红腹柄天牛危害对甜槠可溶性糖含量的影响

通过对不同受害程度的甜槠韧皮部和木质部中可溶性糖含量的测定,分析了其与红腹柄天牛危害之间的关系。结果表明：在天牛取食活动的季节,不同受害程度甜槠的韧皮部和木质部可溶性糖含量不同,韧皮部的反应比木质部更加强烈;受害初期的植株,可溶性糖含量与未受害相比显著减少,这是植物受害后的一种应激反应,重度受害的植株,可溶性糖含量有所回升。     

粒肩天牛危害对杨树单宁含量的影响

粒肩天牛是福建省杨树的一种新蛀干性害虫,经对杨树受害与未受害、不同危害期、不同品系、不同危害部位单宁含量测定。结果表明：受害植株与健康植株间单宁含量差异显著;不同危害期单宁含量差异极显著,在天牛危害末期和越冬期,受害植株单宁的含量比健康植株增加;不同杨树品种单宁含量变化不同,意大利杨健康植株和受害植株的单宁含量均比欧关杨高;受害植株中远离蛀孔与蛀孔周边的单宁含量未表现出显著差异。杨树受害引起单宁含量的变化,可能是杨树受到危害后的一种应激反应的表现,具有诱导抗虫性,即通过增加单宁的含量来抵御害虫的取食。     

青杨脊虎天牛的危害与杨树氨基酸组成和含量的相关性

为了研究不同品种杨树上青杨脊虎天牛Xylotrechus rusticus L.的危害与树木氨基酸组成和含量之间的相关性,利用HPLC柱前AccQ·Tag衍生法,分析35 a小青杨、24 a 小青×黑杨、24 a 小黑杨、16 a 香杨、27 a和40 a小叶杨的韧皮部和木质部中氨基酸的组成及相对含量。在各杨树品系主干2.5 m高处,韧皮部共检测出15种氨基酸：丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、胱氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸和组氨酸;木质部氨基酸种类与韧皮部的相近,区别在于木质部缺少组氨酸,多了缬氨酸。各杨树品系韧皮部同种氨基酸的相对含量差异显著,但与青杨脊虎天牛危害株率无紧密相关性;木质部中同种氨基酸相对含量差异显著,且与青杨脊虎天牛危害株率呈显著正相关。结果提示杨树木质部氨基酸相对含量越高,越利于天牛幼虫的生长发育。小青杨中氨基酸种类齐全、含量均衡,其株被害率高达84%;小黑杨木质部氨基酸种类和相对含量都较贫乏,香杨的氨基酸种类不全,且相对含量不均衡,二者均不受青杨脊虎天牛危害。不同部位株被害率的差异与氨基酸的相对含量无关,可能与青杨脊虎天牛只在老树皮裂缝处产卵的习性有关。     

罗浮栲受红腹柄天牛为害后黄酮含量变化

应用乙醇浸提法采集受红腹柄天牛不同程度危害的罗浮栲韧皮部和叶片,测定其中黄酮的含量,并分析黄酮含量的变化与红腹柄天牛虫害为害之间的关系.结果表明,在害虫危害季节罗浮栲的韧皮部和叶部中黄酮含量随不同受害程度而不同.与未受害的相比,受轻、中度害的植株黄酮含量显著增加;在害虫休眠季节,罗浮栲黄酮的含量在不同受害程度及未受害植株间均没有显著差异,说明天牛取食为害是刺激罗浮栲产生黄酮应激反应的直接原因.     

星天牛对青皮垂柳挥发物的电生理及行为反应

【目的】考察星天牛Anoplophora chinensis对不同生理状态青皮垂柳Salix ohsidare挥发物的选择偏好性,深入探究星天牛对虫害青皮垂柳与健康青皮垂柳行为选择差异的原因。【方法】利用动态顶空吸附法,分别收集虫害和健康两种生理状态下的青皮垂柳枝条挥发物,通过气相色谱 质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对收集的挥发物样品进行鉴定与分析,采用触角电位仪(EAG)和Y型嗅觉仪分别分析星天牛对挥发物样品中鉴定的主要化合物的标准化合物的电生理以及行为反应,通过大笼行为实验和林间诱捕试验分析单一挥发性化合物及其双组分和三组分配方对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果。【结果】健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共鉴定出3种主要化合物,包括α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和樟脑,而虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中鉴定出5种主要化合物包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、β-罗勒烯和樟脑。另外虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的樟脑含量显著高于健康青皮垂柳枝条中的,3-蒈烯在两种挥发物中含量差异不显著,而健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的α-蒎烯含量显著高于虫害青皮垂柳枝条中的。EAG实验表明,星天牛成虫对α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯3种化合物的EAG反应相对值较高,并且随这3个化合物浓度的升高而逐渐增大;星天牛成虫对β-蒎烯和樟脑的EAG反应相对值差异不大,且这2个化合物浓度变化对EAG反应相对值无明显影响。Y型嗅觉仪实验表明,在1 mg/mL浓度下,α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯吸引星天牛雄成虫数量均显著高于对照组（石蜡油）,β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛雌成虫数量显著高于对照组;在10 mg/mL浓度下,3-蒈烯吸引的星天牛雄成虫数量显著高于对照组。大笼行为实验表明,三组分虫害配方D(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯∶β-罗勒烯=42∶30∶103)、α-蒎烯和β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛成虫数量最多,显著高于双组分健康配方H(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯=105∶38)和3-蒈烯吸引的成虫数量。林间诱捕试验表明,α-蒎烯和虫害配方D对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果最好,诱捕的成虫数显著高于β-罗勒烯和健康配方H诱捕的成虫数,而3-蒈烯和空白对照组没有诱捕到星天牛成虫。【结论】虫害和健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共有的α-蒎烯和虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中特有的β-罗勒烯是对星天牛成虫具有引诱作用的两种重要寄主植物挥发性化合物,而3-蒈烯抑制了α-蒎烯对星天牛成虫的引诱作用。我们推测,虫害青皮垂柳挥发物中特有的β 罗勒烯是造成虫害青皮垂柳比健康青皮垂柳更容易受到星天牛危害的原因之一。     

中国的光肩星天牛类群

该文讨论我国光肩星天牛Anoplophoraglabrlpennis(Motschulsky)类群的外部形态和外生殖器的主要鉴别特征,寄主、地理分布、起源及其演化。光肩星天牛主要分布在山西吕梁山、太行山以东的广大平原地区,寄主广泛,主要有榆、复叶槭、杨、柳、五角枫等。黄斑星天牛主要分布在秦岭以北,山西吕粱山太行山以西的陕甘宁地区,向东已扩展到河南、河北;主要为害杨树,也为害柳、榆。四川星天牛主要分布于秦岭以南的西部地区,北限在陕西太白山到甘肃天水一带;主要为害柳。在秦岭以北到天水之间是黄斑星天牛和四川星天牛的重叠分布区,山西太行山两侧南北走向的狭长地带是光肩星天牛和黄肩星天牛重叠分布区,两个狭长地带交会处,大约在秦岭以北的陕西和(或)山西境内有三个种的重叠分布区域.在云、贵、川地区广泛分布着四川星天牛,至今还没有发现光肩星天牛、黄斑星天牛和蓝角星天牛,后者应该是一个值得怀疑的种。     

树皮内含物对光肩星天牛取食与刻槽产卵量的影响

为了明确光肩星天牛补充营养阶段寄主植物树皮内含物对其取食和产卵量的影响,观察并记录室内光肩星天牛在不同寄主植物上的取食面积、尝试刻槽数、产卵数,并对5种寄主植物中几种树皮内含物进行提取测定。结果表明:光肩星天牛在不同寄主植物上的取食面积为苦楝Melia azedarach Linn.意大利杨树Populus euramevicana cv.‘I-214'垂柳Salix babylonica Linn.木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia L.白蜡Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.,尝试刻槽数为垂柳木麻黄苦楝意大利杨树白蜡,而成功产卵数则为垂柳意大利杨树苦楝木麻黄白蜡,其中苦楝、木麻黄、白蜡上的尝试刻槽数与成功产卵数差异极显著(P0.01),在垂柳上差异显著(0.01P0.05)。相关性实验测定结果表明:影响光肩星天牛的取食面积和尝试刻槽数的内含物因子包括可溶性糖、碳氮比、总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸,光肩星天牛的取食面积和尝试刻槽数与它们呈显著相关而与单宁、总酚、可溶性蛋白均无关。而成功产卵数则与所测内含物因子均无显著相关。推测适宜的碳氮比和可溶性糖含量加上高的总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸量是光肩星天牛取食产卵选择的标准。     

光肩星天牛对4种不同槭树科寄主植物的选择机制

用动态顶空采集法、TCT-GC-MS分析鉴定了复叶槭、五角枫、华北五角枫、挪威槭等4种槭树科植物挥发物的种类和相对含量,测定结果显示：4种植物的化学指纹图谱明显不同。“Y”型嗅觉行为测定结果表明,不同植物的挥发物对光肩星天牛的引诱效果不同：复叶槭对光肩星天牛的引诱效果最好,其次为五角枫,均达到了差异显著的程度,华北五角枫对光肩星天牛有引诱作用,但未达到显著程度,挪威槭对光肩星天牛既无引诱作用又无驱避作用。数据分析发现,五角枫、华北五角枫和挪威槭较复叶槭引诱作用差的原因可能与五角枫、华北五角枫中含有对光肩星天牛的驱避组分罗勒烯和反-2-己烯醇、挪威槭中含有对光肩星天牛的驱避组分（E）-1-戊烯-3-醇、反-2-己烯醇和trans-香叶基丙酮有关;在4种植物中醇类化合物、酮类和醛类化合物相对含量的排列顺序与植物的抗性顺序相同,而烷烃类和酯类化合物含量的排列顺序与植物的抗性顺序相反;复叶槭咬食程度轻的原因可能与其叶表面具有较少的表皮毛有关。     

杨树木段内光肩星天牛幼虫数量的声学检测

光肩星天牛是重要的检疫性林木害虫,由于幼虫在树干内部取食,现有的方法很难检测到幼虫的为害情况。利用声音检测技术在室内对杨树木段中不同数量的光肩星天牛幼虫产生的声音信号进行检测,结果显示:不同数量光肩星天牛幼虫产生的声音信号在时域、频域方面均无显著差异,脉冲持续时间在3-6 ms范围内;信号的频率在7235.20-7924.20 Hz范围内,且主频为7725.00 Hz。但不同数量光肩星天牛幼虫产生的声音信号的脉冲个数之间存在显著的差异(P0.05),且脉冲个数与幼虫数量之间存在线性关系,即y=13.14x-3.55(R2=0.986),利用此数量关系可以在今后的检测中判断光肩星天牛幼虫的虫口数量和危害状况。     

光肩星天牛的研究

光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis Mots.)是杨、柳等树木的重要害虫,国内自内蒙、辽宁以至广东,均可采到;在江西省发生普遍。幼虫蛀食树干韧皮部和木质部,受害树百孔千疮,严重地阻碍正常生长,降低材质和工艺价值,甚至造成整枝整株枯死或风折等现象。此虫在华北地区,已有研究报导,长江以南尚无人注意。作者等从1960年起对此虫进行了系统观察,现将所得结果,整理介绍如下。     

Environmental contamination with Metarhizium anisopliae from fungal bands for control of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Our objective was to determine whether conidia from non-woven fiber bands impregnated with Metarhizium anisopliae F 52 could be spread to other parts of the environment, and whether Anoplophora glabripennis could become infected with conidia dispersed from fungal bands. In the field, bands containing M. anisopliae were hung at 3 m height on 15 trees. Bark samples were taken 10, 20, and 30 cm above the bands and 10, 30, and 60 cm below the bands 2, 5, and 9 days after band placement to quantify conidial densities. There were more conidia in samples taken below bands compared with samples taken above bands. A significant positive correlation was found between rainfall and the occurrence of conidia on any of the bark samples. A laboratory study was conducted to determine whether conidia from M. anisopliae fungal bands could be spread to other parts of the environment by A. glabripennis adults and whether A. glabripennis could become infected by conidia dispersed from fungal bands. One or five adult A. glabripennis were used to contaminate artificial environments with conidia. All adults subsequently exposed to contaminated environments were killed by fungal infection. Beetles exposed to environments that had been contaminated by five beetles died in fewer days compared with environments contaminated by one beetle. Beetles in both density treatments died in fewer days than beetles exposed to environments without M. anisopliae conidia. Our results indicate that environmental contamination with conidia from fungal bands can occur, and that adult A. glabripennis can acquire infection from a contaminated environment.     

鄂尔多斯高原3个水土保持树种的水分利用策略

为了解植物对环境的适应对策,通过测定鄂尔多斯高原东部丘陵区3个水土保持树种沙棘、油松和山杏的枝条木质部水和各潜在水源的δ¹⁸O值及叶片的δ¹³C值,应用多元线性混合模型分析各潜在水源的贡献比例,分析3个树种水分来源和水分利用效率的季节动态和种间差异。结果表明: 沙棘、油松和山杏在5月主要利用10 cm深度土壤水,分别占其总水源比例的88.5%、94.0%和91.6%。7月,沙棘主要利用10～25 cm土层土壤水和雨水,比例为44.6%和35.4%;油松主要利用雨水,比例为93.7%;山杏主要利用25～100 cm土层土壤水和雨水,比例分别为55.9%和36.8%。9月,沙棘主要利用25 cm深度和75～100 cm土层土壤水,比例为88.9%;油松主要利用10 cm和50～75 cm土层土壤水,比例为84.5%;山杏利用10～100 cm土层土壤水。5月沙棘的水分利用效率显著高于7月和9月。7月油松的水分利用效率显著高于9月。5月和7月沙棘的水分利用效率显著高于油松和山杏。3个树种在不同季节根据不同水源的可利用性,选择利用不同深度的土壤水或雨水。沙棘和油松干旱时能够提高水分利用效率适应环境变化,可能比山杏更适应当地的半干旱环境。     

Oviposition preference of Anthocoris nemoralis and A. nemorum (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on pear leaves affected by leaf damage, honeydew and prey

Anthocorids are important predators of insect pests in pome fruit. Their choice of oviposition site determines the later distribution of nymphs. In two-choice experiments it was tested whether A. nemorum and A. nemoralis would show oviposition preference with regard to simulated insect damage, mimicked by piercing leaves with a fine pin, and whether the oviposition preference of A. nemoralis was affected by the presence of honeydew or eggs of their prey C. pyri. Leaves with simulated damage were preferred by A. nemoralis, but this was not the case for A. nemorum. Honeydew-treated leaves attracted more oviposition than honeydew-free leaves. On honeydew-treated leaves significantly more eggs were laid on the surface where honeydew had been applied, rather than the opposite. When C. pyri eggs were placed along the abaxial midvein, prey infestation attracted more oviposition. On the infested leaf more eggs were laid near the prey along the abaxial midvein than along the adaxial midvein. In contrast, when prey was placed along the adaxial midvein, no overall preference was found for prey-infested leaves, but on infested leaves, more eggs were laid near the prey along the adaxial midvein than along the abaxial midvein. Results showed that prey cues and presence of prey guide predator oviposition, even within the single leaf. The perspectives for biological control in orchards are discussed.     

亚热带丘岗区经果林种植对红壤团聚体稳定性的影响

团聚体稳定性特征对评价经果林种植区内水土环境状况具有重要意义。为探究经果林类型对林下土壤团聚体结构及稳定性的影响,选取湖南北部丘岗区5年生黄桃、梨树、桔树、油茶和猕猴桃5种经果林下0～50 cm土层土壤为研究对象,采用沙维诺夫法量化分析各经果林下土壤团聚体含量、分布特征和稳定性指标的差异。结果表明: 土壤团聚体中大部分为机械稳定性团聚体,含量均在92.3%以上;经湿筛法处理后,油茶水稳性团聚体以>2 mm粒径为主,占总量的55.9%,0.25～2 mm粒径团聚体是黄桃、梨树、桔树和猕猴桃土壤的优势粒级,含量均在43.6%以上;5种经果林平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)分布范围分别为1.10～3.19 mm和0.61～2.28 mm,团聚体结构破坏率(PAD)和分形维数(D)分布范围分别为2.9%～37.3%和2.30～2.68;随土层深度增加,黄桃、油茶、猕猴桃下土壤团聚体稳定性变差,MWD和GMD分别降低了1.7%～57.7%和4.5%～65.8%,PAD和D分别增加了0.4%～17.3%和1.6%～11.1%;经果林类型对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响随着土层深度的增加而减小。综合各稳定性指标,5种经果林下团聚体稳定性顺序为油茶>猕猴桃>梨树>桔树>黄桃;经果林类型主要通过影响大粒径团聚体含量来提高土壤结构稳定性。从改良土壤团聚体分布及稳定性方面考虑,建议在亚热带丘岗区经果林种植过程中优先考虑油茶,其次为猕猴桃;黄桃种植可能造成土壤团聚度降低,在种植中需考虑土壤流失的防护措施。本研究结果可为亚热带丘岗区经果林的开发利用及生态治理提供一定的理论依据和应用指导。     

Improved dry-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes resistant to insect pests

Thirty-five mostly dry-fleshed sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Convolvulaceae), genotypes from the USDA-ARS/Clemson University sweetpotato breeding program were evaluated in nine field experiments at the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, from 1998 to 2004. There were highly significant entry effects for percentage of uninjured roots; wireworm, Diabrotica, and Systena (WDS) index; percentage of roots damaged by sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers); percentage of roots damaged by sweetpotato flea beetle, Chaetocnema confinis Crotch); and percentage of roots damaged by white grub larvae (primarily Plectris aliena Chapin). The susceptible control, 'SC1149-19', had a significantly lower percentage of uninjured roots, a significantly higher WDS rating, and higher percentage infestations of flea beetle, grubs, and sweetpotato weevils than all other sweetpotato entries in this study. Twenty-seven genotypes had significantly less insect damage than 'Beauregard', the leading commercial orange-fleshed cultivar in the United States. In addition, 11 genotypes had significantly less insect injury than 'Picadito', a commercial boniato-type sweetpotato grown extensively in southern Florida. Overall, no genotypes were more resistant to soil insect pests than the resistant checks 'Sumor' and 'Regal'. Many of the advanced dry-flesh sweetpotato genotypes had high levels of resistance to soil insect pests, and they represent a useful source of advanced germplasm for use in sweetpotato breeding programs.     

紫花苜蓿和斜茎黄耆水力提升作用及其对伴生植物的效应

为探讨紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)及斜茎黄耆(沙打旺, Astragalus laxmannii)与禾本科牧草混播后的水力提升现象, 揭示深、浅根性牧草的种间关系, 为混播草地的建植提供理论依据, 该研究开展了室外“上下盆”分根盆栽试验、采用土壤水分测定及“重水” (D₂O, 氘(D)含量>99.9%)标记法估算了苜蓿及斜茎黄耆分别与‘冬牧70’黑麦(Secale cereal ‘Dongmu 70’)不同混播比例(豆科:禾本科分别为3:7、5:5、7:3)条件下水力提升的发生情况及其对伴生牧草生长生理性状的影响。结果表明: ‘冬牧70’黑麦与斜茎黄耆混播后的产量显著高于其与紫花苜蓿混播后的产量, 同一种禾豆牧草混播组合不同混播比例中, 以AC2 (紫花苜蓿:‘冬牧70’黑麦为5:5)和BC3 (斜茎黄耆:‘冬牧70’黑麦为7:3)混播组合的总产量最高。不同单混播组合的单株整个生育期内日均提水量存在显著差异, 两种豆科牧草在混播时日均提水量均高于单播时, 斜茎黄耆单混播时的日均提水量显著高于紫花苜蓿, BC2组合(斜茎黄耆:‘冬牧70’黑麦为5:5)的日均提水量高于其他混播组合。在用标记水处理下盆土壤后, 各组合上下盆土壤水氢稳定同位素比率(δD)值显著升高。不同禾豆牧草组合上盆土壤水δD及禾本科牧草茎秆水δD、整株碳同位素分辨率(Δ¹³C)和产量数据表明, 在斜茎黄耆与‘冬牧70’黑麦混播比例为3:7、紫花苜蓿与‘冬牧70’黑麦混播比例为5:5时, 禾本科牧草水分状况或产量好于其他混播比例。以上结果表明, 两种深浅根豆科牧草与浅根性禾本科牧草混播种植时发生了水力提升现象, 两种豆科牧草提升的水分可以被伴生的禾本科牧草所吸收利用。     

Hydraulic lift of Medicago sativa and Astragalus laxmannii and its effect on their neighborhood plants

为探讨紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)及斜茎黄耆(沙打旺, Astragalus laxmannii)与禾本科牧草混播后的水力提升现象, 揭示深、浅根性牧草的种间关系, 为混播草地的建植提供理论依据, 该研究开展了室外“上下盆”分根盆栽试验、采用土壤水分测定及“重水” (D₂O, 氘(D)含量>99.9%)标记法估算了苜蓿及斜茎黄耆分别与‘冬牧70’黑麦(Secale cereal ‘Dongmu 70’)不同混播比例(豆科:禾本科分别为3:7、5:5、7:3)条件下水力提升的发生情况及其对伴生牧草生长生理性状的影响。结果表明: ‘冬牧70’黑麦与斜茎黄耆混播后的产量显著高于其与紫花苜蓿混播后的产量, 同一种禾豆牧草混播组合不同混播比例中, 以AC2 (紫花苜蓿:‘冬牧70’黑麦为5:5)和BC3 (斜茎黄耆:‘冬牧70’黑麦为7:3)混播组合的总产量最高。不同单混播组合的单株整个生育期内日均提水量存在显著差异, 两种豆科牧草在混播时日均提水量均高于单播时, 斜茎黄耆单混播时的日均提水量显著高于紫花苜蓿, BC2组合(斜茎黄耆:‘冬牧70’黑麦为5:5)的日均提水量高于其他混播组合。在用标记水处理下盆土壤后, 各组合上下盆土壤水氢稳定同位素比率(δD)值显著升高。不同禾豆牧草组合上盆土壤水δD及禾本科牧草茎秆水δD、整株碳同位素分辨率(Δ¹³C)和产量数据表明, 在斜茎黄耆与‘冬牧70’黑麦混播比例为3:7、紫花苜蓿与‘冬牧70’黑麦混播比例为5:5时, 禾本科牧草水分状况或产量好于其他混播比例。以上结果表明, 两种深浅根豆科牧草与浅根性禾本科牧草混播种植时发生了水力提升现象, 两种豆科牧草提升的水分可以被伴生的禾本科牧草所吸收利用。     

典型黑土区主要树种根系构型特征及其对固土能力的影响

为量化典型黑土区主要树种根系构型特征,探究其对固土能力的影响,以该区分布较广的榆叶梅、小叶锦鸡儿、白桦、糖槭、红皮云杉、樟子松单株个体为研究对象,采用全根挖掘和WinRHIZO Pro LA2004分析系统相结合对其根系空间分布、几何形态、分形等特征进行测定,同时采用原位整株根系拉拔的方法量化根系垂直拉拔力。结果表明: 榆叶梅以倾斜根为主,小叶锦鸡儿、白桦、糖槭和红皮云杉以水平根为主,樟子松根系在水平和垂直分布上较为均衡;除白桦总根表面积和红皮云杉总根长外,灌木树种总根长、总根表面积显著大于乔木,落叶阔叶乔木总根长、总根表面积显著大于针叶常绿乔木,白桦总根体积显著大于小叶锦鸡儿、糖槭、红皮云杉和樟子松;榆叶梅、小叶锦鸡儿和白桦根系分形维数和分形丰度显著大于红皮云杉和樟子松;榆叶梅、小叶锦鸡儿和糖槭整株根系平均最大垂直拉拔力显著大于白桦、樟子松和红皮云杉。主要受根系总根长、总根表面积和倾斜根数量的影响,榆叶梅、小叶锦鸡儿和糖槭根系表现出较强的固土能力,可作为典型黑土区水土保持植被构建中优先选择的树种。     

Loss of innovative traits underlies multiple origins of Aquilegia ecalcarata

Traits are basic attributes of organisms that form the basis for speciation and diversity. The floral nectar spur is a classic example of a key innovative trait. Differences in nectar spur morphology can lead to pollinator specialization and thereby promote reproductive isolation between species. Despite its importance, the nectar spur has been lost in some members of the columbine genus (Aquilegia), resulting in a new spurless trait, and the evolutionary influence of this trait has become a topic of scientific interest. Aquilegia ecalcarata is an important representative columbine species that lacks spurs. Here, we resequenced the genomes of 324 individuals from A. ecalcarata and four related species. We found that A. ecalcarata was divided into three groups based on the phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structures. Topology weighting analysis revealed that A. ecalcarata has multiple origins, and Patterson′s D statistic showed that the spurless trait may have one origin. Floral morphological analysis revealed significant differences between A. ecalcarata and its spurred sister groups, and the floral phenotypes of the three A. ecalcarata groups have identical or similar floral phenotypes. Our results confirmed that the spurless trait not only produced the phenotype of A. ecalcarata but also contributed to the emergence of the A. rockii phenotype. Moreover, the spurless trait promoted the divergence between A. ecalcarata and its close, spurred relatives. Our research shows that the loss of key innovative traits can play a very important role in speciation and species diversity.     

Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expressed in a baculovirus system

Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (hMCP-1) was produced using a baculovirus system. The hMCP-1 cDNA was inserted into the genomic DNA of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) using a transfer vector, pJVP10Z. Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells, which were infected with this recombinant virus, secreted recombinant hMCP-1 (re-hMCP-1) at the level of 10–20 μg/ml of culture medium. This product was shown to chemoattract monocytes. Three distinct bands of 11,11.5 and 12 kDa were revealed by immunoblotting analysis, and this heterogeneity was assigned to differences in carbohydrate processing. N-terminal amino-acid sequence analysis of the purified product revealed identity with hMCP-1. Thus, in this system, re-hMCP-1 was produced in large quantities and modified in a manner similar to native hMCP-1.