢复和土壤侵蚀减少的首选。(3)土地利用结构和空间格局优化有助于提升区域生态安全水平。在优化格局下,2007年和2015年土壤侵蚀模数比优化前分别减少5469.57 t km-2a-1和5432.77 t km-2a-1,优化后2015年土壤侵蚀模数仅为4277.95 t km-2a-1,低于流域自然侵蚀临界值或允许土壤侵蚀模数5300 t km-2a-1,优化土地利用格局成为加强流域生态环境建设的重要途径。     

Reducing soil erosion and the loss of soil fertility for environmentally-sustainable agricultural cropping and livestock production systems

My proposals for reducing soil erosion are based on my experience of assessing erosion, largely in Britain, both of cultivated land and of upland grazings. I have assessed the extent and rates of erosion in the field mostly by using easily‐ and rapidly‐used photographic and measurement techniques, rather than by using experimental plots set up either in the field or laboratory which overstate erosion. Policies which have governed the economics of agricultural production have also been examined. Much of the increase in occurrence of runoff and soil erosion in Britain is due to changes in land use and in intensity of use since the Agriculture Act was passed in 1947, and especially since joining the Common Market in 1973, with its even greater emphasis on paying for increased production. The increasing numbers of animals grazing the land, especially sheep, led to the initiation and erosion of bare soil in the uplands and to trampling and puddling of soils in lowland pastures. There is evidence that runoff from the land, and sedimentation of water courses have also increased. In the cultivated lowlands, the expansion in area of land drilled to winter cereals, the increase in area of land sown to maize or used to rear outdoor pigs, changes in farming techniques, and larger machines working in larger fields can explain much of the increase in erosion. Reversing some of these changes, for example by lowering the intensity of grazing and inserting grass (set‐aside) into the arable rotation will reduce the extent of erosion. Other techniques to reduce erosion are well‐known but need national and international agricultural policies that improve farmers' incomes to bring them into use. In developed countries, erosion need not reduce soil fertility, as nutrients removed from the soil by animals or crops can be affordably replaced. This may not be so in other parts of the world. Education of farmers also has a vital role to play in persuading them to use the land more sustainably, for many of the impacts of erosion such as flooding and pollution of water supplies bear on society as a whole, not just farmers who are themselves little affected. The principles devised to reduce erosion in developed countries are likely to be successful in developing countries. However, it may take many years for better and more sustainable agricultural policies at national and international level to be devised and brought into being.     

Impairing the largest and most productive forest on our planet: how do human activities impact phytoplankton?

This article summarizes the outcomes of the 16th Workshop of the International Association for Phytoplankton Taxonomy and Ecology. Four major issues dealing with the impact exerted by human activities on phytoplankton were addressed in the articles of this special volume: climate change and its impacts on phytoplankton, the role of land use in shaping composition and diversity of phytoplankton, the importance of autecological studies to fully understand how phytoplankton is impacted by stressors and the role of ecological classification to evaluate community changes due to the different impacts. Case studies from different types of aquatic environments (rivers, deep and shallow lakes, reservoirs, mountain lakes, and temporary ponds) and from diverse geographical locations (not only from the Mediterranean and temperate regions, but also from subtropical and tropical ones) have shown that a complex spectrum of human impacts, not exclusively linked to eutrophication, severely conditions structure and dynamics of phytoplankton assemblage both in the short and long terms. Moreover, the trade-offs between climate change and other human-induced stresses as eutrophication, agricultural and urban land use or water overexploitation contribute to make more severe the impact exerted by humans on phytoplankton and, in turn, on the functioning of aquatic ecosystems.     

Climate and Land Use Controls on Soil Organic Carbon in the Loess Plateau Region of China

The Loess Plateau of China has the highest soil erosion rate in the world where billion tons of soil is annually washed into Yellow River. In recent decades this region has experienced significant climate change and policy-driven land conversion. However, it has not yet been well investigated how these changes in climate and land use have affected soil organic carbon (SOC) storage on the Loess Plateau. By using the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM), we quantified the effects of climate and land use on SOC storage on the Loess Plateau in the context of multiple environmental factors during the period of 1961–2005. Our results show that SOC storage increased by 0.27 Pg C on the Loess Plateau as a result of multiple environmental factors during the study period. About 55% (0.14 Pg C) of the SOC increase was caused by land conversion from cropland to grassland/forest owing to the government efforts to reduce soil erosion and improve the ecological conditions in the region. Historical climate change reduced SOC by 0.05 Pg C (approximately 19% of the total change) primarily due to a significant climate warming and a slight reduction in precipitation. Our results imply that the implementation of “Grain for Green” policy may effectively enhance regional soil carbon storage and hence starve off further soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.