灭菌生物指示剂的研究及在灭菌监测中的应用

本文论述有关生物指示剂的历史概况，在灭菌监测中，与物理、化学指示方法比较，生物指示剂的作用与地位。在生物制品、医院、食品行业等领域，生物指示剂的应用越来越受到人们的重视，并产生了良好的效果。本文论述了灭菌监测及生物指示剂的应用，与医院的感染的关系。美国药典（ＵＳＰ）和中国卫生部与也专门规定了生物指示剂的标准，应用及有关规定。在应用时，菌株的选择和具体方法尤为受人关注，本文列出有关应用中须注意的问题     

压力蒸汽灭菌指示剂的筛选和效果验证

利用结晶物质在一定温度下熔融的特性,通过对几种灭菌指示剂内容物进行熔点测定,选出苯甲酸化学试剂和升华硫化学试剂作为高压灭菌指示剂和灭菌参考指示剂。试验表明,这两种指示剂终点明确,简便快速,价格便宜,能满足121℃高压灭菌的温度要求,可以对高压灭菌的日常监测提供依据。     

干热灭菌温度指示剂的筛选和效果验证

利用结晶物质在一定温度下熔融的特性,通过对四种化学试剂进行熔点测定。选出试剂Ａ和试剂Ｂ作为干热灭菌温度指示剂和参考指示剂。试验结果表明,这两种温度指示剂终点明确,简便快速,能满足１８０℃干热灭菌的温度要求,可以对干热灭菌的温度验证提供客观证据     

低温蒸汽甲醛灭菌技术在热敏医疗手术器械灭菌中的应用体会

目的观察低温蒸汽甲醛气体灭菌技术对热敏医疗手术器械的效果及应用体会。方法收集我院2018年6～12月采用低温蒸汽甲醛灭菌技术的热敏医疗手术器械358件(腔镜镜头156件、光纤导线112件、双极电凝刀90件),按照统一规范的操作流程,其中包括灭菌前物品的准备、包装、转载、灭菌程序等进行操作,并分别采用物理、化学和生物监测对物品灭菌效果进行评估。结果经过低温蒸汽甲醛灭菌的358件热敏医疗手术器械均达到灭菌效果。灭菌物品经物理、化学和生物监测均符合要求,合格率达100%。结论低温蒸汽甲醛灭菌技术是一种操作简便、灭菌可靠、可重复性高、使用安全的低温灭菌处理方式,热敏医疗手术器械采用该灭菌方式得到了有效的灭菌质量保证。     

聚合物微流控芯片消毒灭菌技术研究进展

聚合物微流控芯片成本低、易加工,目前在医药、生物检测和化学合成等领域得到了普遍应用。以热塑性聚合物聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethylmethacrylate,PMMA)和热固型聚合物聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethy lsiloxane,PDMS)为基材的高分子聚合物材料因具有较好的生物相容性和光学透明性,已逐渐成为聚合物微流控芯片加工的主导材料,被广泛应用于生物医药类微流控芯片的制备。鉴于该类芯片应用场景的特殊性,需在使用前进行消毒灭菌处理以避免微生物干扰。目前,针对PMMA和PDMS的消毒灭菌方法包括高压蒸汽灭菌、紫外线灭菌、电子束、60Co γ射线辐射灭菌、超临界二氧化碳灭菌、乙醇消毒、环氧乙烷灭菌、过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌、绿原酸消毒、清洗剂消毒。本文从基本原理、消毒灭菌方法、应用场景等方面,回顾和总结了相关技术在PMMA和PDMS基体微流控芯片中的实现方法,并在芯片材质、适用范围等方面分析了所适用的消毒灭菌方法,为以聚合物为基材的生物医药类微流控芯片的消毒灭菌提供有益参考。     

2004年全国中学生生物竞赛（厦门）生化实验试题

有些生物化学反应中指示反应完成,经常使用直观的指示剂指示,如氧化还原指示剂和酸碱指示剂。氧化还原指示剂是氧化状态下和还原状态下各有不同颜色;酸碱指示剂是指示生物化学反应前后溶液的酸碱度变化,不同酸碱度各有不同颜色。这里进行一次酶促反应实验,人的血液中和尿液中都含有尿素,尿素的含量变化是许多病变的重要指标。脲酶可作用于尿素,它的反应如下:     

信息追溯系统在消毒供应中心的应用体会

目的研究信息追溯系统在消毒供应中心的应用效果,为实现无菌物品实施可追溯性管理提供依据。方法应用美美软件医院消毒供应中心(CSSD)追溯系统,对消毒物品执行回收、清洗、包装、灭菌、储存、发放等环节进行管理。结果通过信息追溯系统的建立使用,完善质量控制过程的相关记录,更好保证供应物品的安全。结论美美软件信息追溯系统在消毒供应中心使用过程中各环节的质量管理和追溯运行效果良好,值得推广使用。     

口腔器械手机的消毒灭菌管理

为了防止口腔疾患在诊疗过程中的医源性感染,对使用频繁,污染严重的手机进行规范消毒灭菌管理,通过收集、传送、清洗消毒、注油养护、包装、灭菌、存放各环节质量控制,保证了手机消毒灭菌质量,控制医源性感染的发生,为患者安全就医提供有效保障措施。     

生物标志物研究与早期药物研发基因表达分析功能学检测罗氏RealTime ready应用

前言 个体化医疗（PHC）根据基因信息,针对个体的遗传独特性,对个体进行卫生保健、疾病预防与治疗服务,满足个体需要。对特定生物状态指示剂的生物标志物分子的识别与鉴定,在个体化医疗中具有重要作用（1）。因此,生物标志物是药物从靶点鉴定至药物应用生命周期的核心元素。     

红外光谱技术在生物过程监测中的应用

在线监测化学组分的浓度对许多生物过程都是十分必要的。然而,探头需耐高温灭菌的要求和生物体系自身的复杂性给许多分析技术的在线监测带来了困难。近几年,随仪器和数据处理技术的迅速发展,应用红外光谱技术对生物过程的原位或在线监测日益广泛。本文对红外过程分析技术进行了较全面的综述,介绍了红外分析的原理、进展及在生物过程监测中的应用。     

太湖湿地生态系统有机氯污染的夜鹭生物指示

1999年春季,在对无锡鼋头渚鹭鸟种群野外生态调查的基础上,对夜鹭幼鸟反吐物,觅食地底泥和水体进行了采样,并在实验室用气相色谱测定了样品中的α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、环氧七氯、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD、o,p'-DDT和p,p'-DDT等有机氯农药的残留状况,结果表明,在有机氯农药禁用近20年后,六六六的异构体和滴滴涕及其衍生物均能在环境中和夜鹭食物中有不明,在有机氯农药禁用近20年后,六六六的异构体和滴滴涕及其衍生物均能在环境中和夜鹭食物中有不明,在有机氯农药禁用近20年后,六六六的异构体和滴滴涕及其衍生物均能在环境中和夜鹭食物中有不检出,有机氯污染物沿夜鹭食物链产生逐级富集,太湖湿地生态系统中夜鹭卵富集了滴滴涕万倍以上,富集了六六六数千倍,从而使有机氯污染物易被检测,因此夜鹭锘放可作为湿地生态系统有机氯污染的生物指示物。     

The therapeutic exception: abortion, sterilization and medical necessity in Costa Rica

Based on the case of Rosa, a nine-year-old girl who was denied a therapeutic abortion, this article analyzes the role played by the social in medical practice. For that purpose, it compares the different application of two similar pieces of legislation in Costa Rica, where both the practice of abortion and sterilization are restricted to the protection of health and life by the Penal Code. As a concept subject to interpretation, a broad conception of medical necessity could enable an ample use of the therapeutic exception and a liberal use of both surgeries. The practice of therapeutic sterilization has been generalized in Costa Rica and has become the legitimate way to distribute contraceptive sterilization. In contrast, therapeutic abortion is very rarely practiced. The analysis carried out proposes that it is the difference in social acceptance of abortion and sterilization that explains the different use that doctors, as gatekeepers of social morality, make of medical necessity.     

雄性手术不育对布氏田鼠社会行为的影响

利用输精管结扎的方法对雄性布氏田鼠进行了不育处理,并研究了雄性不育后对布氏田鼠社会行为的影响．结果表明,与对照组相比,不育组中布氏田鼠的友好行为频次和对抗行为频次没有发生显著改变,而且不育组内部不育雄性和正常雄性之间在友好行为频次和对抗行为频次上也没有显著差异,说明结扎不育雄性对布氏田鼠的社会行为影响不大。     

Plasticity in the timing of physiological development: Physiological heterokairy — What is it, how frequent is it, and does it matter?

The study of developmental sequences of physiological traits could be an important way of placing comparative developmental physiology (CDP) within the research agenda being forged by work on developmental plasticity. Here we focus on the concept of heterokairy defined by Spicer & Burggren in 2003 as changes in the timing of physiological development in an individual. The role of this concept in the future of the CDP is discussed. First we provide an historical perspective of the ideas that have led to the investigation of sequences in CDP. This is followed by a re-examination and clarification of the definition of physiological heterokairy before empirical case studies that (explicitly or implicitly) demonstrate physiological heterokairy are reviewed. We suggest that physiological heterokairy can be demonstrated through a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate examples. However, care must be taken when inferring that heterokairy as a pattern is always the result of heterokairic processes as there is evidence that physiological heterokairy could result from the altered timing of both homologous or analogous physiological mechanisms. We conclude by discussing the potential link between heterokairy and heterochrony and suggest that the investigation of this link should be a major goal for workers in both CDP and developmental plasticity.     

Plasticity in the timing of physiological development: physiological heterokairy--what is it, how frequent is it, and does it matter?

The study of developmental sequences of physiological traits could be an important way of placing comparative developmental physiology (CDP) within the research agenda being forged by work on developmental plasticity. Here we focus on the concept of heterokairy defined by Spicer & Burggren in 2003 as changes in the timing of physiological development in an individual. The role of this concept in the future of the CDP is discussed. First we provide an historical perspective of the ideas that have led to the investigation of sequences in CDP. This is followed by a re-examination and clarification of the definition of physiological heterokairy before empirical case studies that (explicitly or implicitly) demonstrate physiological heterokairy are reviewed. We suggest that physiological heterokairy can be demonstrated through a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate examples. However, care must be taken when inferring that heterokairy as a pattern is always the result of heterokairic processes as there is evidence that physiological heterokairy could result from the altered timing of both homologous or analogous physiological mechanisms. We conclude by discussing the potential link between heterokairy and heterochrony and suggest that the investigation of this link should be a major goal for workers in both CDP and developmental plasticity.     

无菌猕猴桃种子采集方法研究

无菌的猕猴桃种子是猕猴桃胚乳培养、实生苗微嫁接等技术的基础材料,利用消毒剂灭菌是常用的无菌种子采集手段,应用最广泛的消毒剂为升汞(mercuric chloride)和次氯酸钠(NaClO)。为了避免使用消毒剂,该研究提出了一种新的无菌猕猴桃种子采集方法——无菌搅拌法,同时为探索其准确性和应用性,比较了0.2%升汞灭菌20 min、10%次氯酸钠灭菌20 min、无菌搅拌法三种方式采集无菌猕猴桃种子的效果,并对种子萌发和幼苗形成的影响进行了研究。结果表明:无菌搅拌法、0.2%升汞灭菌20 min是稳定有效的无菌猕猴桃采集方式,10%次氯酸钠灭菌20 min的采集效果不稳定;在相同的时间内,无菌搅拌法的种子发芽率最高,为89.90%,但发芽势较低,均可正常成苗; 10%次氯酸钠灭菌20 min的发芽率次之,与无菌搅拌法的种子无显著差异,发芽势和成苗率最高,分别为47.47%和67.86%,且有打破猕猴桃种子休眠的作用,整体作用类似于赤霉素(GA_3)浸种的效果; 0.2%升汞灭菌20 min对猕猴桃种子的萌发有抑制作用,各项指标均显著低于无菌搅拌法种子,且生长缓慢。此外,无菌搅拌法是物理处理,对种子、操作人员、环境均无害。这证实了无菌搅拌法的实用性和优势,发现了次氯酸钠在打破猕猴桃种子休眠方面的作用,为其它同类型果实的无菌种子采集提供了参考。     

戊二醛复合消毒剂对猪病病毒杀灭效果的研究

目的　研究戊二醛复合消毒剂对猪病病毒的杀灭效果。方法　将猪细小病毒 (porcinepavrovirusvirus ,PPV)、猪繁殖呼吸综合征病毒 (porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus,PRRSV)和猪伪狂犬病病毒(porcinepseudorabiesvirus,PRV)分别与不同浓度的戊二醛复合消毒剂作用后 ,接种于长满细胞单层的细胞培养板中 ,根据细胞是否产生病变情况 ,确定消毒剂杀灭病毒的最佳浓度 ;同时 ,还将不同浓度的消毒剂与猪瘟病毒 (hogchloeravirus,HCV)作用后 ,对兔进行静脉注射 ,根据兔的体温变化情况 ,判断消毒剂杀灭病毒的最佳浓度。结果　1%浓度的消毒剂 ,可在 2 0min之内有效杀灭PPV、PRRSV和PRV ;0 5 %浓度的消毒剂 ,可在 10min之内有效杀灭HCV。结论　戊二醛复合消毒剂具有高效杀灭病毒的作用 ,适用于养殖场、医疗卫生行业及传染病流行地区的消毒灭菌 ;采用细胞感染法检测和评价消毒剂对病毒的杀灭效果是一种可行的体外试验方法     

Cryopreservation and storage of mussel (Mytilus spp.) haemocytes for latent analysis by the Comet assay

Estuarine and coastal habitats are known to be polluted by a range of chemical contaminants from both industrial and domestic sources. Blue mussels (Mytilus spp.), which inhabit these areas, are widely used as bio-indicators in eco-toxicological studies, because of their sedentary nature and their ability to bio-accumulate contaminants. The analysis of DNA damage in mussel haemocytes is a valuable tool for biomonitoring but sampling issues related to storage, handling and transportation have often limited its application in large-scale monitoring programmes. This study uses a trial and error method to evaluate and validate a suitable protocol for cryopreservation of mussel haemocytes, thereby allowing material collected in the field to be analysed later under controlled laboratory conditions. Three different cell-culture media, i.e. Leibovitz-15, Hank's balanced salt solution and mussel physiological saline, along with four different cryoprotectants, i.e. dimethyl sulphoxide (10% and 20%), 1,2-propanediol (10%), ethylene glycol (10%) and glycerol (10%) were tested to assess their suitability for cryopreservation of mussel haemocytes for analysis in the comet assay. Experimental studies where mussel haemocytes were also exposed to UV radiation or benzo(a)pyrene were conducted in order to mimic environmental stresses and to verify the effectiveness of newly defined cryopreservation protocols. The comet assay was used to demonstrate that mussel haemocytes could be preserved at cryogenic temperatures for a month without altering levels of DNA damage, which could possibly be used for lab or field studies where time constraints or facilities do not allow instant analysis.     

微波及其联合杀菌技术在食品中的应用研究进展

微波在食品中的应用已逐渐成为研究热点，但微波作为一种新型食品杀菌技术，特别是和其他杀菌技术联合应用的综述目前还较少。本文通过分析已有的食品微波杀菌技术，包括单微波杀菌技术、微波-巴氏杀菌技术、微波-超声联合杀菌技术、微波-红外杀菌技术、微波-脉冲电场杀菌技术的特点，总结微波及其联合杀菌技术对不同类型食品的杀菌条件和效果，旨在为微波在各类食品杀菌工艺中的应用提供参考。