利用果蝇模型研究人类心脏早期发育的分子机理

近年来,果蝇心脏转化的遗传机制已初步研究清楚,但控制人类心脏早期发育的基因尚待鉴定。因为调控果蝇和脊椎动物早期心脏细胞命运定型的途径具有保守性,果蝇是一种探讨人类心脏早期发育的分子机理的理想动物模型。为此目的,我们采用P转座子和EMS诱变技术建立了约3000个隐性致死基因平衡系。通过心脏前体细胞特异性抗体免疫组化筛选,我们选出200余个表现心脏突变表型的平衡致死系。我们进一步利用RNAi技术对一些基因的功能进行了初步的研究,证明这些基因表现RNAi的突变表型,该类突变表型与基因突变时表现的表型相似,即心管呈缺陷型或无心脏前体细胞形成。利用果蝇和人类基因组计划获得的成果,我们从果蝇心脏侯选基因中初步克隆和鉴定了50个人类同源基因,其中20个是新基因。Northen印迹分析表明,一部分人类基因在心脏组织中有表达,从而为研究这些基因在人类心脏早期发育中的作用提供了信息。目前,我们正在建立转基因果蝇,以此为模型研究这些基因是否对心肌细胞发生或心肌功能起调控作用。产生心肌细胞突变类型的基因如果类似于人类心脏病综合症,则可以作为人类心脏疾病侯选基因作进一步的分析。     

影响果蝇心脏发育的基因突变

最近的研究表明,果蝇与脊椎动物及人的心脏早期发育具有极为相似的基因控制机理,果蝇已成为研究人体心脏早期发育基因控制的理想模式动物。利用化学诱变剂甲磺酸乙酯大规模地诱变影响果蝇心脏发育的基因,利用心脏特异性抗体染色进行筛选,获得了112个有心脏突变表型的致死系,其中32个致死系的心脏畸变表型有别于目前已知心脏发育基因的突变表型。细胞遗传学定位研究表明在多线染色体的13个带纹区的某些隐性致死突变基因是目前未知的,其功能可能与发育有关的基因。     

利用RNAi技术研究果蝇心脏发育基因的功能

RNAi是近两年发展起来的一种阻抑基因表达的新方法。它通过导入一段与内源基因同源的双链RNA序列（dsRNA）,使内源mRNA降解,从而达到阻抑基因表达的目的。目前已在线虫、果蝇、臭虫、真菌及植物等生物中建立RNAi技术,用于研究某些特定基因或已知基因在特定发育时期的功能。对于难于获得突变体的基因或生物体,RNAi技术尤其有效。虽然果蝇心脏发育基因wingless和tinman在果蝇心脏发育的早期功能已经清楚,它们都与果蝇心脏前体细胞的形成有关,但它们在果蝇心脏发育的后期功能仍有待进一步研究。实验运用RNAi技术,分别将tinman和wingless的dsRNA注入果蝇的早期胚胎,得到了这两个基因的dsRNA干扰表型,与两个基因的突变体表型非常相似,都表现为果蝇心脏前体细胞不能形成或心脏管缺失。尤其是tinman基因的dsRNA,还引起了肠中胚胎层缺失和体壁肌肉组织的紊乱,而wingless基因的dsRNA却只影响心脏的形成,而不影响肠中胚层,说明dsRNA干扰具有非常强的特异性,因而不失为研究果蝇心脏发育基因功能的有效方法。     

P转位子诱变的果蝇心脏发育基因的突变（Ⅱ）：第3染色体基因突变

本文报道了利用Ｐ转位子诱变果蝇心脏发育基因第３染色体的基因突变的部分结果．利用Ｐ转位子诱变,共建立了２５９个第３染色体隐性致死基因平衡系,其中２６个品系表现有心脏突变表型,２个品系同时具有Ｐ转位子在心脏组织的特异ＬａｃＺ表达,表明这２个品系的Ｐ转位子可能插入到与心脏发育有关的基因中或这些基因的附近,因此,这２个品系值得进一步研究     

果蝇心脏发育研究三十年进展

果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)作为最早用于研究心脏发育基因调控的模式生物,已经走过三十年的历程。果蝇心脏发育过程经历了胚胎期、幼虫期和成虫期三大阶段。在胚胎早期, Tinman、Dorsocross和Pannier等基因是关键的调控因子。Tinman参与最早的心脏前体细胞分化和心脏细胞形成,而Dorsocross和Pannier则影响心脏前体细胞的定向分化和心脏管腔的形成。进入胚胎晚期和幼虫期,果蝇的心管经历进一步的发展和重塑,该过程主要受到转录因子Hand、Mef2以及Hox基因家族的调控。在成虫期, Hox基因家族和Tinman依旧发挥重要作用。虽然果蝇心脏与脊椎动物成熟心脏存在形态上的差异,但两者心脏的早期发育过程以及调控基因和信号通路都有保守性。本文综述了果蝇心脏发育基因调控研究的三十年进展以及利用果蝇模型研究人类心脏相关疾病的潜在希望。     

果蝇心脏发育起调控作用的候选基因的筛选

果蝇的早期心脏发育与脊椎动物的早期发育模式具有惊人的相似,所以果蝇成为研究脊椎动物心脏发育的模式动物,通过对其心脏发育基因的研究,可加速揭示人体心脏的发育机理。为进一步筛选并克隆出新的心脏发育基因,本实验采用经化学诱变的平衡致死系的果蝇,进行心脏特异性抗体染色,观察到10个致死系表现出心脏突变表型,并将已确定遗传学部位的6个品系缩小到更小区域。 Screening of the Genes in Controlling HeartDevelopment of Drosophila YANG Yue-jun,WU Xiu-shan,LI Min College of life sciences,Hunan Normal University,Changsha 410081,China Abstract:It is becoming increasingly evident that remarkable similaries of heart development are revealed in Drosophila and vertebrate,Therefore Drosophila can be used as a prototype to explore the vertebrate.This can in accelerate to revealing of the machanisms of human heart development.In order to screen and clone new genes that control the heart development,we have established the balanced-lethal lines by chemical mutagen and performed the heart-specific antibody.Ten of lines showed mutant phenotype,of which 6 were determined the smaller genetic sites for gene location. Key words：Drosophila; heart develop; genes     

控制果蝇心脏早期发育的基因研究进展

果蝇心脏早期发育与脊椎动物乃至人具有相似的分子机理,自90年代以来,通过P转位子诱变方法已鉴定出20多个与果蝇早期发育相关基因,这为揭示人体心脏发育的基因调控机理提供了重要的依据。     

果蝇心脏发育基因调控的研究进展

果蝇心脏的发育是一个受到一系列基因共同调控的复杂过程,这些基因在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物果蝇中具有惊人的相似性,对于它们功能的研究将有助于揭示人类心脏发育的过程及分子控制机理.通过将果蝇作为一种重要的模式动物,对心脏发育基因调控的研究进展作一综述.     

睾丸优势表达的Boule蛋白影响果蝇发育

boule基因是屈指可数的高度保守、横跨后生动物的调控多个物种精子发生所不可或缺的基因.在果蝇中,boule基因突变体bol1可导致雄性不育,而boule基因的大片段缺失突变体boule40却表现了致死表型,提示boule可能在胚胎发育过程中也起到一定的作用.为了验证这一假设,首先,本团队利用RT-PCR检测了boule基因在不同组织中的表达情况,并构建了GFP敲入突变体检测Boule蛋白在不同组织中的分布,结果表明boule mRNA及Boule蛋白在发育过程及成蝇的头、胸、腹中均存在.其次,构建了boule基因完全缺失突变体,发现在不同发育阶段均有致死发生.为了探寻这种影响是来自boule基因产生的蛋白还是非编码RNA或是内含子产生的未发现的基因,本团队又构建了boule基因单碱基缺失的移码突变体,发现同样有致死现象.最后,全身性过表达Boule蛋白也可导致果蝇发育过程中的逐渐死亡.以上结果都说明,果蝇体细胞中的Boule蛋白在发育过程中起重要作用,并需要进行精确调控.这一睾丸以外的作用目前只在昆虫中发现.     

利用果蝇心力衰竭模型筛选果蝇第2号染色体缺失系

果蝇心脏一直以来都是研究心血管发育的极好模型,许多控制心脏分化和特化的调控基因和信号途径从果蝇到哺乳动物都是保守的.由于近年心力衰竭的发病率不断升高,我们最近又建立了果蝇心力衰竭模型用于大规模筛选和鉴定心力衰竭的相关基因.在这个模型中,适龄的成体果蝇被整齐排列在导电的载玻片上,通过电极短暂刺激30s,使果蝇的心跳频率由正常的3Hz增加到6Hz,停止后检测果蝇心率恢复情况,不能恢复正常心跳频率或出现纤维性震颤的果蝇视为心力衰竭.该模型可以在短期内大规模筛选到与心力衰竭相关的基因.利用此心力衰竭模型,我们筛选了164个果蝇2号染色体缺失系,获得33个候选缺失系.这些候选缺失系的心衰率要么与野生型品系相比差异显著,要么与tinman或panier突变系相比差异显著,提示这些缺失系中可能含有与心力衰竭相关的调控基因.     

Drosophila, an emerging model for cardiac disease

A variety of studies that are currently underway may validate the fruit fly as an in vivo model for analyzing genes involved in cardiac function. Many mutations in conserved genetic pathways have been found, including those controlling development and physiology. Because homologous genes control early developmental events as well as functional components of the Drosophila and vertebrate hearts, the fly is the simplest existing model system that can be used to assay genes involved in human congenital heart disease (CHD). The wide variety of genetic tools available to Drosophila researchers offers many technical advantages for rapidly screening through large numbers of candidate genes. Thus, an important future and long-term direction is likely to be the use of Drosophila as a vehicle for analyzing polygenic traits as an aid in human genetics. One can anticipate a time in the not too distant future when mutant lines exist for every gene in vertebrate systems, such as mice and zebrafish. However, one of the enduring problems that will not easily be addressed by such resources will be the tracking of complex traits defined by polygenic variants. For this level of genetic analysis, simple genetic model systems including yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster will undoubtedly play a crucial ongoing role. Of them, Drosophila will be critical for examining gene networks involved in organogenesis and is clearly the system of choice for studying cardiac development, function and aging, since among the simple genetic models it is the only one with a fluid pumping heart.     

The ADAM metalloprotease Kuzbanian is crucial for proper heart formation in Drosophila melanogaster

We have screened a collection of EMS mutagenized fly lines in order to identify genes involved in cardiogenesis. In the present work, we have studied a group of alleles exhibiting a hypertrophic heart. Our analysis revealed that the ADAM protein (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) Kuzbanian, which is the functional homologue of the vertebrate ADAM10, is crucial for proper heart formation. ADAMs are a family of transmembrane proteins that play a critical role during the proteolytic conversion (shedding) of membrane bound proteins to soluble forms. Enzymes harboring a sheddase function recently became candidates for causing several congenital diseases, like distinct forms of the Alzheimer disease. ADAMs play also a pivotal role during heart formation and vascularisation in vertebrates, therefore mutations in ADAM genes potentially could cause congenital heart defects in humans. In Drosophila, the zygotic loss of an active form of the Kuzbanian protein results in a dramatic excess of cardiomyocytes, accompanied by a loss of pericardial cells. Our data presented herein suggest that Kuzbanian acts during lateral inhibition within the cardiac primordium. Furthermore we discuss a second function of Kuzbanian in heart cell morphogenesis.     

Heart development in Drosophila

The Drosophila heart, also called the dorsal vessel, is an organ for hemolymph circulation that resembles the vertebrate heart at its transient linear tube stage. Dorsal vessel morphogenesis shares several similarities with early events of vertebrate heart development and has proven to be an insightful system for the study of cardiogenesis due to its relatively simple structure and the productive use of Drosophila genetic approaches. In this review, we summarize published findings on Drosophila heart development in terms of the regulators and genetic pathways required for cardiac cell specification and differentiation, and organ formation and function. Emerging genome-based strategies should further facilitate the use of Drosophila as an advantageous system in which to identify previously unknown genes and regulatory networks essential for normal cardiac development and function.