中国蚜科一新纪录属--麻黄蚜属(同翅目:蚜科)

报道中国蚜科Aphididae 1新纪录属－麻黄蚜属Ephedraphis Hille Ris Lambers,1959和1新纪录种－麻黄蚜Ephedraphis gobica Szelegiewicz,1963。该蚜虫取食具有重要药用价值和固沙作用的麻黄属Ephedra spp.植物。麻黄蚜在中国采自宁夏回族自治区的盐池县和铜川市,国外分布在蒙古国,文中记述了麻黄蚜无翅孤雌蚜和有支孤雌蚜的形态特征及在中国的地理分布,绘制了形态特征图,研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

不同寄主植物叶片上蚜虫的形态适应

昆虫对寄主植物之间的形态适应性是两者相互关系的重要组成部分, 本文以植食性蚜虫为研究对象, 研究其对不同种类寄主植物叶片的形态适应。选取寄生于禾本科、 杨柳科、 壳斗科和松科4科7属植物叶片上的26种蚜虫, 基于有翅孤雌蚜和无翅孤雌蚜, 在光学显微镜下观察、 测量并统计比较了37个形态特征及其种内变异。以克隆平均值为基础数据,选取与蚜虫取食和附着于植物表面相关的形态特征（喙末端、跗节Ⅰ、Ⅱ和爪）为变量,分别得出无翅、 有翅孤雌蚜和所有蚜型3个聚类分支图,并将各种蚜虫的寄主植物科、 属分别对应到分支图上。结果表明：体型、腹管和触角的形态在不同蚜虫的科间有一定差别, 喙末端、 跗节Ⅰ、跗节Ⅱ及爪的形态则在不同的寄主植物间存在差异; 在蚜虫种内各形态特征存在一定变异, 变异系数的范围为1.89%~26.08%。3个聚类分析的结果显示,不同种类蚜虫形成的分支基本对应不同科、属的寄主植物;而杨一条角蚜Doraphis populi、三堡瘿绵蚜Epipemphigus imaicus和杨柄叶瘿绵蚜Pemphigus matsumurai则处在较为特殊的分支位置, 那是因为前者为次生寄主型, 后两者均能产生虫瘿。研究结果表明寄生于不同植物相同部位上的蚜虫存在形态特征的明显分异, 对应不同的寄主植物, 蚜虫与寄主植物之间存在着形态适应关系。     

中国毛蚜亚科一新纪录属--朗伯毛蚜属(同翅目,蚜科)

报道了中国毛蚜亚科Chaitophorinae1新纪录属——朗伯毛蚜属Lambersaphis Narzikulov,1961和1新纪录种——杨朗伯毛蚜Lambersaphis pruinosae(Narzikulov,1954)。该蚜虫在中国采自新疆维吾尔自治区的石河子市,国外分布在塔吉克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦。文中记述了杨朗伯毛蚜无翅孤雌蚜的形态特征、在中国的地理分布,绘制了形态特征图。研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆和法国自然历史博物馆。     

中国纩蚜属研究及新种新亚种记述(同翅目:纩蚜科)(英文)

通过对中国纩蚜属的研究,作者提出纩蚜属的现代地理分布呈岛状分布的格局;并推测该属的起源中心可能在欧洲,现代分化中心可能在中国的横断山脉地区。从动物地理的角度,探讨了该属内的系统发育关系。同时,发现一新种,即云杉纩蚜Mindaurspiceasuctusspnov.。正模为无翅孤雌蚜,副模为5只有翅孤雌蚜和8只无翅孤雌蚜,分布在云南省昆明市,辽宁省沈阳市和熊岳县。一新亚种,即冷杉纩蚜三圈亚种M.abietinustriprimesensorissp.nov.,正模为有翅孤雌蚜,副模为3只有翅孤雌蚜,分布在云南省丽江市玉龙山。一新纪录种,即冷杉纩蚜指名亚种M.abietinusabietinusKoch1856。并且给出种的检索表,模式标本存放在中国科学院动物研究所标本馆。     

蚜虫的社会性分化

最近,日本昆虫学家青木重幸在研究中证实,蚜虫也有社会性分化,其中主要是兵蚜的分化。目前已知在2个亚科的7个属中的13种蚜虫都有兵蚜的分化,主要分布在东亚,其次是北美。如分布在日本的女萎棉蚜,寄生在毛茛科植物上,它们的无翅型雌虫,以孤雌胎生的方式产生2种形态很不相同的一令幼虫,其中一种是兵蚜,一种是普通幼虫。兵蚜喙粗短,前、中胸足粗壮发达,终生保持一令状态,无繁殖能力,遇     

中国烟管蚜属分类记述(半翅目,蚜科)

研究了中国烟管蚜属Vesiculaphis del Guercio,该属隶属于蚜科Aphididae蚜亚科Aphidinae长管蚜族Macrosiphini,中国已知两种:番木瓜烟管蚜Vesiculaphis caricis(Fullaway)和中国新纪录种,马醉木烟管蚜V.pieridis Basu。文中提供了中国物种分种检索表,对新纪录种提供了不同生物型的形态记述、特征图和照片,包括1个兼有无翅孤雌蚜和有翅孤雌蚜性状的特殊个体的描记。研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆和英国自然历史博物馆.     

胡萝卜微管蚜孤雌蚜虫龄特征及鉴别

【目的】明确胡萝卜微管蚜Semiaphis heraclei孤雌蚜虫龄的鉴别特征,实现快速和准确识别虫龄的目的。【方法】采用显微成像技术,测量胡萝卜微管蚜孤雌世代无翅型与有翅型不同虫龄的体长、体宽、头壳宽、触角长、中胸宽、腹管长、尾片长和后足胫节长8项指标,采用LSD多重比较方法对8项指标的测量值进行虫龄间方差分析,并将测量值与虫龄数进行线性回归分析。【结果】胡萝卜微管蚜的8个形态特征指标在虫龄间均存在显著差异（P <0.01）,触角长和后足胫节长在无翅型和有翅型的各龄间均无重叠,可作为该种虫龄识别的主要指标;尾片长在无翅型3龄与4龄若蚜间、有翅型4龄若蚜与成蚜间有部分重叠,可作为识别虫龄的的次要指标。根据触角节数可以区分1龄和其它虫龄,尾片发达程度可以区分若蚜和成蚜,中胸膨大具翅芽是有翅型3-4龄若蚜的典型特征。【结论】利用外部形态可以对胡萝卜微管蚜进行龄期鉴别,以触角长和后足胫节长为主要指标,结合尾片长、触角节数、翅芽有无及尾片发达程度等指标可实现对胡萝卜微管蚜孤雌蚜不同翅型虫龄的快速识别。     

五倍子蚜虫的数值分类(半翅目:瘿绵蚜科)

以来自五倍子蚜虫5个属的10个分类单元为材料,选取有翅孤雌蚜头部、胸部、腹部和附肢的直接测量特征23个,比例特征23个,性状转换为数值的特征16个共62个特征进行数值分析。基于欧氏距离和Pearson相关系数的聚类结果:10个分类单元聚集为3个组群,其中铁倍蚜属Kaburagia 小铁枣蚜属Meitanaphis、圆角倍蚜属Nurudea 铁倍花蚜属Floraphis分别聚集成2个组群;倍蚜属Schlechtendalia为1个组群;3个组群分别与传统分类中的肚倍类、倍花类和角倍类相一致,来自同一属的分类单元大多聚集在一起。主成分分析结果:有翅孤雌蚜的形态特征及各部位的比例、虫瘿着生部位和次生开口位置等是倍蚜分类的主要特征,这对倍蚜分类研究具有重要参考价值。     

枸杞棉蚜形态和生物学特性研究

【目的】棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是一种分布广泛的重要农业害虫,其寄主范围较广。近年发现棉蚜严重为害一种新的寄主植物枸杞Lycium barbarum L.。枸杞是名贵中药材和食物,枸杞上生活的棉蚜的生活史特征尚不清楚。为了更好地预测预报和有效防控枸杞棉蚜,减轻枸杞的受害损失,本研究对栽培枸杞上棉蚜的生物学特性进行了系统研究。【方法】在田间条件下,对青海栽培枸杞树上的棉蚜各蚜型和虫态进行了详细调查,记述了各虫态的形态特征、发育历期、生活史、寄主植物、习性、发生规律及天敌种类。【结果】枸杞树上的棉蚜为害嫩枝梢、叶片、花蕾和果实,引起枸杞果产量和品质严重下降。枸杞棉蚜有6种蚜型,即孤雌蚜(有翅型和无翅型)、性母蚜、性蚜(性雄蚜和性雌蚜)和干母蚜,蚜型间的形态有明显差异,可用于区别不同的生活史阶段。枸杞棉蚜原寄主是枸杞,在青海一年发生10~16代,以滞育卵在枸杞树干和树枝上越冬,翌年4月上中旬开始孵化产生干母,5月产生无翅孤雌蚜进行孤雌生殖,6月开始产生有翅孤雌蚜,在田间迁飞扩散,7月和8月田间出现两次蚜虫数量高峰,孤雌蚜一直延续至9月,田间开始产生性母蚜、性雄蚜和性雌蚜,在枸杞树上进行有性生殖,10月中旬是交配、产卵高峰期,随后卵进入滞育越冬。若虫共4龄。无翅型若蚜期平均10.22±3.32 d,有翅型若蚜期平均9.55±2.53 d;无翅型成蚜寿命平均10.10±1.07 d,有翅型成蚜寿命平均8.97±1.34 d;1代无翅型蚜虫总寿命平均20.32±6.31 d,有翅型蚜虫总寿命平均18.52±4.51 d;孤雌蚜繁殖后代中无翅型若蚜数量平均为17.86±5.66头/雌,有翅型若蚜数量平均为15.33±3.76头/雌。枸杞田捕食和寄生棉蚜的优势天敌有多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata(Goeze)、七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata L.、丽草蛉Chrysopa formosa Brauer和蚜茧蜂。【结论】枸杞树上棉蚜生活周期为全周期型。与其他寄主上的棉蚜比较,枸杞棉蚜体型更大、发育期更长、繁殖后代个数明显较少。在枸杞树上种群数量一年发生有2个高峰期,分别在7月和8月,有别于前人报道的其他寄主上棉蚜种群数量的1个高峰期出现在5-6月。这些差异可能与棉蚜对枸杞寄主和青藏高原环境产生生态适应性有关,其适应机制需进一步探索。     

坚瘿绵蚜属(半翅目,蚜科,瘿绵蚜亚科)分类

坚瘿绵蚜属Ceratopemphigus Schouteden是一个单型属,记述了模式种Ceratopemphigus zehntneri Schouteden,1905的新型--无翅孤雌蚜,对属征进行了补充和修订.同时,提供了寄主植物、地理分布、形态特征图等信息.研究标本保存在英国自然历史博物馆.     

我国新发现一种外来蚜虫——刺槐附毛斑蚜Appendiseta robiniae

记述了采自北京刺槐上的1种中国的记录外来蚜虫——刺槐附毛斑蚜,它原产于北美,寄主为刺槐,在当地一些地区较为常见,并已扩散到欧洲等地。描述了有翅孤雌蚜、无翅雌性蚜和有翅雄性蚜的鉴别特征,并提供了生态图片。最后讨论了它的潜在危害性及蚜虫寄主植物、蚜群生活状及生态照片在蚜虫识别上的重要性。     

3种寄主上桃蚜的选择性及形态分化

桃蚜是一种重要的农业害虫,寄主广泛,种下分化复杂。以采自黄土高原旱作区桃树、烟草、甘蓝上的桃蚜为研究对象,通过叶片选择法、传统比较形态测定法研究了3种寄主上桃蚜的选择性及形态分化。结果表明:在3种寄主同时存在的情况下,烟草上的桃蚜嗜食烟草,表现为63.5%的桃蚜选择烟草叶,13.8%选择甘蓝叶,8.2%选择桃叶,而甘蓝和桃树上的桃蚜对原寄主没有表现出明显的嗜好性;从形态指标来看,3种寄主上的桃蚜在体长、触角末节长度、后足腿节长度、触角与体长的比例方面存在显著差异(P0.05),说明这几个特征可以作为区分这3种寄主上桃蚜的依据。综合分析可以初步认为黄土高原旱作区烟草上的桃蚜可能形成了寄主专化型-烟草型。     

Life history characteristics of Orius insidiosus (Say) fed Aphis glycines Matsumura

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a new invasive pest of soybeans throughout most of the soybean production areas of North America. Field studies have demonstrated that the indigenous predator, Orius insidiosus (Say), is an important natural enemy of the soybean aphid early the soybean crop season. Because soybean aphid is newly introduced into North America, the life history characteristics of predators fed this aphid are not known. In laboratory assays, we measured the survival, development, longevity and reproduction of O. insidiosus fed 1, 3, 6 or 12 seconds to third instars of soybean aphid. O. insidiosus nymphal development decreased from 34.0 to 21.4 days as the number of soybean aphid nymphs provided increased from 1 to 6 aphid nymphs daily. Stage-specific mortality was highest at 68% for first instar O. insidiosus nymphs fed 1 soybean aphid nymph per day. Adult longevity (43.9 days) and fecundity (49.7 eggs per female) was highest for O. insidiosus fed 6 soybean aphid nymphs daily, but longevity (23.5 days) and fecundity (10.1 eggs per female) declined for adults fed 1 soybean aphid nymph daily. The intrinsic rate of increase of O. insidiosus ranged from 0.048 to 0.133. Compared to other prey species, soybean aphid is an adequate prey item for O. insidiosus. Our results suggest that O. insidiosus will be most effective in suppressing soybean aphid population growth in the initial phase of the aphid’s colonization of soybeans.     

甘肃省小陇山地区鸢尾属植物资源调查及2个新记录种

本文报道了甘肃小陇山地区鸢尾科（Iridaceae）鸢尾属（Iris L.）植物2个新分布记录种：长柄鸢尾（Iris henryi Baker）和薄叶鸢尾（Iris leptophylla Lingelsh.）。通过整理重新编制了小陇山地区鸢尾属植物的分种检索表。两种植物的发现进一步丰富了鸢尾属在全国的分布格局和本属在秦岭地区的种类,并为小陇山地区的物种多样性研究提供了新的分布信息。凭证标本存放于陇南师范高等专科学校植物标本室。     

我国北方岩溶泉域刚毛藻的系统发育及形态学研究

脆弱刚毛藻(Cladophora fracta)是一种大型丝状绿藻,生境分布广泛。然而,对于岩溶泉域分布的刚毛藻研究较少,它们的遗传多样性、生物地理亲缘性和生理特性都有待于深入研究。该研究对我国北方地区五个典型岩溶泉域的50个脆弱刚毛藻样本进行了形态学和分子系统学描述。主要研究目标:(1)对我国北方地区五个典型岩溶泉的刚毛藻生境进行描述;(2)根据形态学特征和分子序列对藻体进行鉴定;(3)探究生境对藻体生理特性的影响。结果表明:基于SSU和LSU序列的结果,发现所分析的50株刚毛藻个体为同一种,同时还发现了13个不同的核糖体基因型。基于SSU和LSU的系统发育树,刚毛藻属均未能形成单系分支,分布在三个不同的分支上。13个样本基因型在SSU和LSU树中的位置相似,与Cladophora vagabunda有很高的序列同源性,但是形态特征却差异很大。从显微结构结果来看,五个岩溶泉域采集到的刚毛藻在细胞直径上无显著差异,藻体的形态特征与脆弱刚毛藻相一致。但是,岩溶泉域采集的藻体细胞直径比文献报道中在湖泊和河流中采集的脆弱刚毛藻直径要大。另外,仅在两个地点(XA和ST)采集的标本中发现有假根状分枝。因此,基于形态学和分子序列的结果,将这五个泉域的刚毛藻鉴定为脆弱刚毛藻(Cladophora fracta)。     

君子峰鸢尾，福建鸢尾科植物一新种

描述了福建省中北部山区鸢尾科（Iridaceae）鸢尾属（Iris）一新种：君子峰鸢尾（I.junzifengensis S.P.Chen,X.Y.Chen&L.Ma）,新种与蝴蝶花（I.japonica Thunb.）、台湾鸢尾（I.formosana Ohwi）相近。与蝴蝶花不同之处在于叶片宽大,叶脉明显,表面粗糙;花为顶生稀疏总状聚伞花序,分枝2~6;花大,直径5.0~7.0 cm,花被裂片边缘波状皱褶,全缘,顶端稍有凹缺;蒴果三棱状圆柱形。与台湾鸢尾不同之处在于花小,花被裂片边缘波状皱褶,全缘,顶端稍有凹缺;蒴果三棱状圆柱形。形态特征比较及分子系统发育分析均支持该新种的成立。     

IRIS NELSONII (IRIDACEAE): ORIGIN AND GENETIC COMPOSITION OF A HOMOPLOID HYBRID SPECIES

Nuclear and chloroplast DNA variation was assayed for two populations of Louisiana irises (Bayou Teche and Young's Coulee) that demonstrated extreme morphological variation and for a sample of the putative hybrid species, Iris nelsonii. The genetic markers examined in this analysis were diagnostic for either Iris fulva. Iris hexagona, or Iris brevicaulis. These data demonstrated that the two morphologically variable populations were hybrid associations involving all three of these species and that all three of these species were involved in the origin of I. nelsonii. The distribution of genetic variation in I. nelsonii was significantly different from that present in either of the two hybrid populations. I. nelsonii demonstrated significantly fewer foreign markers than the two hybrid populations. This finding is in accord with the prediction that I. nelsonii is a hybrid species that has undergone stabilization with regard to genetic recombination and segregation. Although the genotypic makeup of I. nelsonii was significantly different from other parental and hybrid populations, individual plants from this species cannot be unequivocally differentiated from either I. fulva or certain hybrid genotypes. This reflects the paradoxical nature of genotypic variation in hybrid species. Thus, a hybrid species may include genotypes that overlap with both parental and contemporary hybrid populations. In the case of I. nelsonii it is necessary to utilize additional information (morphological, chromosomal, ecological) to identify plants belonging to this taxon. One hybrid population (Young's Coulee) is suggested as a paradigm for the progenitor population that gave rise to I. nelsonii.     

Life history characteristics of Orius insidiosus (Say) fed diets of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura and soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach)

Field studies in soybeans have demonstrated that the endemic predator, Orius insidiosus (Say), is an important natural enemy of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura. Soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach), serve as an important prey resource for O. insidiosus in soybeans and may be important in sustaining O. insidiosus populations before the arrival of soybean aphid. Because soybean aphid is new to the US soybean system, the effects of a mixed diet of soybean aphid and soybean thrips on O. insidiosus life history is not known. We measured the survival, development, and reproduction of O. insidiosus when fed soybean thrips, and a mixed prey diet of soybean aphids and soybean thrips, and compared these results to a previous study of O. insidiosus life history fed soybean aphid alone. Nymphal development to adulthood (15.9 days) and fecundity (68.8 eggs per female) was improved for O. insidiosus fed ad libitum soybean thrips daily compared to O. insidiosus fed ad libitum soybean aphids daily. The contribution of alternative prey to O. insidiosus life history characteristics can be complex depending on the amount and quality of a particular prey item. At low levels of prey, the addition of prey appears to enhance O. insidiosus survival, development, and fecundity. However, as predators are fed more often, the predator’s response depends on the type of prey that predominates in the mixed prey diet. We discuss soybean thrips impact on O. insidiosus population ecology and soybean aphid dynamics.     

警惕一种潜在的入侵性有害生物多孔曼粉蚧

【目的】明确北京口岸从泰国进口的红毛丹果实表皮中检出活体粉蚧的种类及其分类地位、分布、潜在入侵危害性等情况。【方法】通过形态特征和DNA条形码技术对截获样本进行比对鉴定,并结合相关文献对其进行综合分析。【结果】该粉蚧为多孔曼粉蚧Maconellicoccus multipori(Takahashi,1951),隶属于半翅目Hemiptera粉蚧科Pseudococcidae蔓粉蚧属Maconellicoccus。同时详细介绍了该粉蚧的形态特征,以及我国口岸对曼粉蚧属的截获情况,讨论了多孔曼粉蚧的检疫意义。【结论】口岸应对该虫引起足够的重视,加强针对该虫的检疫措施,严防该虫入侵我国。     

Aphelinus albipodus(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) andDiaeretiella rapae(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitism onDiuraphis noxia(Homoptera: Aphididae) Infesting Barley Plants Differing in Plant Resistance to Aphids

Russian wheat aphid,Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko), as a pest of small grains, has prompted research into biological control and host plant resistance. In the presence of Russian wheat aphid, leaves of a susceptible barley (Morex) are curled and chlorotic and sustain large densities of this aphid, while leaves of a resistant barley (STARS-9301B) remain flat and green and sustain fewer aphids. Might parasitism of Russian wheat aphid byAphelinus albipodusHayat & Fatima andDiaeretiella rapaeMcIntosh be affected differently by these plant types? When presented the plants separately and based on parasitism rate relative to aphid density, the largerD. rapaewas more effective in parasitizing relatively high densities of aphids within curled leaves of Morex than relatively low densities of aphids on uncurled leaves of STARS-9301B. Parasitism byA. albipodusdid not significantly differ among the plants. When given a choice of plants, approximately equal rates of parasitism occurred on the two plant lines for both parasitoid species, and parasitism byD. rapaewas greater thanA. albipodus.These data indicate that using parasitoid size as an indicator of success in a physically restricted environment may be misleading, when considered in a plant environment responsive in several manners to aphids (chlorosis, curling, and ability to sustain Russian wheat aphid). We expect that use of resistant barley will result in decreased parasitoid abundance as aphid densities decrease. However, parasitism rates are expected to be approximately equal on resistant and susceptible barley. In this system, plant resistance and biocontrol are compatible management strategies.