太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度的性别判别

研究太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度的性别差异。对24例掌骨和26例蹠骨的长度变量进行测量, 用SPSS13.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析和多变量判别分析。结果表明: 掌骨和蹠骨的长度变量在性别之间有极显著性差异(P＜0.00)。各掌骨和各骨的长度顺序在侧别之间和性别之间有一定差异, 但是尚未达到统计学意义( P> 0.05) 。用全模型法和逐步判别法根据长度变量分别建立性别判别函数, 其性别正确判别率掌骨分别为91.7%和93.8%, 而蹠骨的性别判别率为84.6%。表明猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度性别之间存在明显性差。使用掌骨和蹠骨长度变量进行性别鉴定有一定理论价值和应用价值。     

太行山猕猴掌骨和踽骨长度的性别判别

研究太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度的性别差异.对24例掌骨和26例蹠骨的长度变量进行测量,用SPSS13.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析和多变量判别分析.结果表明:掌骨和踱骨的长度变量在性别之间有极显著性差异(P<0.00).各掌骨和各踱骨的长度顺序在侧别之间和性别之间有一定差异,但是尚未达到统计学意义(P>0.05).用全模型法和逐步判别法根据长度变量分别建立性别判别函数,其性别正确判别率掌骨分别为91.7%和93.8%,而蹠骨的性别判别率为84.6%.表明猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度性别之间存在明显性差.使用掌骨和踱骨长度变量进行性别鉴定有一定理论价值和应用价值.     

股骨上部骨松质的X线测量及其年龄判定

为积累国人资料,本文对１６７例１０－８３岁正常人的股骨上部和３６套已知性别２与年龄的股骨标本进行了摄片测量。经统计学分析,得出股骨上部骨松质长度、指数与年龄的回归方程４个。结果表明,股骨上部骨松质的长度和指数均与年龄呈高度负相关,对年龄的判定准确、可靠。     

太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度顺序研究

对46例(♂13,♀33)太行山猕猴的掌骨和蹠骨的长度进行测量,运用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行方差分析.结果表明,掌骨3Mc和4Mc之间差异不显著(P0.05),蹠骨的2Mr和5Mt、3Mt和4Mt之间差异不显著(P0.05).太行山猕猴掌骨长度的顺序是2Mc4Mc或3Mc5Mc1Mc,蹠骨长度顺序为3Mt或4Mt2Mt或5Mt1Mt.     

骨的生长

近年来由于采用许多新技术,对骨的生长发育的研究已逐步深入,本文主要对骨的生长发育:如原发、继发骨化点的出现,骨长度的增加,骨横径变粗和骨髓腔扩大等作些介绍. 骨是动力学的器官,它和人体内其它器官一样是受体内外环境的变化而变化的.虽然,骨的形态在胚胎时期已具备了,但其形态、内部结构在后天各种因素影响下是可以改变的.有人用X线摄片分析不同年龄的人和动物的股骨,看出由于站立或走路,作用力加大,骨小梁的发育增强. 骨组织内一般具有三种类型细胞,即骨细胞、破骨细胞和成骨细胞.这三种细胞都起源于间充质,在一定条件下,三者彼此能转化,从     

广东南海县鱿鱼岗新石器时代晚期墓葬人骨

本文对广东南海县鱿鱼岗新石器晚期墓葬中出土的人骨进行了形态观察和测量,认为这些古代人的骨骼属蒙古人种华南人类型。鉴定出他们的性别年龄分布,并发现有拔牙风俗。     

广东佛山河宕新石器时代晚期墓葬人骨

本文对佛山河宕新石器晚期墓葬中出土的人骨进行了形态观察和测量比较,认为这些古代人在体质上仍有不特别强烈的蒙古人种性质,并显示出一些同赤道人种相似的特证。还指出了该墓群的性别年龄分布,因性别而异的埋葬头向和拔牙风俗。     

显微CT在骨微结构研究中的应用

该文对OPG基因敲除小鼠进行micro-CT扫描,进行全身骨骼三维重建,并分析股骨结构。结果发现OPG基因敲除纯合子小鼠全身骨骼出现弥漫性蜂窝状低密度影。OPG基因敲除小鼠的骨密度、骨结构模型指数、骨小梁厚度、骨体积分数、骨表面积与体积比、连接密度以及皮质骨厚度等指标均明显小于同窝野生型小鼠,而两基因型小鼠在骨小梁数目、骨小梁分离度及各项异性度等方面无明显差异。以上数据结果表明,OPG基因敲除导致小鼠出现骨质疏松。应用micro-CT可以对小鼠骨进行无创微结构分析,较体视学方法具有一定的优势。     

肱骨骨干骨密质厚度的二维可视化及其定量分析

形态示量图是一种展示三维形态测量信息的二维可视化手段,能有效地反应骨密质厚度的分布特点。虽然现代人、更新世古老型人类和大猿的骨密质厚度分布存在差别,但全新世现代人内部是否有变异存在尚未被充分研究。本文选择全新世华中、华北地区的6个农业人群的34例右侧肱骨标本（23例男性、11例女性）,使用形态示量图对其骨干骨密质厚度的分布特征进行了全面分析。在方法上,本文比较了通过厚度最大值和生物力学长度对骨密质厚度进行标准化后分析结果的差别,并验证了主成分分析在形态示量图上的适用性。结果显示,在全新世华中、华北地区的农业人群中,男、女的厚度分布模式存在一定差异,而不同人群男性的差别并不明显。本文虽通过全新世华中、华北地区的农业人群揭示出全新世现代人在肱骨骨干骨密质厚度分布上存在一定程度的变异,但仍需在未来工作中依托本文方法,选择人群种类更丰富、标本量更大、个体变量控制更严格的材料,进一步验证或扩展本文所得结论。     

安徽汉族成人皮褶厚度的研究

应用人体测量法对安徽滁州地区汉族694例(城市男性152例,城市女性158例,乡村男性201例,乡村女性183例)成年人进行6项皮褶(面颊、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘、小腿内侧)厚度的测量,分析了安徽汉族成人皮褶厚度值随年龄变化的特点,并与我国部分族群的皮褶厚度值进行比较。研究显示:1)安徽汉族成人皮褶发育躯干部优于四肢,背部优于腹部,面部居中,肱二头肌皮褶最薄。2)6项皮褶厚度值在性别间存在显著性差异。同年龄组比较,女性皮褶厚度值均高于男性。3)6项皮褶厚度多与年龄呈正相关。4)城乡比较,城市女性皮褶发育明显低于乡村女性,而城市男性皮褶发育多优于乡村男性。安徽汉族男、女性皮褶厚度具有蒙古人种北亚类型族群特点。     

Roentgenographic and direct measurement of femoral cortical involution in a prehistoric Mississippian population

Recent roentgenographic studies suggest that periosteal apposition adds femoral cortical bone faster than it is lost by endosteal involution, so that cortical bone area increases with age. A comparison was made of direct and roentgenographic measurements of femoral cortical bone using femora from 23 females and 20 males of a prehistoric Mississippian population dated at A.D. 1540–1700. The comparison revealed that significant errors existed in the technique of radiographic measurement (p<0.000001), in estimating male and female cortical thickness (p<0.000001), and the changes in thickness with age (p<0.000001). There was no significant interaction of the variables: age, sex, and method. The errors arose partly from the inability of the roentgenograph to reveal clearly endosteal porosity, and partly in the assumption that the medial and lateral cortical wall thickness would be representative of the mean cortical thickness. The reduction in cortical thickness (11.3% males and 29.3% females) with age as measured directly is comparable with loss in modern populations.     

Sexual dimorphism in bone growth as a function of body size in moderately malnourished Guatemalan preschool age children

The sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal bone growth was investigated in 710 malnourished Guatemalan children one to seven years old to determine if the sex differences seen are only the result of differences in stature and weight. The study sample was mixed-longitudinal and consisted of 1,586 annual examinations. Boys have greater mean stature, weight, periosteal diameter, medullary diameter and cortical area than girls the same age, while girls have greater age specific mean cortical thickness and percent cortical area than boys. When the effects of stature, weight and age are removed boys still have significantly larger periosteal and medullary diameters and less cortical thickness and percent cortical area than girls. These differences between boys and girls therefore cannot be explained by sex differences in body size. However, no sex differences in cortical area remain after accounting for differences in stature, weight and age.     

Irreversible loss of the substantia compacta in metabolic bone diseases based on roentgenogrammetric data

A study was made of gram roentgenographic indices of the compact substance (CS) in metabolic skeletal diseases: of the cortical layer summary thickness (CST) and a cortical area (CA) of the metacarpal bone II in 310 patients and the femoral cortical index (FCI) in 184 patients. Three components in CS loss were singled out: involution, metabolic and inert. Irreversibility of endocortical loss of the osseous tissue was shown and interpreted as fast developing involution osteoporosis. CST is a more sensitive index of CS loss than FCI though the combination of both indices provides more information on CS loss.     

Cortical bone loss with age in three native American populations

Age-related thinning of cortical bone was investigated in archaeological populations of Eskimos, Pueblos, and Arikaras. Medial-lateral cortical thickness was measured on radiographs of humerus and femur, and thickness of the anterior femoral cortex was measured directly on samples taken for histologic study. Maximum length of the bones was used to calculate indices of relative cortical thickness, in order to minimize differences due to body size and build. Bone loss in the humerus begins before middle age in all three populations and, except for Eskimo males, the same is true of the anterior femoral cortex. In general, overall female loss of cortical bone amounts to two or three times that of the males, and in the case of the humerus and the anterior cortex of the femur, this difference is evident by middle age. The weight-bearing femoral medial-lateral cortex shows less sexual difference but has the greatest number of statistically significant differences between populations and the greatest contrast between populations in pattern of loss with age. It appears that of the cortical regions studied this is the area upon which environmental factors have the greatest effect, whereas areas more subject to tensile stress, the humerus and anterior femoral cortex, are less affected by these factors.     

Cortical bone measurements in Turner's syndrome.

Cortical bone width measurements taken at midshaft on the second metacarpal were obtained from 156 hand X-rays of 80 karyotypically documented individuals with Turner's syndrome age 1 to 25 years. Total shaft width, medullary width, cortical width and percent cortical area were grouped by bone age and compared with normal female standards. Total width was significantly and increasingly below normal; medullary width was not consistently different from normal; cortical width was significantly lower from normal from age 14 onward, although it did rise at age 17 (adult bone age); percent cortical area was significantly below normal at ages 14 and 15, but was normal by adulthood. Values for percent cortical area did not indicate severe or widespread osteoporosis. Within the Turners sample cortical bone measurement were not significantly decreased in the presence of the XO sex chromosome constitution compared with other sex chromosome variants. Nor were the measurements decreased in the presence of positive metacarpal sign or a combination of typical Turner stigmata (web neck, low posterior hairline, shield chest). There was evidence that cortical width and percent cortical area increased significantly following estrogen treatment or spontaneous menarche.     

Bone loss in primary hyperparathyroidism

X-ray images of the second metacarpals of 153 hyperparathyroid subjects were measured and an index of cortical bone was derived. Compared with normal standards, the cortical index was above the 50th percentile in only 17.8% of women and 13.6% of men. Comparing the mean index of hyperparathyroid subjects with the normal indices of each 10-year age group, it was found that the differences were highly significant and were the same for all age groups in each sex. In particular, the difference was not greater between older female hyperparathyroid and normal subjects than it was between younger female hyperparathyroid and normal subjects. It appears that bone involvement in the form of excessive cortical thinning is extremely common in hyperparathyroidism and that sex and age do not further influence its incidence or severity.     

Radiogrammetry of the humerus: an examination of indices

Humeral cortical thickness is a simple and convenient method of assessing the bone mineralisation status of anthropological remains. The present study was devised to assess the comparative values of indices originally devised for other bones. The smoothest curve in response to increasing age was seen with the CCT, and this value also showed a relatively narrow range in young subjects. As none of the indices were found to have an advantage over the CCT in assessing age changes, we recommend measurement of the humeral CCT for assessment of bone mineralization status of anthropological remains.     

Estimation of age at death from second metacarpals.

This study examined the estimation of age at death from the second metacarpal in 227 individuals aged 30-98 years. Variables ascertained from each bone were: cortical thickness and microdensitometric cortical bone density measured on radiographs of the bone and total osteon count and density recorded on microradiographs of the complete cross section at its midshaft. Based on the latter two variables, two age groups were formed; a middle age group representing those individuals aged 30-65 years, and an older group aged 65+. Stepwise regression analysis of the four variables produced a series of regression equations for age estimation for the middle, old and combined age groups for each sex and sexes combined. Sex-specific equations provided better results than nonspecific ones, especially in females. Total osteon density and combined cortical thickness were found to be the most useful estimators in the middle and the old age group, respectively. The standard error of estimate was 6.71 and 6.90 years in each age group for the sexes combined. In the combined age group, age could be estimated accurately from total osteon count, cortical thickness and MD cortical bone density with the standard error of estimate of 11.10 years. The relative error of estimate ranged within +/- 30% in almost all individuals aged above 60 years.     

Bone growth, modeling and remodeling in a supernumerary metatarsal bone associated with segmental gigantism in cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita

Skeletal structure and processes of bone growth, modeling and remodeling were studied in a supernumerary metatarsal surgically removed from a 3-year-old boy affected by Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita (CMTC), associated with hypertrophy of the right upper and lower limbs and postaxial hexadactylism of the homolateral hand and foot. No other anomalies were observed. The excess of periosteal growth, due to congenital anomaly, induced an abnormal development of both modeling and remodeling processes. In bone modeling, osteoblast activity on the periosteal surface was not paralleled by osteoclast resorption along the wall of the medullary canal, and this enormously increased the cortical thickness. In bone remodeling, osteoclastic resorption cavities were not refilled by secondary Haversian systems, thus inducing a severe bone loss. While the alteration of bone growth and modeling can be ascribed to the congenital disease, the unbalanced bone remodeling appears mainly to depend on mechanical disuse of the supernumerary metatarsal.     

Morphometrics of compact bone: an example from Sudanese Nubia.

Morphometric analysis of compact femoral tissue was applied to a prehistoric population from Sudanese Nubia. Microradiographs of thin sections from below the lesser trochanter were examined. A total of 74 adults (40 females, 34 males) from the X-Group population (A.D. 350–550) were used to determine the underlying processes of bone remodeling in skeletal growth and maintenance. The relationship of bone turnover to the age of onset, patterning and frequency of cortical bone loss (osteoporosis) as a function of age and sex was examined. The cortical thickness, cortical area and formation/resorption frequencies were determined. Males exhibit a 4.9% net loss in cortical area, while females show a 10.7% loss. A substantial amount of female loss occurs in the third decade, with a slight gain in the fourth and a steady loss up to the sixth decade. These trends were further explored and refined histologically. The periosteal and endosteal frequencies for males show a variable but definite decrease in mineralization (i.e., increased numbers of osteons in the forming stage) and a slight increase in resorption. Third decade females show a marked difference with high frequencies of resorption spaces and forming osteons. It is suggested that in this population, stress related to childbearing and childrearing may be effecting the frequencies of formation foci and resorption spaces.