太行山猕猴掌骨和踽骨长度的性别判别

研究太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度的性别差异.对24例掌骨和26例蹠骨的长度变量进行测量,用SPSS13.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析和多变量判别分析.结果表明:掌骨和踱骨的长度变量在性别之间有极显著性差异(P<0.00).各掌骨和各踱骨的长度顺序在侧别之间和性别之间有一定差异,但是尚未达到统计学意义(P>0.05).用全模型法和逐步判别法根据长度变量分别建立性别判别函数,其性别正确判别率掌骨分别为91.7%和93.8%,而蹠骨的性别判别率为84.6%.表明猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度性别之间存在明显性差.使用掌骨和踱骨长度变量进行性别鉴定有一定理论价值和应用价值.     

太行山猕猴掌骨性别判别分析

为了了解成年太行山猕猴5根掌骨的性差大小。本文对太行山猕猴掌骨标本40例(雄:10, 雌:30)进行观察并选择掌骨的9项形态变量进行测量。数据用SPSS19.0软件进行多变量判别分析。结果表明: 5根掌骨长度等变量在性别之间有明显差异。用全模型法5根掌骨的性别正确判别率范围为94.1%~100.0%, 用逐步判别法掌骨性别正确判别率范围为93.8%~97.5%。有关掌骨的9个形态变量, 长度变量首先被挑选出来, 说明在性别判别中起重要作用。分别用左右侧掌骨的判别函数来判别性别时侧别差异不明显。结论: 用每根掌骨的形态变量建立判别函数可以有效地区分性别, 对非人灵长类掌骨标本的性别鉴定有一定的理论意义和应用价值。     

太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度顺序研究

对46例(♂13,♀33)太行山猕猴的掌骨和蹠骨的长度进行测量,运用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行方差分析.结果表明,掌骨3Mc和4Mc之间差异不显著(P0.05),蹠骨的2Mr和5Mt、3Mt和4Mt之间差异不显著(P0.05).太行山猕猴掌骨长度的顺序是2Mc4Mc或3Mc5Mc1Mc,蹠骨长度顺序为3Mt或4Mt2Mt或5Mt1Mt.     

太行山猕猴下颌骨变量相关性研究

本研究测量了１８例（雄４,雌１４）成年太行山猕猴下颌骨的１２项变量。通过对下颌骨变量的性别判别分析和相关分析。结果显示：太行山猕猴下颌骨变量有其自身特征,与其它猕猴下颌骨资料比较表现出一定差异;用Ｏｔｔｅｓｔａｔ方法对有关变量建立性别判别函数式,其判别率达８６．８６％,下颌骨变量相关性研究表明,各变量之间有正相关,也有负相关,大多数变量之间相互程度较差,不同变量之间其相关程度存在一定差异。     

猕猴颊齿大小的性差研究初报

对28例太行山成年猕猴(♂10,♀18)的上、下颌颊齿齿冠面积进行测量。运用SPSS 10.0统计软件的多变量分析,选择有关颊齿变量建立性别判别函数。结果表明:猕猴颊齿具有明显的性差。选择不同的变量和选择不同的判别函数其性别正确判别率不同。上、下颌颊齿的性差有一定差异。使用逐步判别法建立判别函数,其性别正确判别率上颌颊齿为89.3%,下颌颊齿为92.3%。     

太行山猕猴髋骨异速增长和性别判定研究

目的是了解太行山猕猴髋骨性差特征及异速增长模式。太行山猕猴髋骨标本66例(雄21例,雌45例)。选择髋骨4个比值变量。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0。组间均值比较采用单因素方差分析。性别判别分析采用逐步判别法。结果表明:成年太行山猕猴大部分髋骨变量性差显著(P0.05)。根据髋骨变量的异速增长分析可以得到3种模式。回归模型检验有统计学意义(P<0.01)。用少量髋骨变量可以有效地识别性别,性别正确判别率是87.0%。结论:髋骨变量的性差与异速增长模式主要与雌性髋骨变量青春期异速增长有关,髋骨的形态特征是猕猴运动功能与生殖功能交互作用的结果。     

太行山猕猴肩胛骨和肱骨的性别判别

测量了 2 6例 (♀ 1 6,♂ 1 0 )成年太行山猕猴肩胛骨和肱骨的 1 5项变量。通过运用SPSS1 0 0单因子方差分析 ,结果显示 ,有 9项变量在两性间达到了显著差异水平 ;采用多变量判别分析方法对有关变量建立判别函数 ,结果显示 ,采用强迫引入法和逐步判别法 ,判别正确率分别为 1 0 0 0 0 %和 92 3 0 %;运用主成分分析 ,进一步说明肩胛骨和肱骨在性别判别中有一定的作用     

儿童青少年蹠骨骨皮质正常发育的X线研究

本文测量1607例正常儿童青少年第Ⅱ—Ⅳ蹠骨皮质厚度和皮质面积,并计算出三种相对指数。结果表明皮质厚度和皮质面积均随年龄增长逐渐增大,其发育在性别间有差异,其中前者出现两次交叉现象,符合人体发育规律;三种指数在年龄性别间无明显变化。本文认为蹠骨同掌骨一样也是骨量测量的最佳部位,建议最好用皮质厚度结合一种指数的方法判断骨量。本文为代谢性骨病的诊断和生长发育的评价提供了基础资料。     

太行山猕猴跗骨形态与两性分化

观察太行山猕猴跗骨形态结构,并初步探讨其两性分化的模式。根据猕猴齿式及骨垢愈合程度选择成年太行山猕猴跗骨标本52例(雄性15例,雌性37例)。选择4块跗骨(舟骨、骰骨和2块楔骨)的5个形态变量进行观察。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0统计软件,组间差异检验采用单因素方差分析。猕猴跗骨5个变量的两侧差异性检验无统计学意义(P>0.05)。跗骨性别之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),均为雄性大于雌性;第3楔骨的前关节间宽性差最大(F=85.719,P<0.001);其次是舟骨的前关节宽(F=54.213,P<0.001)和第1楔骨的前关节间长(F=51.865,P<0.001)。猕猴足骨与其他灵长类相比差异具有统计学意义。猕猴跗骨与人类跗骨形状和数量不同,存在着物种、生活习性和运动类型等差异,研究猕猴跗骨的形态结构和性差对生物进化和种间比较有重要意义。     

太行山猕猴寰椎桥的类型与特征

为了确定太行山猕猴(Macaca mulatta)的椎动脉沟上3种骨桥（腹桥、侧桥和背桥）的分布特征，以期理解在人类寰椎上观察到的变异，并推测灵长类动物可能的进化趋势。本文分别测量57例（雄性17例，雌性40例）猕猴寰椎标本（成年骨骼标本）3个寰椎桥的宽度。并采用SPSS统计软件进行数据处理，性别之间差异采用方差分析，观察寰椎桥的出现率、形态特征和组合类型。统计结果显示，猕猴寰椎桥变量性差显著(P<0.05)，猕猴的腹桥和背桥是恒定出现(100%)，侧桥基本恒定，但也有一些缺失个案(90.3%)，表明腹桥和背桥是猕猴稳定的特征；猕猴寰椎桥的主要类型为原始的A型，与主要类型为D型的人科动物发生分离。我们基于以上特征后得出结论，猕猴的3个寰椎桥是一种稳定性状，其出现率明显高于类人猿。     

The estimation of adult stature from metacarpal bone length

Stature was measured (in cm) in 166 (120 male; 46 female) predominantly white adults (age range: 17–87 years). A radiograph of one hand of each subject was taken (for routine diagnostic purposes) and the inter-articular length of all five metacarpal bones was measured with a sliding caliper. These metacarpal lengths were then adjusted to compensate for enlargement during radiography. A significant correlation coefficient between stature and metacarpal length was observed in both sexes. Regression equations were computed from the length of each metacarpal, by which living stature may be fairly accurately estimated in the absence of any complete limb bones. The difference between our estimates and those obtained by more orthodox methods is usually less than 3%.     

Sex differences in the relative lengths of metacarpals and metatarsals in gorillas and chimpanzees

Sex differences other than the simple dimorphism in size were documented for the metapodials of two primate species. Lengths of metacarpals and metatarsals were obtained from the skeletons of 64 gorillas and 42 chimpanzees. Length ratios were constructed for all possible pairings of the five bones in each individual hand and foot. For both species, several of these length ratios exhibited substantial differences between the sexes. Body size was not the basis for these sex differences; when specimens of similar size were compared, the sex differences remained. In humans, length ratios for the fingers and toes also have previously been demonstrated to exhibit sex differences, and the length ratio for the index and ring fingers (the 2D:4D ratio) has been shown to correlate with various medical conditions. Various facts suggest that length ratios in human digits are associated with androgen exposure, probably during prenatal development. For gorillas, the metacarpal length ratio showing the largest sex difference was 4Mc:5Mc in both hands, and the metatarsal length ratio showing the largest sex difference was 1Mt:2Mt in the left foot. Sex differences in length ratios also existed for chimpanzees, but they were generally smaller than for gorillas. Apparently, both gorillas and chimpanzees are affected by developmental mechanisms, possibly androgenic mechanisms, similar to those in humans. Analyses of previous measurements [Susman, R.L., 1979 Comparative and functional morphology of hominoid fingers. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 50, 215-236] revealed that all components of the rays are not affected equally by whatever mechanisms are responsible for the sex differences in length ratios.     

苏格兰拉姆岛上野化山羊种群的取食生态学

2000年6～11月对苏格兰拉姆岛上野化山羊(Capra hircus)种群的取食生态学进行了研究.研究表明:山羊的觅食回合长度变化范围从1min到460 min不等,平均觅食回合长度是103.1±15.0 (SD)min,雌性动物的觅食回合长度较雄性的长(P=0.077).野化山羊单位时间的取食频率平均为46.3±0.6 口/min,取食频率随性别(P=0.023)和月份(P<0.001)而显著变化.雄性山羊在繁殖交配之前(6～7月)和之后(10～11月)的取食频率比繁殖交配期中(9～10月)的快(P<0.008),但雌性动物并没有这样的变化(P=0.327).雄性动物在繁殖交配期中的取食时间显著减少.雌、雄两性动物在取食频次和取食时间方面的这些差异可能导致该山羊种群在食物摄入量上的性别差异:雌性山羊的食物摄入量相对比较稳定,而雄性山羊的摄入量则变动很大.估计的食物摄入量随月份而下降(尽管9月份以后有一微小幅度的上升),这意味着拉姆岛上的山羊种群在食物匮乏而天气寒冷潮湿的冬季可能面临着能量收支不平衡的威胁.     

掌骨X线测量推断身高的研究

随机选取在校健康大学生186人(男90人, 女96人, 年龄18—27岁), 拍摄双手后前位372侧X线片, 测量身高和掌骨的长与宽。通过掌骨和身高的测量, 分析掌骨各参数与身高的关系, 为人类学和法医学的身高推断积累研究资料。掌骨长与身高的相关性明显高于掌骨宽, 其中男性第2掌骨长与身高相关性最高, 其线性回归方程为Ym=1097.320+9.337X; 女性第3掌骨长与身高的相关性最高, 其线性回归方程为Yf=1016.752+9.878X。男性第2掌骨长和女性第3掌骨长与身高的相关性最高, 可分别作为推断身高的依据。     

Secular changes in the angle of divergence of the first two metatarsals in the Japanese

This investigation concerns secular changes of the intermetatarsal M1-M2 angle in the foot of Japanese, from the prehistoric Jomon period to early modern times. The divergence of the first metatarsal from the second in both sexes in the reconstructed tarsometatarsal bones gradually decreased during this period. In addition, the difference between sexes or sides in each period is small and statistically insignificant. With time, the first metatarsocuneiform angles, in both sexes, also decreased in parallel with the reduction of the intermetatarsal M1-M2 angle, while the second metatarsocuneiform angles in both sexes increased. Both may play a role in decrease of the intermetatarsal M1-M2 angle. A conspicuous angular divergence of the first metatarsal from the second one occurred in comparatively recent times. This change would be accelerated by modification in life-style, together with the effects of footwear.     

浙江地区虎纹蛙肥满度研究

分别于2007年6～10月采集了浙江金华、临安和丽水三个地区的虎纹蛙(Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)共102只进行肥满度研究,以期为我国唯一的国家二级无尾两栖类的保护提供一定的参考依据。本研究结果显示:浙江地区虎纹蛙的肥满度指标K在夏秋季节、雌雄个体以及成幼体之间均没有显著性差异(P>0.05);而重/长指标Kwl在夏秋季节和成幼体之间则存在着极显著的差异(P<0.01),而在性别间的差异性却并不显著(P>0.05)。通过对虎纹蛙样本肥满度指标K和重/长指标Kwl的比较,得知Kwl具有更高的灵敏度,并建议在无尾两栖类的肥满度研究中将两种指标结合使用,以便得到更为详尽的研究结果。     

Sexual dimorphism of the European Pond Turtle,Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758), in Anzali Lagoon,Iran (Reptilia: Emydidae)

The morphometric characteristics of the European Pond Turtle, Emys orbicularis, were studied at Anzali lagoon on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Males were on average (N=249) with 272.0?g significantly lighter than females with 447.0?g, and average carapace length was significantly smaller (123.0?mm in males, 139.0 in females). Females exceeded males also in all other studied characters (carapace width, plastron length, plastron width, and scute height). The sex ratio of male to female was 1 to 1.03, and the comparison of total tail length and cloaca-tail tip length revealed a difference between the position of the cloaca in both sexes, a character useful for sex determination in this species.     

Intraskeletal variability in bone mass

For methodological or other reasons, a variety of skeletal elements are analyzed and subsequently used as a basis for describing general bone loss and mass. However, bone loss and mass may not be uniform within and among skeletal elements of the same individual because of biomechanical factors. We test the hypothesis that a homogeneity in bone mass exists among skeletal elements of the same individual. Measures indicative of bone mass were calculated from the midshafts of six skeletal elements from the same individuals (N = 41). The extent of intraskeletal variability in bone mass (relative cortical area) was then examined for the entire sample, according to age, sex, and pathological status. The results of the analysis showed that all measures reflect a heterogeneity in bone mass (P 相似文献   

Rudimentary, “functionless” first metapodials of Canis latrans: Variation and association in length with longer,functional metapodials

A tenet of evolutionary theory is that phenotypic variation of a trait is inversely related to the intensity of stabilizing selection pressure. Among homologous bones, such as metapodials, a rudimentary, “nonfunctional” bone is expected to be more variable in length than nonrudimentary bones. This study compares variation and association in length among metapodials using 277 adult skeletons of Canis latrans. Canis latrans has a short, “functionless” first metacarpal (mc1) and “rudimentary, vestigial” first metatarsal (mt1). Results show that among the 10 metapodials, mt1 has the highest variation in length; other metapodials do not differ significantly from one another in their variation. Correlation coefficients for length of mc1 and mt1 with their ipsilateral metapodials 2-5 are significantly lower than coefficients for all other ipsilateral pairs. The correlation coefficient between left and right mt1 is significantly the lowest among all bilateral pairs of metapodials. Results are interpreted as follows. Mt1's high variation and low association in length are the outcome of less intense stabilizing selection pressure compared with other metapodials. The nonsignificant difference for variation in length between mc1 and metapodials 2-5 may be that mc1 is functional for development of a pollical dewclaw that helps restrain small prey.