纳豆激酶的研究现状与展望

纳豆激酶是从日本传统食品纳豆中提取的一种枯草杆菌蛋白酶,具有高效的抗血栓作用.与其他传统溶栓剂相比,纳豆激酶具有安全性好、成本低、易被人体吸收、作用直接迅速、作用持续时间长等优点,因此极有可能开发为新一代的溶栓剂.概括了纳豆激酶的分子结构、理化性质、溶栓作用机理、活性检测方法,介绍了其分子生物学研究进展,并对其开发应用进行了展望,证明纳豆激酶具有广阔的市场应用前景.     

纳豆激酶在血管性疾病防治中的研究进展

血管性疾病是疾病谱中最主要的死亡原因之一，血栓栓塞是血管性疾病中的重要组成部分，而目前针对其预防和治疗手段非常有限。纳豆激酶（nattokinase，NK）是从纳豆中提取的活性成分，具有多种对心血管有益作用，如较强的纤溶活性、降压、降脂及抗凝血等。本文综述了纳豆激酶的生化特性、防治心血管疾病的功效及应用前景，通过总结最新文献重点完善了纳豆激酶在心血管疾病方面的药理作用，表明纳豆激酶可以作为预防和治疗血管性疾病的理想膳食补充剂，其药品开发同样前景广阔。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌菌种纯化及不同氮源对其产纳豆激酶的影响

纳豆激酶(nattokinase, NK)是一种由纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵产生的丝氨酸蛋白酶,具有良好的纤溶活性。本研究从wako Nattokinase中分离纯化出高品质的纳豆芽孢杆菌,旨在探究最适宜该菌产纳豆激酶的发酵培养基氮源。研究人员选择了6种氮源对其进行发酵实验,通过连续测定发酵液的菌量、pH和纤溶活性以观察不同氮源对纳豆芽孢杆菌产纳豆激酶的影响。研究结果表明:最优氮源为乳清蛋白,在以此为氮源的培养基中发酵培养120 h后,纳豆激酶的纤溶活性高达1 757.79 U/mL。以乳清蛋白发酵培养基对纳豆芽孢杆菌进行发酵,不仅可以得到高活性的纳豆激酶,还可为纳豆激酶应用于食品、保健品领域提供思路。     

药食两用纳豆激酶的研究进展

本文从血栓栓塞疾病的形成机制为依据,综述了纳豆激酶的药理作用。介绍了国内外产纤溶酶菌株的筛选方法,纳豆激酶的分离、纯化常用技术,纳豆激酶的生理生化特性、活性测定方法。并说明了影响纳豆激酶稳定的4个因素,和增加纳豆激酶产量的有效方法。通过药食两用纳豆激酶的研究进展,希望对纳豆激酶的研究提供理论基础。     

纳豆激酶生产菌的筛选及发酵纳豆特性研究

为开发具有特定生理活性的新型纳豆保健品,从发酵豆制品中分离筛选得到一株纳豆激酶高产菌株。利用该菌株以及市售的3种纳豆中的纳豆菌进行纳豆发酵,比较了4株纳豆菌发酵纳豆的特性,并对纳豆激酶活性进行分析。结果表明5号菌株发酵生产纳豆周期短,颜色金黄,具有酱香味,拉丝长度最佳。同时,对产纳豆激酶的最佳发酵时间进行研究,结果表明发酵至17 h纳豆激酶活性达到最大值。     

一株高产纳豆激酶菌株的鉴定与分析

鉴定高产纳豆激酶菌株Td,分析纳豆激酶的分子特征。利用菌体形态、生理生化特征、以及分子生物学方法对菌株Td进行鉴定;并采用MALDI-TOF质谱测定与分析、SDS-PAGE和纤溶活性测定等方法检测纳豆激酶特性,利用PCR方法扩增纳豆激酶的基因全长。结合菌体形态、生理生化特征和16S r DNA、gyr A基因序列、DNA-DNA杂交率等实验结果,鉴定菌株Td为枯草芽孢杆菌枯草亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp.subtilis);菌株Td发酵产生的纳豆激酶产量可达300 mg/L以上,占发酵液总蛋白的40%以上;纤溶活性达230 U/m L以上;氨基酸序列与subtilisin E的序列相似性最高;基因全长序列为1 143 bp。枯草芽孢杆菌枯草亚种Td是一株高产、高活性纳豆激酶的产生菌,具有优良的工业化开发价值。     

纳豆激酶酶原基因和纳豆激酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中表达

目的：构建可高效生产有活性的纳豆激酶的大肠杆菌工程菌。方法：将纳豆激酶酶原（pro-nattokinase,pro-NK)基因和纳豆激酶（natokinase,NK)基因,并分别克隆到表达融合蛋白的高效表达载体pJN上,构建出表达质粒pJNK1和pJNK2,并转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）。结果：IPTG诱导下,两个融合蛋白的表达量均达到30%,活性检测显示表达纳豆激酶酶原融合蛋白的菌株pJNK-1(BL)诱导后菌体破碎上清的溶栓活性比表达纳豆激酶融合蛋白的菌株pJNK-2(BL)高2-3倍,结论：纳豆激酶酶原融合蛋白部分自减切产生纳豆激酶成熟肽。     

纳豆激酶基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

纳豆激酶纳是从日本传统食品纳豆中发现的一类具有溶栓效果的蛋白酶,由于其具有安全,高效,作用时间长,易吸收,廉价等优点,现在正成为一个开发治疗血栓类疾病药物的研究热点。从本实验室保存的一株高溶栓的纳豆杆菌N07出发,提取总基因组DNA,利用PCR手段扩增获得了纳豆激酶长为825bp的成熟肽基因片段。构建重组表达质粒pPICZaA-NK,经EcoR I、Xba I双酶切、PCR、测序验证得出重组表达质粒上的外源基因即为825bp的目的片段;将重组质粒pPICZaA-NK用内切酶Sac I线性化后电击导入毕赤酵母X33,通过含Zeocin的YPDS平板筛选获得重组酵母。重组酵母在BMMY培养基中发酵培养,用1%甲醇诱导目的蛋白表达。用纤维蛋白平板法检测发现发酵上清具有纤溶活性,经硫酸铵盐析、透析、Sephadex-G50过柱等步骤分离得到纳豆激酶蛋白,进行SDS-PAGE鉴定表明,表达的纳豆激酶蛋白分子量为27KD。以尿激酶为标准,实验所得纳豆激酶发酵上清液溶栓活性约为195U/mL。成功的将纳豆激酶成熟肽基因在毕赤酵母X33中表达,为纳豆激酶基因工程进一步研究奠定基础。     

纳豆激酶基因的表达及纯化

利用PCR方法从分泌纳豆激酶的枯草杆菌基因组DNA中扩增得到纳豆激酶基因(NK),利用基因重组技术构建了纳豆激酶基因的表达载体pETNK。在诱导下,实现了在大肠杆菌中高效表达,经SDS-PAGE电泳分析和薄层扫描结果显示,表达的目的蛋白占菌体蛋白的21．5％。将表达产物经过DEAE-Cellulos-DE52和Sephedax-G100两个柱分离纯化,得到纯的纳豆激酶蛋白干粉,经琼脂糖-纤维蛋白平板法测出纳豆激酶干粉的溶栓活性相当于200u尿激酶。从基因工程角度研究纳豆激酶基因的克隆、表达及纯化,为用基因工程菌生产纳豆激酶奠定了基础。     

纳豆激酶基因在大肠杆菌中活性表达的比较研究

实现纳豆激酶基因 (nattokinasegene)在大肠杆菌中高活性表达 ,并说明前肽 ( pro序列 )对纳豆激酶的活性表达必不可少。以纳豆芽孢杆菌基因组DNA为模板 ,采用PCR方法分别扩增编码信号肽、前肽及成熟肽的序列 ( pre pro NK)和编码前肽、成熟肽的序列 (pro NK) ,构建了大肠杆菌表达质粒 pTYB1 0 1 ,pTYB1 0 2 ,转化大肠杆菌ER2 5 66。在IPTG诱导下 ,分别在 1 5℃ ( 1 4h) ,3 0℃ ( 3h)和 3 7℃ ( 2h)培养。结果可见 ,pTYB1 0 2能表达有活性的纳豆激酶。SDS PAGE表明 ,1 5℃表达杂蛋白更少。薄层扫描显示表达的纳豆激酶占菌体总蛋白的 3 0 %以上。成功制备了表达纳豆激酶的工程菌。     

Role of physical activity in preventing and treating obesity.

There is an inverse relationship between physical activity and weight gain. However, additional research is needed to quantify the amount of physical activity required to prevent weight gain in different populations, improve the way we convey physical activity recommendations to the public, and help the individuals increase their physical activity. Although physical activity does not appear to contribute significantly to weight loss, it is critical for maintenance of weight loss. Available data are consistent in that 60-90 min/day of moderate-intensity physical activity is required to maintain a significant weight loss. Although there is agreement about the need for high levels of physical activity to maintain weight loss, there is a need for more research to understand why physical activity is critical for weight loss maintenance. Finally, additional research is needed to determine whether there is an optimal level of physical activity below which it is difficult for most people to achieve a balance between energy intake and expenditure at a healthy body weight. The increasing prevalence of obesity may reflect the fact that the majority of the population has fallen below such a level of physical activity.     

Clearing-factor lipase in adipose tissue. Distinction of different states of the enzyme and the possible role of the fat cell in the maintenance of tissue activity

1. Incubation of intact epididymal adipose tissue from fed rats at 37 degrees in an albumin solution at pH7.4 in vitro results in rapid loss of clearing-factor lipase activity until a low activity, stable to prolonged incubation, is attained. The clearing-factor lipase activity of intact tissue from starved rats, which is initially much less than that of tissue from fed rats, is mainly stable to incubation at 37 degrees . 2. Much of the clearing-factor lipase activity of intact epididymal adipose tissue from fed rats is inactivated by collagenase. The enzyme activity of intact tissue from starved rats is not inactivated by collagenase. 3. The clearing-factor lipase activity of fat cells isolated from the epididymal adipose tissue of fed rats is stable to prolonged incubation at 37 degrees . It represents only a small proportion of the total activity of the intact tissue. In starved rats, the isolated fat cells contain a much higher proportion of the activity of the intact tissue. Their activity is also stable at 37 degrees . 4. Incubation of isolated fat cells in a serum-based medium leads to a progressive rise in clearing-factor lipase activity. Actinomycin increases the extent of this rise in activity. No rise in clearing-factor lipase activity occurs when stromal-vascular cells isolated from epididymal adipose tissue are incubated in the medium. 5. The findings indicate that less than 20% of the activity of intact adipose tissue from fed rats is retained when fat cells are isolated from the tissue by collagenase treatment. The activity that is lost could be that which normally functions in the uptake of triglyceride fatty acids by the tissue.     

Native thrombocidin-1 and unfolded thrombocidin-1 exert antimicrobial activity via distinct structural elements

Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) can have direct antimicrobial activity, which is apparently related to the presence of a distinct positively charged patch on the surface. However, chemokines can retain antimicrobial activity upon linearization despite the loss of their positive patch, thus questioning the importance of this patch for activity. Thrombocidin-1 (TC-1) is a microbicidal protein isolated from human blood platelets. TC-1 only differs from the chemokine NAP-2/CXCL7 by a two-amino acid C-terminal deletion, but this truncation is crucial for antimicrobial activity. We assessed the structure-activity relationship for antimicrobial activity of TC-1. Reduction of the charge of the TC-1-positive patch by replacing lysine 17 with alanine reduced the activity against bacteria and almost abolished activity against the yeast Candida albicans. Conversely, augmentation of the positive patch by increasing charge density or size resulted in a 2-3-fold increased activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis but did not substantially affect activity against C. albicans. Reduction of TC-1 resulted in loss of the folded conformation, but this disruption of the positive patch did not affect antimicrobial activity. Using overlapping 15-mer synthetic peptides, we demonstrate peptides corresponding to the N-terminal part of TC-1 to have similar antimicrobial activity as intact TC-1. Although we demonstrate that the positive patch is essential for activity of folded TC-1, unfolded TC-1 retained antimicrobial activity despite the absence of a positive patch. This activity is probably exerted by a linear peptide stretch in the N-terminal part of the molecule. We conclude that intact TC-1 and unfolded TC-1 exert antimicrobial activity via distinct structural elements.     

Distribution of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in etiolated and far-red irradiated radish seedlings

Summary In dark-grown Raphanus seedlings, most of the PAL activity is found in roots where it increases sigmoidally during organ development. In hypocotyls, the dark increase of enzyme activity is linear with time. In cotyledons and hooks, dark activity is very low and remains constant. After onset of continuous far-red irradiation, an activity increase is observed in all parts of the seedling. In cotyledons and hooks, the increase is followed by a decrease. This is comparable to light-induced PAL activity described in other materials. In roots and hypocotyls, the initial increase is not followed by a decrease. In dark-grown roots and hypocotyls PAL activity is correlated to fresh weight augmentation. In no part of the seedling could a correlation be found between light-induced PAL activity and anthocyanin formation.     

玉米杂种优势与几种酶活性关系

对８个杂交优势明显的玉米单交种进行过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性的比较研究,结果表明：８个组合的杂种胚中过氧化物酶活性介于双亲之间,６个组合的杂种胚过氧化氨酶活性介于双亲之间,这可能与杂种中互补酶的存在有关。并测定了酸性磷酸脂酸的活性,４个组合杂种胚酶活性高于双亲,另外４个组合杂种胚活性介于双亲之间,表明酸性磷酸酯酶活性与杂种优势有一定相关性。     

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) of bovine erythrocytes: genetic control of electrophoretic variants

A genetic polymorphism of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase is described in red cells of cattle. Electrophoresis distinguishes two types, one associated with a high activity (H), the other with a low activity (L). Breeding tests suggest the segregation of two alleles: a dominant allele for high activity ( H ) and a recessive allele for low activity (L). On the basis of quantitative estimation of enzyme activity, the individuals of the H phenotype can be separated in two classes, the enzyme activity in one class being twice as high as the activity in the other class. It is suggested that the class with the highest enzymatic activity corresponds to the homozygote for the H allele, the other class to the heterozygote. In fact, an A.I. bull (H phenotype and with the highest enzymatic activity) mated with cows of the L phenotype, gave offspring of the H phenotype, only. The decline of activity, with age, is stressed. Four breeds have been typed. The Charolais breed is characterized by a high frequency of the H allele.     

Ribonuclease activity is a common property of Arabidopsis CCCH-containing zinc-finger proteins

The CCCH class of zinc fingers occurs in a large number of Arabidopsis proteins. Previous studies revealed that one such protein is a nuclease, the activity of which is attributable to one of the CCCH motifs. To examine whether nuclease activity is a more general characteristic of CCCH zinc finger containing proteins, five other such Arabidopsis proteins were assayed for a similar activity. The results indicate that all of these proteins possess nuclease activity. Thus, nuclease activity may be a common characteristic of Arabidopsis CCCH-containing proteins.     

Regulation of amylase activity in Drosophila melanogaster: Effects of dietary carbohydrate

The level of amylase activity in larvae and adults of Drosophila melanogaster is dependent on the dietary carbohydrate source; flies or larvae from a food medium containing starch show higher levels of activity than individuals from a food containing simple sugars. This is shown to be due to repression of activity by sugars rather than enhancement of activity by starch. Moreover, the changes in enzyme activity reflect a change in enzyme quantity rather than a change in catalytic efficiency. The seeming stimulation of amylase activity by sucrose in some experiments is due, simply, to comparisons with "starvation" diets which cause a large nonspecific reduction in enzyme activity. Though all strains tested showed repression of enzyme activity by simple sugars, the degree of repression varies between strains. Also, in those strains which carry a duplication of the amylase structural gene, the two isozymal forms of amylase can be differentially repressed by dietary sugars.     

Developmental Regulation of Amylase Activity During Fruiting of Schizophyllum commune

During the development of fruit bodies of Schizophyllum commune there is a minimum 10- to 15-fold increase in amylase activity. There is little or no activity in homokaryons or dikaryons. The activity is found early after the onset of morphogenesis and increases until the fruit bodies are mature. Inhibition studies with CO(2) indicate that the activity is directly associated with fruiting, as a change from fruiting to vegetative growth of the dikaryotic mycelium leads to a loss in activity, whereas the already formed fruit bodies show no loss. The activity is unaffected by the level of glucose in the medium. Evidence is presented, based on the mode of starch degradation and on yield and inhibition studies, that the enzyme is a glucoamylase.     

A kinetic description of antifreeze glycoprotein activity

The antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGP) of polar fish have the ability to depress the freezing temperature of water approximately 500 times the amount expected based on the number of AFGP molecules in solution; yet AFGP solutions have a purely colligative melting point depression. The difference of solution melting and freezing temperatures is the antifreeze activity of AFGP. One characteristic of AFGP activity that requires further examination is the effect of concentration on antifreeze activity, especially whether the activity saturates at high concentrations or the measured activity increases ad infinitum. This study first surveys the activity of the various antifreeze components from both Pagothenia borchgrevinki and the Arg-containing antifreeze glycoprotein from Eleginus gracilis (EgAF). It was found that all AFGP components examined have a plateau in activity at high concentration, but the actual value of the plateau activity differs between the different length AFGP components and between AFGP and EgAF. While the low molecular weight components of both AFGP and EgAF lose activity at deep supercooling, at high concentration activity is restored. The activity data is then shown to fit a reversible kinetic model of AFGP activity, and the coefficients obtained are used to compare the activity differences between AFGP components and between AFGP and EgAF. The model is also shown to describe the activity of the antifreeze protein of the fish Pseudopleuronectes americanus and the thermal hysteresis protein of the insect, Tenebrio molitor.