朝鲜球坚蚧及黑缘红瓢虫空间格局的地统计学研究

利用地统计学方法研究了不同时期朝鲜球坚蚧(Didesmococcus Koreanus Borchs)若虫及黑缘红瓢虫（Chilocorus rulidus Hope）幼虫种群的空间分布格局和空间相关性。结果表明,不同时期朝鲜球坚蚧若虫种九和黑缘红瓢虫幼虫种群的半变异函数均可拟合为球型,其空间格局为聚集型,在小尺度上,空间变异主要是由其空间自相关引起的,且不同时期格局变化不明显,变程分别为9.56-15.70m和18.83-19.74m之间。黑缘红瓢虫种群与朝鲜球坚蚧种群之间具有很强的追随关系,说明黑缘红瓢虫种群是朝鲜球坚蚧种群的优势天敌。     

黑缘红瓢虫对6种杀虫剂的敏感性测定

用点滴法在室内初步测定3黑缘红瓢虫Chilocorus rubidusHope幼虫对敌敌畏、氰戊菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、硫丹、氧化乐果、灭多威等6种果园常用杀虫剂的敏威性。结果表明:黑缘红瓢虫幼虫对6种杀虫剂的敏感性依次为:氰戊菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、硫丹、氧化乐果、敌敌畏、灭多威。LD50按以下次序增大:灭多威,氟氯氰菊酯,氧化乐果,氰戊菊酯,敌敌畏,硫丹。可见,硫丹对黑缘红瓢虫毒力最小,是最安全。敌敌畏等有机磷杀虫剂对它的毒力也较低,而拟除虫菊酯类药剂对黑缘红瓢虫的毒力则很高。同种药剂对不同用药水平地区的黑缘红瓢虫成虫的毒力差异显著,黑缘红瓢虫对氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯分别产生了5.4和7.6倍的抗药性,是羧酸酯酶活性提高所致。不同种类杀虫剂对黑缘红瓢虫和朝鲜球坚蚧Didesmococcus koreanusBorchs的选择指数差异极为显著,依次为硫丹、灭多威、敌敌畏、氰戊菊酯、氧化乐果、氟氯氰菊酯,如硫丹为2.6,而氟氯氰菊酯仅为0.04。硫丹是防治抗性朝鲜球坚蚧比较理想的一种杀虫剂。     

黑缘红瓢虫对六种杀虫剂的敏感性测定

用点滴法在室内初步测定3黑缘红瓢虫Chilocorus rubidus Hope幼虫对敌敌畏、氰戊菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、硫丹、氧化乐果、灭多威等6种果园常用杀虫剂的敏威性。结果表明：黑缘红瓢虫幼虫对6种杀虫剂的敏感性依次为：氰戊菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、硫丹、氧化乐果、敌敌畏、灭多威。LD50按以下次序增大：灭多威,氟氯氰菊酯,氧化乐果,氰戊菊酯,敌敌畏,硫丹。可见,硫丹对黑缘红瓢虫毒力最小,是最安全。敌敌畏等有机磷杀虫剂对它的毒力也较低,而拟除虫菊酯类药剂对黑缘红瓢虫的毒力则很高。同种药剂对不同用药水平地区的黑缘红瓢虫成虫的毒力差异显著,黑缘红瓢虫对氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯分别产生了5．4和7．6倍的抗药性,是羧酸酯酶活性提高所致。不同种类杀虫剂对黑缘红瓢虫和朝鲜球坚蚧Didesmococcus koreanus Botchs的选择指数差异极为显著,依次为硫丹、灭多威、敌敌畏、氰戊菊酯、氧化乐果、氟氯氰菊酯,如硫丹为2．6,而氟氯氰菊酯仅为0．04。硫丹是防治抗性朝鲜球坚蚧比较理想的一种杀虫剂。     

梅园昆虫群落特征、动态及优势种生态位

系统调查梅园昆虫群落并对群落组织水平和时空生态位进行测定.结果表明,群落结构较丰富,有昆虫6目23科,群落物种数、多样性指数、均匀性指数随时间推移而增加;在害虫中桃蚜和桃小食心虫空间生态位宽度最大,朝鲜球坚蚧时间生态位宽度最大;在天敌中黑缘红瓢虫时间和空间生态位宽度均最大,异色瓢虫、红点唇瓢虫及寄生蜂次之.黑缘红瓢虫与朝鲜球坚蚧的生态位重叠值在时空二维上均较大,且二者在时间上的同步性和空间上的同域性均优于其它天敌,为优势种群,应加以保护和利用.     

白蜡虫产卵期雌虫密度与黑缘红瓢虫发育历期和捕食作用的关系

本文研究了白蜡虫Ericerus pela Chavannes产卵期雌虫密度对黑缘红瓢虫Chilocorusrubidus Hope发育历期的影响.结果表明,黑缘红瓢虫1-4龄幼虫发育历期与白蜡虫产卵期雌虫密度呈幂函数关系:Y=aX-b,相关系数达极显著.经回归系数显著性检验,对白蜡虫被捕食率造成显著影响的因子主要有白蜡虫密度(X1)、黑缘红瓢虫3、4龄幼虫和成虫密度(X4、X5、X6).白蜡虫产卵期雌虫、黑缘红瓢虫各龄幼虫和成虫自身的交互作用均达显著水平,但这些因子之间的交互作用均未达显著水平.剔除不显著因子后的优化模型为:Y=0.7438-0.0625X1+0.0517X4+0.0708X5+0.0483X6-0.0817X12-0.0392X22-0.0257X32-0.0392X42-0.0392X52-0.0392X62.     

朝鲜球蚧(Didesmococcus koreanus Borchsenius)及其天敌黑缘红飘虫(Chilocorus rubidus ab.tristis Faldermann)研究

利用瓢虫防治蚧虫,在害虫防治史上有过光辉的历史。利用澳洲瓢虫(Rodolia Cardinalis Muls)成功的防治吹绵蚧(Icerya purchasi Mask)是人所共知的。 解放以来,我国在研究与利用大红瓢虫(Rodoliarufopilosa Muls)、孟氏隐唇瓢虫(Cryptolaemus montro-uzieri Muls)和澳洲瓢虫防治柑桔蚧虫方面都取得了一定的成效。但由于我国地域广大,天敌资源非常丰富,加之过去这方面工作做的不多(尤其是北方),所以毫无疑问,还有很多有益的天敌需耍我们去发掘、研究并加以利用。 黑缘红瓢虫遍布于我国北部及长江流域大部地区,是朝鲜球蚧的重要天敌。本文系报导1959—1960年对朝鲜球蚧及其天敌黑缘红瓢虫的一些初步研究。     

异色瓢虫捕食胁迫对黑腹果蝇繁殖与后代发育的影响水

以模式昆虫黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)及捕食性天敌异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)为研究系统,通过把异色瓢虫接入到有黑腹果蝇的指形管中,研究了黑腹果蝇雌、雄成虫单独或共同被异色瓢虫捕食胁迫后,其自身寿命、子代的生长发育、繁殖和适合度的变化。结果表明:当雄性黑腹果蝇受到异色瓢虫成虫胁迫时,其寿命明显延长,但胁迫与否对雌性黑腹果蝇的寿命无明显影响;当黑腹果蝇的雌雄成虫同时受到胁迫时,其子代幼虫的发育历期延长,雄性后代寿命也增加,而雌性或雄性黑腹果蝇单独受到胁迫,其子代幼虫发育进度没有明显改变;当初孵黑腹果蝇幼虫受到异色瓢虫成虫直接或间接捕食胁迫后,其后续幼虫的发育历期都会受到影响,其中1龄期受到的间接捕食胁迫作用的影响大于直接捕食胁迫作用,直接捕食胁迫1龄幼虫比间接捕食胁迫更能延长其将来雌性成虫的寿命。     

产卵3年和存活1037天的瓢虫

<正> 黑缘红瓢虫Chilocorus rubidus Hope是油茶日本卷毛蚧Metaceronema japonica Mask的重要捕食性天敌。一般寿命为397.8～418.2天。1982年3月在用人工代饲料进行室内饲养黑缘红瓢虫的试验中,同年6月5日获得羽化成虫957头。从羽化的第1天起以蜜蜂雄蜂蛹、蜂蜜、蔗糖     

龟纹瓢虫对扶桑绵粉蚧的捕食功能反应

为初步探究龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对入侵性害虫扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的生物防控能力,本实验在(T=26℃±2℃,R=80%±5%,L∶D=16∶8)条件下进行。将饥饿处理过的各个龄期的龟纹瓢虫分别与扶桑绵粉蚧不同密度的1龄若虫进行组合,在一定的时间内,测定各龄期的龟纹瓢虫对猎物进行的捕食量、捕食率。龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫和成虫对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的功能反应属Holling-Ⅱ型反应,其捕食者的捕食率随猎物密度的增加而逐渐下降;龟纹瓢虫对猎物的处理时间Th随瓢虫龄期的增大而呈减小趋势。龟纹瓢虫3龄幼虫,4龄幼虫对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的功能反应属Holling-Ⅲ型反应,其捕食量随虫龄的增大而增加,发现率和最大捕食量也增大,平均处理时间减少。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫对扶桑绵粉蚧具有较强的控制潜能。     

梅树朝鲜球坚蚧的生物学特性

2003年,在安徽科技学院梅园对朝鲜球坚蚧Didesmococcus koreanusBorchs进行了野外和定期取样观察,研究了其生物学特性。结果表明,朝鲜球坚蚧1年发生1代,以2龄若虫在枝条上越冬,翌年3月出蛰,成虫4~5月发生,当年若虫孵化期在6月上至7中旬,主要以固定若虫和雌成虫危害。自然天敌控制作用强,建议采用综合防治方法加以控制。     

30%强力杀蚧防治梅园朝鲜球坚蚧试验

30%强力杀蚧(Omethoate)微乳剂防治梅园朝鲜球坚蚧DidesmococcuskoreanusBorchs试验结果表明:800,1200倍液药后1～7d的防效均保持在94.5%以上,击倒力强,杀蚧效果快;药效期长,药后14d,防效仍达99%以上;其600,800和1200倍液之间防效差异不明显。600,800和1200倍液的防治效果与25%蚧死净乳油在药后3,5,7,14d的防效有显著差异,25%蚧死净乳油的持效时间均较短,药后3d防效就陆续下降,分别从89.92%降到88.56,81.41%和61.82%。而与40%杀扑磷(速扑杀)乳油相比其防治效果之间无显著差异。30%强力杀蚧微乳剂具有作用速度快,持效期长、对青梅安全性高,防治成本底的特点。     

Genomic organization of selected genes in the small monogonont rotifer, Brachionus koreanus

Information of genome structure with its size variation may provide important clues for evolutionary processes at lower taxon level in eukaryotes. Here, we analyzed the compact genome structure of the monogonont rotifer, Brachionus koreanus in the light of transphyletic genome comparison and economic genome usage. To confirm the genome compactness of B. koreanus, we compared the genomic structure of several selected genes with those of human and pufferfish. For example, one of the large genes, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) with dimeric protein Ku70 and Ku80, showed high similarity, even though genomic DNA lengths were quite different. The replication protein As (RPAs) as a heterotrimeric protein also showed a compact genomic structure including all the essential domains and motifs in B. koreanus. Regarding transmembrane protein-containing genes, the B. koreanus P-glycoprotein (P-gp) showed exactly the same topology of the TM domain compared to those of human and pufferfish, even though it had a compact genome structure. In addition, the gene structure of an inducible repair enzyme O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (O(6)-MGMT) of B. koreanus showed the highest compactness among the genes tested. The objective of this report is to evaluate the potential for whole genome sequencing and functional genomic research using the monogonont rotifer B. koreanus as a non-model organism that plays important roles in aquatic food-webs. Subsequently, we discussed possible reasons for compact genome structures as well as small and fewer introns from several perspectives. We conclude that the small size genome of B. koreanus would make this species potentially useful for comparative genome structure analysis of non-model species through whole genome sequencing and genetic mapping.     

Trematodes of the genus Haematoloechus (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) from frogs in Korea.

Total 242 Rana nigromaculata and 9 R. catesbeiana were collected from the various localities in Korea from February 1989 to July 1991, and their lungs were examined. Five species in genus Haematoloechus, i.e., H. sibiricus japonicus (Yamaguti, 1936), H. nanchangensis Hsiung, 1934, H. variegatus (Rudolphi, 1819), H. lobatus (Seno, 1907), H. lobatus koreanus, were identified in this study. Among them, H. lobatus koreanus was a new subspecies and H. variegatus and H. lobatus were newly recorded from Korea.     

林间花斑花绒寄甲幼虫种群动态及空间分布格局

花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire以幼虫寄生松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus等天牛类害虫,掌握其幼虫时空动态和空间分布格局,有助于制定花绒寄甲的生物防治利用策略。通过对江西马尾松林花绒寄甲幼虫种群数量的调查,应用聚集度指标和回归分析等,对林间花绒寄甲幼虫种群动态、水平分布和垂直分布进行了研究。结果表明,林间花绒寄甲幼虫种群动态呈现极明显的波动性,全年数量动态有2个高峰期,其中主高峰期是4月份,占全年幼虫总数量的30%左右,是幼虫的主要寄生期,次高峰期是8月份。花绒寄甲幼虫水平空间分布为聚集分布,分布的基本成分是个体群,聚集的原因可能是花绒寄甲自身习性或与寄主天牛、环境因素共同作用所致。不同时间段,花绒寄甲幼虫的垂直分布情况不同,3-7月,花绒寄甲幼虫主要分布在枯死木的中上部,其中上段幼虫数占总数的50%以上,而在8-12月,花绒寄甲幼虫主要分布在枯死木的中段,占总数的50%左右。另外,调查显示,花绒寄甲幼虫寄生数量在释放过该天敌的松林要远高于未释放过的松林,特别是在马尾松纯林,其幼虫种群数量更高,这说明通过人工释放（江西在3月释放成虫）,能增加林间天敌花绒寄甲种群数量、降低松褐天牛种群数量,有助于松材线虫病的控制。花绒寄甲幼虫种群时空、水平、垂直三维空间分布结果可为该天敌的保护、人工释放和有效利用提供科学依据。     

中国狭摇蚊属研究及三中国新记录种记述(双翅目:摇蚊科)

对中国狭摇蚊属已知10种进行了系统研究,对其中3中国新记录种:朝鲜狭摇蚊S.koreanus Borkent,斑头狭摇蚊S.maculatus Borkent和斑胸狭摇蚊S.totifuscus Sublette进行了详细记述.纠正了1个错误种类鉴定.编制了中国狭摇蚊属已知雄成虫的分种检索表.1.格布狭摇蚊Stenoc...     

Inhibition of Settlement by Larvae of Balanus amphitrite and Ciona intestinalis by a Surface-Colonizing Marine Bacterium

In an attempt to isolate bacteria with inhibitory effects against settlement by larvae of sessile invertebrates, 40 marine bacterial isolates were screened for effects against laboratory-reared barnacle larvae (Balanus amphitrite) and ascidian larvae (Ciona intestinalis). Five isolates displayed non-pH-dependent inhibitory effects against the larvae. The initial characterization of a toxic component released from an isolate, designated D2 (CCUG 26757), and its effect on laboratory-reared barnacle and ascidian larvae were studied. D2 is a facultative, anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium isolated from the surface of C. intestinalis from waters off the Swedish west coast at a depth of 10 m. Results suggest that the toxic component is released by D2 during the stationary phase. Aged biofilms were more toxic to the larvae than unaged films. The biologically active compound was in the supernatant of D2 and was heat stable and <500 Da in molecular mass. No evidence of protein or peptide moieties was found. On the basis of two phase and chromatography separations, the component is polar and neutral and contains or binds to carbohydrate moieties. Metaperiodate treatment increased toxicity; undiluted supernatant from a 24-h growth culture of D2 killed barnacle and ascidian larvae within a few hours of exposure, whereas after metaperiodate treatment, the larvae were killed in approximately 30 min.     

桉树精油及其活性物质对干鱼害虫白腹皮蠹的熏蒸毒性

为了评估桉树精油和α-蒎烯对白腹皮蠹Dermestes maculatus Degeer的杀虫作用,采用生测方法测定了不同剂量和不同处理时间下,其幼虫和成虫的死亡率。结果表明:用桉树精油及其活性成分α-蒎烯处理白腹皮蠹成虫和幼虫后,可显著影响其死亡率（P＜0.001）。白腹皮蠹的反应因化学物种类、剂量和暴露时间不同而异。当剂量为32 μL/cm³的桉树精油处理白腹皮蠹幼虫72 h后,死亡率可超过90%。同样的剂量对其成虫熏蒸72 h后也表现高毒。在相同的剂量和相同的暴露时间下,α-蒎烯对白腹皮蠹的成虫和幼虫也表现高毒,且成虫的抗性比幼虫强。Probit检验结果表明桉树精油比α-蒎烯更有效。以上结果说明这些天然产物对白腹皮蠹种群的控制是很有用的。