封面照片

正照片示在荔枝Litchi chinensis花穗静息的荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa(半翅目:蝽科)成虫。该虫是传播龙眼鬼帚病病原体的传病介体昆虫,以若虫及成虫为害荔枝龙眼果树,在中国南方及东南亚地区危害严重。本期报道了荔枝蝽生物学,触角和臭腺,预测预报及防治研究进展综述(pp. 645-654)。照片由全林发于2021年3月摄于广东省广州市白云区钟落谭荔枝龙眼实验基地。     

荔枝蝽成虫对其臭腺分泌物组分的触角电生理和行为反应

培养皿生物测定结果表明,荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa(Drury)臭腺分泌物的乙醚提取物对成虫有显著的驱避作用.气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析结果表明,荔枝蝽雌雄成虫臭腺乙醚提取物中具有5种挥发性物质,即(E)-2-辛烯醛、十一烷、十二烷、十三烷及一个未知组分.荔枝蝽对(E)-2-辛烯醛、十一烷、十二烷与十三烷这4种组分的触角电生理(EAG)反应结果表明,这些化合物均能引起荔枝蝽成虫的EAG反应,其中(E)-2-辛烯醛引起雌雄成虫触角的反应最强,分别为0.50 mV与0.4 mV;"Y"型嗅觉仪生测结果表明,(E)-2-辛烯醛对荔枝蝽成虫能产生极显著的驱避作用(P <0.01).可见,荔枝蝽成虫臭腺分泌物对荔枝蝽具有显著的生物活性,可望通过进一步研究应用于荔枝蝽的防控体系.     

荔枝蝽传播龙眼鬼帚病的研究

荔枝蝽2龄以内若虫不会传病．3,4和5龄若虫及成虫均会传病．获毒着虫蜕皮后的高一龄若虫或羽化后的成虫不经再饲毒也能传病．荔枝蝽在田间的传病虫态主要是成虫,龙眼鬼帚病原病毒在成虫体内的循回期为4天(或短于4天）至34天．生产上治虫防病的关键时期是越冬成虫恢复活动,进入交尾产卵期和春夏之交若虫盛发期开展化防。把荔枝蝽防治在羽化传病之前．     

齿缘刺猎蝽生活史及其生物学特性

齿缘刺猎蝽是国内广泛分布的一种捕食性天敌昆虫,能捕食多种农林业害虫。为了充分利用该虫,我们对齿缘刺猎蝽的生活史、形态特征和行为进行了研究。结果表明,齿缘刺猎蝽在湖南一年发生一代,以成虫越冬;5月份产卵,若虫4龄,初孵若虫黄褐色,2-4龄若虫由黄绿色到淡绿色,4龄若虫可见明显白色翅芽,8月份羽化为成虫,成虫灰褐色。各龄若虫和成虫体表均分布有较多棘或刺。成虫平均寿命长达312.5 d,不太活跃,有一定的飞行能力,取食和交配的时间较长,整个产卵期产卵量为每头雌虫35-41粒。     

南亚大眼长蝽和西沙大眼长蝽的捕食功能研究

【目的】研究海南本土长蝽类天敌昆虫对三亚瓜菜上主要害虫的捕食潜力,为天敌昆虫的田间应用提供基础依据。【方法】在室内不同温度条件下,当南亚大眼长蝽Geocoris ochropterus Fieber和西沙大眼长蝽Geocoris xishaensis与不同害虫共存时,统计2种长蝽分别对普通大蓟马Megalurothrips usitatus Bagrall、豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch、叶蝉Cicadellidae和露尾甲Haptonchus luteolus的取食偏好性,评估2种天敌对主要猎物普通大蓟马的捕食能力。【结果】与蚜虫、叶蝉和露尾甲相比,2种长蝽对普通大蓟马具有较强的捕食偏好性,且对普通大蓟马成虫捕食偏好性高于蓟马若虫。在不同温度的条件下比较2种长蝽对普通大蓟马的捕食量,结果表明28℃是2种长蝽的最佳捕食温度,南亚大眼长蝽雌虫、雄虫、4-5龄若虫和2-3龄若虫对普通大蓟马的最高日捕食量分别为（49.18±8.71）、（47.23±7.81）、（43.60±10.29）和（30.10±4.65）头/d;西沙大眼长蝽雌虫、雄虫、4-5龄若虫和2-3龄若虫对普通大蓟马的日捕食量分别达到（33.37±3.89）、（32.65±5.12）、（23.87±2.37）和（27.36±3.19）头/d。【结论】南亚大眼长蝽和西沙大眼长蝽成虫和若虫对瓜菜上主要害虫均具有一定的捕食潜力,无论成虫还是若虫对普通大蓟马具有最高的捕食倾向性,且雌成虫对普通大蓟马成虫的捕食能力最强。研究结果为将来2种海南本地长蝽的田间防控应用奠定基础。     

几种杀虫剂防治荔枝蝽的应用效果及其评价

为了筛选出对荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa高效低毒低投入的药剂,在室内采用喷雾法初步测定了16种常用杀虫剂对荔枝蝽成虫的活性,进一步测定了辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈等3种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫、1龄若虫和2龄若虫的室内毒力,并开展了3种杀虫剂对荔枝蝽的田间防效试验。室内毒力结果表明：甲氰菊酯、杀虫双、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、哒螨灵、茚虫威、虫螨腈、多杀霉素、乙基多杀霉素、灭蝇胺、异丙威等11种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫活性较低,辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽有较高的杀虫活性,3种药剂对成虫72 h后的LC50分别为102.32、226.88和207.59 mg/L,对1龄若虫分别为42.41、120.90和87.59 mg/L,对2龄若虫分别为62.65、180.20和148.75 mg/L。在田间防效试验中,辛硫磷对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d的防效高达82.46%;氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d防效达89.23%,药后7 d防效维持在85.03%;丁醚脲对荔枝蝽成虫的最高防效为71.63%,与高效氯氟氰菊酯的防效相当。辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈的防效投入比分别为9.68、36.25和176.41。辛硫磷投入低、速效性好且光解快,可作为防治荔枝蝽的应急药剂使用,氟啶虫胺腈和丁醚脲防效较好,但投入高,可作为对荔枝蝽有重要潜在研究价值的药剂。     

叉角厉蝽触角转录组及嗅觉相关基因分析

叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellata是一种在生物防治方面有重要作用和潜力的捕食性天敌昆虫,触角是昆虫进行信息交换的重要器官,而嗅觉相关基因则是调控天敌昆虫捕食行为的重要分子基础。为获得叉角厉蝽触角转录组数据库,挖掘叉角厉蝽嗅觉相关基因,本研究利用Illumina高通量测序平台对叉角厉蝽雌雄成虫与5龄若虫触角进行转录组测序。成功构建了叉角厉蝽触角转录组,获得了67 843条unigenes,N50长度为2 300 bp。与七大公共数据库比对注释到27 686条unigenes,其中NR数据库注释最多(33.33%),且与茶翅蝽Halyomorpha halys相似度最高(64.20%)。14 258条注释到GO数据库中,分为生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能3个大类42个亚类;KEGG代谢途径分析表明,7 703条形成282条代谢通路,其中被注释在信号传导通路中的unigenes最多(11.50%)。进一步基因注释分析,鉴定得到134个候选嗅觉相关基因,32个化学感应蛋白基因(Chemosensory protein genes,CSP),10个气味结合蛋白基因(Odorant binding protein genes,OBP),21个气味受体基因(Gustatory receptor genes,GR),48个嗅觉受体基因(Olfactory receptor genes,OR),17个离子型受体基因(Ionotropic receptor genes,IR),6个感觉神经元膜蛋白基因(Sensory neuron membrane protein genes,SNMP)。通过比较叉角厉蝽5龄若虫、雌雄成虫触角转录组,共筛选出7 324个差异表达基因,分析发现5龄若虫与成虫间的差异表达基因较多,雌雄成虫之间差异表达基因较少;利用FPKM值对OBP与CSP基因进行表达量分析发现,大部分OBP与CSP的表达量在雌雄间差异不大,而若虫与成虫相比基因表达量差异较大,除少部分基因在5龄若虫中高表达外,其余大部分基因均在雌雄成虫间高表达。本研究获得了叉角厉蝽触角转录组数据,并鉴定出候选嗅觉相关基因,结果为进一步研究叉角厉蝽的嗅觉感受机制及昆虫化学生态奠定分子基础。     

南方小花蝽触角感器的扫描电镜观察

南方小花蝽Orius similis Zheng捕食能力较强,对田间多种小型害虫有明显的控制作用,是一类重要的捕食性天敌。本文利用扫描电镜分别对新羽化的南方小花蝽雌、雄成虫和5龄若虫的触角形态和感器进行了观察。结果发现,南方小花蝽雌、雄成虫以及5龄若虫触角均为线状,共4节,分为柄节、梗节和鞭节。触角上共有5种感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、具弯钩形感器和耳形感器,其中毛形、刺形感器各有2个类型,耳形感器是首次在蝽类昆虫触角上发现。雌、雄成虫的触角存在性二型现象,雄成虫触角感器数量明显多于雌成虫;若虫的感器类型及数量比成虫少。不同类型的感器在触角各节上的数量与分布各不相同。本文以期深入了解其化学感受系统,为揭示南方小花蝽的寄主选择行为机制提供基础。     

桉树翘喀木虱的生物学及其防治

桉树翘喀木虱以成虫和若虫刺吸桉树新梢嫩叶,严重时造成新梢枯死,影响树木的生长、发育。该虫在福建闽南1 a发生6代,若虫5龄,以若虫在嫩梢叶腋和当年新萌未展开新叶中越冬。越冬代历期193-230 d,其他世代历期46-52 d。该虫具有明显趋嫩性。采用不同药剂防治试验表明,阿维菌素、吡虫啉、辛灭利、爱诺虫清、尿洗合剂等药剂对桉树翘喀木虱均具有较高的防治效果,1.8%阿维菌素乳油1500-3000倍稀释液、5%吡虫啉1000-2000倍稀释液以及洗衣粉、尿素、水按0.2∶0.1∶200混合液防治效果均在90%以上,但阿维菌素、尿素与洗衣粉更生态环保,适宜推广应用。     

叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是2019年新入侵我国的重大农业害虫,已对我国的农作物产生严重为害,筛选、利用本地天敌控制草地贪夜蛾是实现可持续控制的一个重要途径。叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)是一种广泛分布于热带、亚热带地区的捕食性天敌,是许多鳞翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目害虫的潜在生防因子。本文采用捕食功能反应方法评价了叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食效能。研究结果表明,叉角厉蝽3龄、5龄若虫以及雌、雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄及5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ方程。在饱和猎物密度条件下,叉角厉蝽各虫态对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的平均日最大捕食量依次为32.20头(5龄若虫)19.40头(雌成虫)18.20头(雄成虫)6.60头(3龄若虫),a/Th值(a为瞬时攻击率,Th为处置单头猎物时间)为82.25(5龄若虫)40.39(雌成虫)36.12(雄成虫)17.19(3龄若虫);叉角厉蝽各虫态对草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的平均日最大捕食量依次为7.80头(5龄若虫)6.40头(雌成虫)5.50头(雄成虫)4.60头(3龄若虫),a/Th值为11.36(5龄若虫)10.75(雌成虫)9.63(雄成虫)7.45(3龄若虫)。本研究表明叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具较强的捕食能力,尤其是5龄若虫、雌成虫和雄成虫。研究结果为利用叉角厉蝽防控草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据,也为其田间释放应用提供技术支撑。     

荔枝龙眼卷叶蛾科害虫及其防控研究进展

荔枝龙眼卷叶蛾是荔枝龙眼生产中的重要害虫防控对象,该类害虫幼虫取食寄主植物的嫩梢、叶片、花穗和幼果,在中国南方及东南亚地区危害严重.目前针对该虫的防治措施以化学防治为主,但是化学农药的滥用造成的问题众多,迫切需要研发推广绿色且高效的防控技术.目前荔枝龙眼卷叶蛾研究不够深入,而且关于危害较多且寡食性的圆角卷叶蛾Eboda cellerigera Meyrick和灰白卷叶蛾Argyroploce aprobola Meyrick的研究尚无报道.本文总结了荔枝龙眼卷叶蛾科害虫的种类和发生危害情况,论述了三角新小卷叶蛾Olethreutes leucaspis Meyrick和荔枝异形卷叶蛾Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Lower等6种主要优势种的研究概况.此外,本文还从农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和化学防治四个方面对该类害虫防治技术研究进展进行了描述,对该类害虫研究前景进行了展望,旨在为其相关的研究及综合防控新技术的研发提供参考.     

Morphology and Volatile Compounds of Metathoracic Scent Gland in Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae)

Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae) is a serious insect pest of litchi and longan in South China. When disturbed, this insect could release large quantities of disagreeable odorous volatiles from its scent gland. Knowledge on the scent gland and its secretion is crucial for developing the semiochemical methods to manage this pest. Morphology and ultrastructure of the metathoracic scent glands (MTGs) were studied under stereo and scanning electron microscopy, and the volatile compounds of MTGs from both male and female T. papillosa were analyzed with coupled gas chromatography?Cmass spectrometry (GC?CMS). The MTG complex is located between the metathorax and the first abdominal segment at the ventral surface of the insect, which has a well-developed single double valve cystic-shaped orange median reservoir, paired colorless lateral glands in both sides, and a long and wavy tubular accessory gland that inlays tightly into the ventral edge around the median reservoir. The MTG opens to the body surface through paired ostioles located between the meso- and metacoxae of the evaporatorium with mushroom bodies. The GC?CMS analyses showed that female and male adults have nine major volatile components in common. Tridecane is the most abundant in both females and males, reaching up to 47.1% and 51.8% of relative amount, respectively. The minor component is benzophenone with only 0.28% and 0.14%. Furthermore, undecane, tetradecane, 3-methyl-tridecane, and cyclopentadecane were found only in males. The possible function of volatile compounds of MTG contents in T. papillosa is addressed.     

Antennal sensilla of male and female of the nut weevil,Curculio nucum Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The nut weevil, Curculio nucum (Linnaeus, 1758), is the main pest in hazelnut orchards (Corylus avellana L.). Semiochemicals are interesting bio control tools that could be used to manipulate the pest behaviour and to control pest populations. The study of the sensorial equipment of the insect antennae provides information on the importance of olfaction in the adult life for host plants and mate findings as well as on the putative other senses. Before electrophysiological investigation, the knowledge of antennae equipment is also necessary. The aim of this study is to determine the types, number and location of sensilla on the antennae of male and female adult C. nucum in order to determine their implication in seeking a sexual partner and a host plant. The 12-segmented antenna comprises a scape, a 7-segmented funicle and a 4-segmented club. Out of the nine sensillum types listed, three are present on the scape and the funicle and seven types on the club which gathers 71–73% of the total of sensilla. Tactile aporous sensilla chaetica C1, gustatory uniporous sensilla chaetica C2, olfactory multiporous sensilla basiconica B1 and B2 are found on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the club in both sexes. Thermo-hygroreceptive dome-shaped sensilla D, olfactory multiporous sensilla basiconica B3 and olfactory multiporous fluted sensilla basiconica F are found exclusively on the ventral surface of the club, suggesting that these sensilla are utilized in host plant acceptance during antennal tapping. The sexual dimorphism concerns only the numbers of sensilla chaetica C1 and sensilla basiconica B2.     

Non-host plant extracts reduce oviposition of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and enhance parasitism by its parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Botanical preparations, usually from non-host plants, can be used to manipulate the behaviour of insect pests and their natural enemies. In this study, the effects of extracts of Chrysanthemum morifolium, a non-host plant of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), on the olfactory and oviposition responses of this phytophagous insect and on levels of parasitism by its specialist parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) were examined, using Chinese cabbage Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis as the test host plant. Olfactometer tests showed that volatiles of chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants were less attractive to P. xylostella females than those from untreated host plants; and in contrast, volatiles of the chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants were more attractive to females of its parasitoid C. plutellae than those from untreated host plants. Oviposition preference tests showed that P. xylostella females laid only a small proportion of their eggs on chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants, while ovipositing parasitoid females parasitized a much higher proportion of host larvae feeding on the treated host plants than on untreated host plants. These results suggest that certain non-host plant compounds, when applied onto a host plant, may render the plant less attractive to a phytophagous insect but more attractive to its parasitoids. Application of such non-host plant compounds can be explored to develop push-pull systems to reduce oviposition by a pest insect and at the same time enhance parasitism by its parasitoids in crops.     

龙眼园害虫群落结构与动态研究

研究结果表明,龙眼害虫群落包括8目38科62种,其中为害较严重的有10多种。荔枝蝽蟓、龙眼角颊木虱、荔枝蒂蛀虫、龙眼亥麦蛾、荔枝尖细蛾和三角新小卷蛾为害尤为严重,是龙眼害虫的关键物种。这些害虫直接影响龙眼的产量和质量,是生产上防治的重点。龙眼害虫群落的生物多样性指数全年变动范围为0．0919—2．2938,均匀度指数全年变动范围为0．0837—0．8273。总体上分析,龙眼害虫群落优势种的优势地位明显,生态优势度大,在药剂防治实践中,应该注意保护果园昆虫天敌和蜘蛛类等有益生物,保护果园生物多样性,达到害虫可持续控制目的。     

学习经历在平腹小蜂寄主选择过程中的作用

研究了已经交配与未经交配的平腹小蜂在羽化后不同时间对中间寄主柞蚕卵信息记忆的持效性,比较了经学习训练与未经学习训练的平腹小蜂在不同时间对其自然寄主荔枝蝽卵和中间寄主柞蚕卵的选择性。结果表明：交配过的平腹小蜂在大量羽化后96h检验柞蚕卵的时间和数量都显著增多,而未经交配的平腹小蜂在此时搜索寄主的时间也显著延长,说明平腹小蜂在此时对柞蚕卵信息的记忆开始明显减弱。经学习训练的和未经学习训练的平腹小蜂在大量羽化后96h对荔枝蝽卵的第一选择数和刺卵数都明显提高,并且前者较后者在各个时段对荔枝蝽卵的第一选择数、检验卵数以及刺卵数都多,说明经学习训练的平腹小蜂对荔枝蝽卵的趋性较高,并且随着时间的延长受柞蚕卵信息的干扰逐渐减小,对荔枝蝽卵的学习效果不断增强。     

Insect-resistant transgenic plants in a multi-trophic context

So far, genetic engineering of plants in the context of insect pest control has involved insertion of genes that code for toxins, and may be characterized as the incorporation of biopesticides into classical plant breeding. In the context of pesticide usage in pest control, natural enemies of herbivores have received increasing attention, because carnivorous arthropods are an important component of insect pest control. However, in plant breeding programmes, natural enemies of herbivores have largely been ignored, although there are many examples that show that plant breeding affects the effectiveness of biological control. Negative influences of modified plant characteristics on carnivorous arthropods may induce population growth of new, even more harmful pest species that had no pest status prior to the pesticide treatment. Sustainable pest management will only be possible when negative effects on non-target, beneficial arthropods are minimized. In this review, we summarize the effects of insect-resistant crops and insect-resistant transgenic crops, especially Bt crops, from a food web perspective. As food web components, we distinguish target herbivores, non-target herbivores, pollinators, parasitoids and predators. Below-ground organisms such as Collembola, nematodes and earthworms should also be included in risk assessment studies, but have received little attention. The toxins produced in Bt plants retain their toxicity when bound to the soil, so accumulation of these toxins is likely to occur. Earthworms ingest the bound toxins but are not affected by them. However, earthworms may function as intermediaries through which the toxins are passed on to other trophic levels. In studies where effects of insect-resistant (Bt) plants on natural enemies were considered, positive, negative and no effects have been found. So far, most studies have concentrated on natural enemies of target herbivores. However, Bt toxins are structurally rearranged when they bind to midgut receptors, so that they are likely to lose their toxicity inside target herbivores. What happens to the toxins in non-target herbivores, and whether these herbivores may act as intermediaries through which the toxins may be passed on to the natural enemies, remains to be studied.     

THE NATURAL CONTROL EFFECT OF EGG PARA-SITOIDS ON LITCHI STINK BUG TESSARATOMA PAPILLOSA (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN LITCHI ORCHARD

Abstract  The distribution of eggs of the litchi stink bug Tessaratoma papillosa Drury was observed. By marking the eggs of T. papillosa in an integrated pest managed litchi orchard and in an orchard with chemical control, respectively, the control effect of the egg parasitoids on T. papillosa in the two kinds of licthi orchards was investigated in Guangzhou in 1996. The female T. papillosa began to oviposit in mid-March and laid eggs vigorously from early April to early June, and then successively entered the declining stage of oviposition in 1996 in Guangzhou. 86% of the litchi stink bug eggs were laid in the peak period of oviposion. Two egg parasitoids, Anastatus japonicus and Ooencyrtus phongi , were obtained in the integrated managed litchi orchard. The rate of eggs parasitized by A. japonicus and O. phongi attained to 3.2% -18.4% and 3.2%-30.4%, respectively. The united attack of the two parasitoid wasps destroyed 30.6% - 47% host eggs in the middle and late stages of T. papillosa oviposition. Only A. japonicus was collected in the chemical controlled litchi orchard and the percentage of eggs parasitized by this wasp was only 0.2% -2.8%.