进口美国松木中截获齿小蠹的鉴定(鞘翅目:小蠹科)

本文对2010—2015年全国口岸从美国进境松木中截获的齿小蠹进行了分析,分别对美云杉齿小蠹Ips borealis、美雕齿小蠹I.calligraphus、混点齿小蠹I.confusus、重齿小蠹I.duplicatus、南部松齿小蠹I.grandicollis、蒙大拿齿小蠹I.montanus、似混齿小蠹I.paraconfusus、白云杉齿小蠹I.perturbatus、美松齿小蠹I.pini、平额重齿小蠹I.plastographus、十二齿小蠹I.sexdentatus、云杉八齿小蠹I.typographus 12种昆虫的进境寄主进行统计,对截获频次进行分析对其成虫的主要形态特征进行了描述,编制了分种检索表,对检疫鉴定工作具有指导意义。     

厦门口岸进境原木截获的小蠹科害虫调查

【背景】小蠹虫是国际贸易中重要的钻蛀害虫,也是全国口岸主要截获害虫之一。【方法】本文对2010~2014年厦门口岸进境原木中截获的小蠹科害虫的寄主、来源国家、截获次数进行了统计分析,并编制了截获小蠹种类检索表,提出了口岸检疫要点。【结果】截获的小蠹害虫种类主要有长林小蠹、赤材小蠹、十二齿小蠹和南部松齿小蠹等,主要来源于澳大利亚,新西兰和巴西等国家,寄主主要有辐射松,樟子松,湿地松和海岸松等种类。【结论与意义】本研究可为一线口岸检疫查验提供指导。     

警惕检疫性有害生物亚利桑那齿小蠹入侵中国

亚利桑那齿小蠹Ips leconte为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,对松属等植物的危害性很大。本文主要介绍了亚利桑那齿小蠹的分类地位、形态特征、生物性特性等信息。并与亚利桑那齿小蠹的近似种进行了简要的鉴别比较。该虫在我国尚无分布,对进一步研究亚利桑那齿小蠹具有重要的参考意义,并对其入侵我国的威胁提出预警。     

我国首次截获有害生物小楔双棘长蠹

江门海关从冈比亚进境的刺猬紫檀木原木中检出活体长蠹科昆虫。通过显微形态特征的观察和测量,对该虫进行了物种鉴定。经形态特征鉴定,该虫为小楔双棘长蠹。该虫的形态特征与近似种的主要区别:斜面毛被稀疏、不太明显,近缝角处竖立短直;缝侧齿基部不粗糙;斜面侧上缘有3对胝状的痕迹显现。该虫在我国尚无分布记录,为国内口岸首次截获。该虫一般随着原木、木制品及木质包装进行远距离传播,一旦传入我国,将对我国的农林安全造成巨大威胁,各口岸须加强对进境原木、木制品及木质包装的检验检疫。     

内蒙古阿尔山地区落叶松八齿小蠹天敌及其控制作用

通过对内蒙古阿尔山地区落叶松八齿小蠹Ipssubelongatus Motschulsky天敌的种类调查,目前共发现落叶松八齿小蠹天敌包括捕食性天敌红胸郭公虫Thanasimus substriatus Gebler,寄生性天敌暗绿截尾金小蜂Tomicobia seitneri(Ruschka)、长蠹刻鞭茧蜂Coeloides bostrichorum Giraud以及螨类、微生物。分析了天敌的自然控制作用,红胸郭公虫对落叶松八齿小蠹成虫的日均捕食率为3.1%±0.77%(落叶松八齿小蠹成虫20头和红胸郭公虫成虫1头,室外12～24℃),日最大捕食量为10.7头(1头红胸郭公虫成虫与20、40、60和80头、100头落叶松八齿小蠹成虫,室内17～25℃);暗绿截尾金小蜂对落叶松八齿小蠹幼虫的寄生率为20.5%,对其蛹的寄生率为13.7%;长蠹刻鞭茧蜂对其幼虫的寄生率为6.5%;螨类对其成虫的寄生率为20.2%;而微生物对落叶松八齿小蠹幼虫的寄生率为4.3%,对蛹的寄生率为5.4%,对成虫的寄生率为2.1%。暗绿截尾金小蜂是落叶松八齿小蠹最有利用价值的天敌昆虫。     

番禺口岸从进境原木中截获的长蠹科害虫

本文用图文描述了番禺口岸近3年来从进口原木中截获的8种长蠹科害虫,包括电缆斜坡长蠹Xylopsocus capucinus(Fabricius)、黄足长棒长蠹Xylothrips flavipes(Illiger)、竹蠹Dinoderus minutus(Fabricius)、三胝双棘长蠹Sinoxylon senegalense Karsch、双棘长蠹Sinoxylon anale Lesne、双钩异翅长蠹Heterobostrychus aequalis(Waterhouse)、大竹蠹Bostrychopsis parallela(Lesne)和红艳长蠹Xylothrips religiosus(Boisduval)等重要长蠹成虫的主要形态特征,并编制了分种检索表.     

异胫长小蠹属中国记录种

我国2007年修订公布的《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》将异胫长小蠹属非中国种作为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物。因此开展该类群中国记录种的厘订工作具有重要意义。本文记述了异胫长小蠹属中国记录种13种,即针叶异胫长小蠹Crossotarsus coniferae、缺刻异胫长小蠹C.emancipatus、外齿异胫长小蠹C.externedentatus、壳斗异胫长小蠹C.fagacearum.、黄翅长小蠹C.flavomaculotus、端刺异胫长小蠹C.impariporus,日本异胫长小蠹C.niponicus、黑异胫长小蠹C.piceus、台湾异胫长小蠹C.sauteri、简长小蠹C.simplex、鳞异胫长小蠹C.squamulatus、端异胫长小蠹C.terminatus和华氏异胫长小蠹C.wallacei,对这些种类的主要形态特征进行了描述,并编制了种类检索表。同时整理出了这些种类的寄主及分布。     

异胫长小蠹属中国记录种

我国2007年修订公布的《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》将异胫长小蠹属非中国种作为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物。因此开展该类群中国记录种的厘订工作具有重要意义。本文记述了异胫长小蠹属中国记录种13种,即针叶异胫长小蠢Crossotarsus conife瑚、缺刻异胫长小蠹cemancipatus、外齿异胫长小蠹cexternedentatus、壳斗异胫长小蠹cfagacearum、黄翅长小蠹c伽o,,啪u纽础、端刺异胫长小蠢Cimpariporus,日本异胫长小蠢cniponicus、黑异胫长小蠹c．piceus、台湾异胫长小蠢csauteri、简长小蠹csimplex、鳞异胫长小蠹c．squamulatus、端异胫长小蠢Cterminatus和华氏异胫长小蠹c．wallacei,对这些种类的主要形态特征进行了描述,并编制了种类检索表。同时整理出了这些种类的寄主及分布。     

微流控芯片技术用于三种小蠹COⅠ-COⅡ区的PCR-RFLP分析

本研究运用PCR-RFLP对红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte、长毛干小蠹Hylurgops longipilis Reiher和六齿小蠹Ips acuminatus Gyllenhal mtDNA的COⅠ-COⅡ基因进行扩增。通过酶切位点的分析比较,筛选特异性的内切酶,结合微流控芯片技术对酶切产物进行快速检测。建立3种小蠹的准确、快速区分鉴定方法。     

落叶松八齿小蠹与长喙壳真菌间的种特异性伴生关系

小蠹虫与长喙壳类真菌(Ophiostomatoid fungi)在自然界中形成稳定的伴生关系,是森林生态系统内一种普遍的生态学现象。已有研究表明欧亚大陆的齿小蠹属(Ips)昆虫与多种长喙壳类真菌形成广泛的伴生关系,其中部分真菌是重要的针叶树病原菌。随着借助于DNA信息特征的系统发育分析,揭示出形态特征和亲缘关系十分接近的3种齿小蠹属昆虫,云杉八齿小蠹(I.typographus),欧洲落叶松八齿小蠹(I.cembrae)和亚洲落叶松八齿小蠹(I.subelongatus)确定为不同种之后,相应地与之稳定伴生的长喙壳类真菌Ceratocystis polonica也由过去一个种揭示为3个种的复合体,各自与3种小蠹虫稳定伴生,形成密切的种特异性伴生关系。小蠹虫与真菌的种特异性伴生被认为是处于同一森林生态系统内的生物协同进化的结果。通过对我国东北地区落叶松八齿小蠹虫体、坑道标本上伴生真菌菌株的采集、分离和生理学、形态学特征观察,以及基于ITS、β-tubulin、MAT-2 HMG box多位点DNA序列的系统发育分析,首次确定了长喙壳真菌Ceratocystis fujiensis在我国东北地区异域分布的3种落叶松林内普遍存在,与落叶松八齿小蠹形成稳定的伴生关系。作为亚洲落叶松八齿小蠹伴生的主要真菌,也是伴生菌区系中的先锋种和致病力最强的病原菌,C.fujiensis在我国落叶松人工林的广泛分布值得高度重视,将为制定防治病虫复合危害的有效策略和措施提供科学基础。研究结果进一步支持了齿小蠹属昆虫与长喙壳真菌间的种特异性伴生假说。同时,多基因序列特征表明落叶松八齿小蠹与C.fujiensis在亚洲范围内的不同地理种群存在着显著的遗传多样性,预示特异性伴生在不同种群间发生的可能,可以为种特异性伴生假说和小蠹虫-真菌间共生关系的研究提供良好的模式材料。     

我国口岸截获芒果象属检疫性有害生物疫情分析

【目的】芒果象属昆虫是我国禁止进境的植物检疫性有害生物,广泛分布于非洲、北美洲和东南亚,寄主为芒果。其生活隐蔽,羽化孔未出现时看不出危害状,危害率可达30%~80%,严重影响芒果的产量和质量。近年来,我国口岸截获的芒果象甲的数量日益增多,表明该类检疫性有害生物传入我国的风险越来越大。【方法】运用Microsoft Excel工作表对2003—2015年全国口岸截获芒果象属有害生物的疫情进行统计分析。【结果】2003—2015年全国口岸共截获芒果象4156批次,22个直属局有截获记录。其中,截获芒果果核象甲3028批次,数量最多,占截获芒果象总批次的72.86%;芒果果实象甲和芒果果肉象甲相对较少,分别为837和291批次。截获芒果象的来源国主要为非洲和东南亚芒果象疫情分布国家和地区,且主要自进境旅客随身携带物中检出。【结论】我国口岸应加大对芒果象的检疫力度,保护我国农林业生产安全。     

入侵性杂草皱匕果芥在中国的适生区预测及分析

[目的]对入侵性杂草皱匕果芥在我国的适生区进行预测,为入侵风险评估和损失预测提供数据支撑,同时为控制预案制定提供科学依据。[方法]先用ENMTools和SPSS分别对分布数据和环境变量进行筛选,再调用R程序包Kuenm校准MaxEnt模型确定最优参数设置,然后使用MaxEnt和ArcMap对皱匕果芥在中国的适生区进行预测,并将已公布的进境粮食指定监管场地、进口粮食加工企业地理位置与皱匕果芥在中国的适生区进行匹配分析。[结果]最冷月份最低温度、温度季节变化标准差和最冷季度降水量是对MaxEnt模型拟合重要性排名前3位的环境变量,最冷月份最低温度可能是影响皱匕果芥发生分布的最重要的自然因素;皱匕果芥在中国的中度适生区占中国陆地总面积的15.13%,主要集中在秦岭-淮河以南、龙门山-大凉山以东的亚热带季风气候区域;高度适生区占中国陆地总面积的1.67%,主要形成川渝、湖北-湖南和长三角3个中心。在皱匕果芥的中、高度适生区分布有901个进口粮食加工企业和57个进境粮食指定监管场地。[结论]皱匕果芥的中、高度适生区内存在我国粮棉等作物的重要产区,一旦该杂草大面积发生,将给我国粮棉等作物种植造成非常不利的影响。进口粮食的国际贸易是皱匕果芥入侵中国的主要途径,应当加强对进口粮食接卸、运输、加工等高风险区域和环节的监管力度,并积极实施外来入侵杂草的监测和调查,确保做到早发现、早防除,防止进一步扩散和危害。     

Spread of the pinewood nematode vectored by the Japanese pine sawyer: modeling and analytical approaches

The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causative agent of pine wilt of Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora in Japan. The nematode is vectored by cerambycid beetles of the genus Monochamus. It is inferred to have been introduced from North America early in the 1900s and then to have distributed in China, Korea, and Taiwan. Intensive and/or long-term studies of pine wilt systems have elucidated the pattern and mechanism of the nematode’s spread within a pine stand, dispersal of vector beetles, and spread pattern of pine wilt within a prefecture. The modeling of nematode spread over pine stands, which involves beetle reproduction within a pine stand, has been developing and should elucidate the factors influencing the rate at which the nematode range expands. In this review, we summarize the biologies of the nematode, beetle, and tree, and then characterize the spread of the nematode within a pine stand, locally over pine stands, and regionally over unit administrative districts. Local and regional spreading of the nematode is related primarily to long-distance dispersal by insect vectors and to the artificial transportation of pine logs infested with the nematode and its vector, respectively.     

The red turpentine beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendroctonus valens</Emphasis> LeConte (Scolytidae): an exotic invasive pest of pine in China

An exotic invasive pest of pines, the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Scolytidae) (RTB), was first detected in Shanxi Province, northern China, in 1998 and started causing widespread tree mortality there in 1999. This outbreak continues and has spread to three adjacent provinces, causing unprecedented tree mortality. Although it is considered a minor pest of pines in North America, RTB has proven to be an aggressive and destructive pest of Pinus tabuliformis, China’s most widely planted pine species. The bionomics and occurrence, distribution, response to host volatiles, and host preference of this pine beetle in China are compared with what is known of the beetle in its native range in North America. Factors likely contributing to D. valens success in China and control of the beetle outbreak are discussed. (−)-β-pinene was shown to be the most attractive host volatile for D. valens from the Sierra Nevada of California, whereas 3-(+)-carene is the most attractive host volatile for beetles in China. Monocultures of Pinus tabuliformis, several consecutive years of drought conditions and warm winters have apparently factored D. valens invasion and establishment in China.     

中国2种归化植物新记录

报道了发现于辽宁省的2种中国归化植物新记录:白毛马鞭草(Verbena stricta Vent.)和向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.),白毛马鞭草穗状花序粗壮而紧凑,单生枝顶或呈简单的聚伞状或圆锥状排列,且花序轴在果期显著延长,叶卵圆形,无柄,与中国有报道的本属其他物种区别明显。该种原产美国西部至中部地区,近来在辽宁省铁岭市发现有归化。向日葵原产于北美地区,被发现广泛归化于辽宁省大连市,营口市鲅鱼圈也有发现。归化种群形态特征与该地区栽培类型完全不同,其花序极多分枝,头状花序直径较小,瘦果极小,表面纹饰多样性很高。     

椰子粗腿豆象的检疫鉴定

南京禄口机场海关截获了一批旅客从巴西携带入境的金山葵种子,送南京海关实验室检出豆象。通过形态学和分子生物学方法,对该虫进行了物种鉴定。鉴定结果表明该虫为椰子粗腿豆象。该虫在我国尚无分布记录,为国内口岸首次截获。该虫一般随带果的棕榈寄主种苗进行远距离传播,一旦传入我国,将对我国的农林安全造成巨大威胁,各口岸须加强对进境种苗的检验检疫。     

Evolving Management Strategies for a Recently Discovered Exotic Forest Pest: The Pine Shoot Beetle, Tomicus Piniperda (Coleoptera)

Established populations of the Eurasian pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda (L.); Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were first discovered in North America in Ohio in 1992. As of 31 December 2000, T. piniperda was found in 303 counties in 12 US states (Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin) and in 43 counties in 2 Canadian provinces (Ontario and Quebec). A federal quarantine imposed in November 1992 regulates movement of pine (Pinus) trees, logs, and certain pine products from infested to uninfested areas within US. The forest products, Christmas tree, and nursery industries are affected by the quarantine. This paper summarizes information on the discovery and spread of T. piniperda in North America, survey efforts, recent interception history, development and changes in the federal quarantine, development of a national compliance management program, and extension and research efforts.     

树莓疫霉根腐病入侵我国的风险分析

[目的] 树莓疫霉根腐病是全球树莓种植业的最主要病害,也是我国《进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》中的检疫性病害之一。随着我国树莓引种和种植面积的不断增加,其入侵和发生的风险也在不断升高,有必要对该病传入我国风险进行分析。[方法] 采用有害生物风险分析程序对其进行安全性评估,并应用多指标综合评价方法,对树莓疫霉根腐病菌的入侵风险进行定性和定量分析,计算综合风险值后再确定其入侵的风险等级。[结果] 树莓疫霉根腐病菌是对中国树莓产业具有潜在威胁的有害生物,其综合风险值(R)为2.22。[结论] 树莓疫霉根腐病菌属于高风险的有害生物,建议我国各个种苗进境口岸的检疫部门加强对该病的检疫力度,严防其传入我国。     

Post-Release Host-Specificity Testing of Pseudacteon tricuspis, a Phorid Parasitoid of Solenopsis Invicta Fire Ants

Inherent in any biological control program is the risk of nontarget effects. Pseudacteon tricuspisBorgmeier, a parasitoid phorid fly, has been introduced to the United States from South America as a potential biocontrol agent of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invictaBuren. We conducted tests of host specificity on introduced populations of P. tricuspis, which are attracted to alarm pheromones released by their hosts during events such as mound disturbances and interspecific interactions. We monitored disturbed mounds of S. invicta and its close congener, S. geminata(F.), during the expansion of P. tricuspis across north Florida and after populations had been established for ~3 years. We also tested host acceptance in established populations of P. tricuspis by offering trays containing S. invicta, S. geminata, and 14 additional ant species representing 12 different non-Solenopsis genera. Although P. tricuspiswas commonly observed to hover over and attempt to oviposit on S. invicta, we never observed any parasitization attempts on any other ant species. As predicted by laboratory tests, released populations of P. tricuspis appear to be highly host specific and pose no obvious threat to nontarget species.