福州郊区美洲斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇寄主植物初步名录

本记录了福州郊区美洲斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇寄主植物的初步名录。发现该地区美洲斑潜蝇可取食20科85种植物,南美斑潜蝇可取食20科73种。最后讨论了这两种斑潜蝇的主要寄主作物和杂草,并提出套种和清除田间杂草的农防措施;斑潜蝇的适应性很强,寄主范围正逐步扩大,应密切关注其动态。     

六种植物叶片中葫芦素B对美洲斑潜蝇寄主选择性的影响

在网室条件下 ,测定了美洲斑潜蝇对豇豆、苦瓜、黄瓜、白瓜、节瓜和丝瓜的寄主选择性。结果表明 ,美洲斑潜蝇在 6种不同植物叶片上的幼虫数、虫道数和为害程度具有明显的差异。从幼虫数和为害程度综合分析 ,美洲斑潜蝇在豇豆和丝瓜上的幼虫数、为害程度最高 ,分别是 0 .183头 / cm2 ,13.4 7%和 0 .0 99头 / cm2 ,2 3.4 2 % ,表明该虫对豇豆和丝瓜的选择性最强。在苦瓜上没有美洲斑潜蝇的幼虫寄生及取食虫道。该虫对其它 3种植物的选择性依次为节瓜、白瓜和黄瓜。在此基础上 ,进一步研究了不同植物叶片甲醇提取物中葫芦素 B的含量与美洲斑潜蝇寄主选择性的关系。经高效液相色谱 (HPL C)测定 ,苦瓜中的葫芦素 B含量最高 (2 3.8μg/ ml) ,其次是黄瓜 (9.6 μg/ ml)、白瓜 (4 .3μg/ ml)、豇豆 (2 .7μg/ ml)和节瓜 (2 .5 μg/ m l) ,丝瓜中含量最少 ,仅为1.3μg/ ml。分析结果证实不同植物叶中的葫芦素 B含量与其幼虫数呈负相关 (r1 =- 0 .82 0 6 ,r0 .0 5=0 .811) ;将不同植物叶中的葫芦素 B含量和美洲斑潜蝇的为害程度分别转换成对数后进行相关性分析 ,二者之间的相关性呈极显著的负相关(r2 =- 0 .980 4 ,r0 .0 1 =0 .917)。说明随着寄主植物叶片中葫芦素 B含量的增加 ,美洲斑潜蝇的幼虫数及为害程度明显     

大豆蚜嗅觉在选择寄主植物中的作用

大豆蚜ＡＰｈｉｓｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｓ有翅和无规孤雌生殖蚜为其寄主植物大豆叶和鼠李叶气味所引诱,而非奇主植物棉花叶和黄瓜叶气味处于中性,丝瓜叶和南瓜叶气味具有明显的排斥作用。非寄主植物气味可以遮蔽寄主植物气味的引诱作用。大豆蚜触角感受器对植物气味具有嗅觉生理反应,对一些化合物的最小感觉阈值达１０－５至１０－６体积比浓度,表明大豆蚜触角上存在识别植物气味的嗅觉受体细胞。由此证明,嗅觉在大豆蚜选择寄主植物过程中起重要作用。     

大豆蚜嗅觉在选择寄主植物中的作用

大豆蚜 Aphis hlycines 有翅和无翅孤雌生殖蚜为其寄主植物大豆叶和鼠李叶气味所引诱,而非寄主植物棉花叶和黄瓜叶气味处于中性,丝瓜叶和南瓜叶气味具有明显的排斥作用。非寄主植物气味可以遮蔽寄主植物气味的引诱作用。大豆蚜触角感受器对植物气味具有嗅觉生理反应,对一些化合物的最小感觉阈值达10-5至10-6体积比浓度,表明大豆蚜触角上存在识别植物气味的嗅觉受体细胞。由此证明,嗅觉在大豆蚜选择寄主植物过程中起重要作用。     

三种寄主植物叶片提取物对美洲斑潜蝇雌成虫嗅觉记忆的影响

先提供气味刺激,再提供含不同寄主植物叶片提取物的蜜糖刺激,采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了3种寄主植物（丝瓜、番茄和菜豆）叶片表面非挥发性次生化合物刺激对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae雌成虫嗅觉记忆的影响。结果表明：菜豆叶片沸水提取物能促进雌成虫对芳樟醇的嗅觉记忆,而丝瓜和番茄叶片沸水提取物则能提高雌成虫对正己烷的记忆能力。因此,不同寄主植物叶片提取物影响了美洲斑潜蝇雌成虫对不同气味的嗅觉记忆。     

叶螨适应寄主植物的分子机制

叶螨作为一类重要的世界性农业害螨,是典型的r-对策生物,在生产中极难防控,易暴发成灾。由于叶螨个体小及迁移能力弱等生物学特性,致使叶螨对寄主植物的选择性较弱而适应性较强,如何尽快完成取食并抑制植物防御对叶螨的生存极为关键。叶螨以极小的口针刺吸植物表面的叶肉细胞获取营养物质,并通过肠道特有的巨型游离消化细胞完成营养物质的消化。长期进化中,叶螨形成了独特的取食及与寄主植物互作的策略。本文从叶螨取食不同寄主植物的种群适应性、解毒代谢和唾液效应子三个方面对该领域进行综述,旨在为叶螨与寄主植物互作的研究提供参考。     

美洲斑潜蝇的寄主植物种类、适合度及其为害性的评价

在山西省调查结果,美洲斑潜蝇的寄生有２９种栽培植物,１１种野生植物,它们分属１６个科,其中以葫芦科,茄科和豆科的种类居多。应用选择系数法和适合性指数法定量测定了１６种常见寄生对美洲斑潜蝇的适合度,建立了选择强度与适合度估测模。根据适合度将美洲斑潜蝇的寄生植物划分为３个类型,即适宜寄主、较适宜寄主和次要寄主,在上述研究的基础上,测定了该在不同寄主上的虫道面积和蛹的重量,明确了不同寄主植物对害虫发育的     

三种外来入侵斑潜蝇种间竞争研究进展

美洲斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇、三叶斑潜蝇是危害蔬菜、花卉的世界性大害虫。不同种间相互更替或取代的现象时有发生。根据国内外相关研究报道,综述了对近年来3种斑潜蝇种间竞争的研究。对斑潜蝇种间更替和取代现象的分析显示,生殖干扰、新生物型的出现、天敌、生态位、寄主植物以及抗药性等因素可能是影响它们种间竞争的关键。以期为斑潜蝇种群演替研究及防治策略制定提供参考。     

南美斑潜蝇为害对黄瓜叶片中蛋白酶抑制剂活性及葫芦素B含量的影响

【目的】蛋白酶抑制剂和葫芦素是两类在植物中具有抗虫活性的化合物,在植食性昆虫与其寄主植物相互作用中起着重要的作用。本文在室内研究了南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis(Blanchard)为害对黄瓜叶片中蛋白酶抑制剂活性及葫芦素B含量的影响,以期揭示南美斑潜蝇与其寄主植物相互作用的机理以及为利用诱导抗性控制南美斑潜蝇的为害奠定必要的基础。【方法】用分光光度法和高效液相色谱法,分别测定了南美斑潜蝇幼虫为害后黄瓜叶片中蛋白酶抑制剂活性和葫芦素B含量的变化。【结果】在南美斑潜蝇幼虫为害期间(1~9 d),黄瓜叶片中胰蛋白酶抑制剂和胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂活性及葫芦素B含量与健康对照相比显著上升,但上升幅度并不与为害强度和为害持续时间相一致,其中对胰蛋白酶抑制剂具有系统诱导作用,而对胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂和葫芦素B的系统诱导作用不明显。【结论】南美斑潜蝇幼虫为害可诱导寄主植物体内蛋白酶抑制剂活性和葫芦素B含量上升,培育蛋白酶抑制剂或葫芦素含量高或易诱导的黄瓜品种可能是控制南美斑潜蝇为害的有效途径。     

甘肃白银地区潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂的组成和发生调查

【目的】明确严重危害甘肃省白银地区作物的潜叶蝇及天敌寄生蜂的多样性和种群组成。【方法】采用五点取样法田间调查潜叶蝇危害的蔬菜、花卉、杂草并采样,室内对潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂进行形态鉴定和分子鉴定。【结果】在2016-2020年在甘肃白银地区采集的样本中发现6种常见潜叶蝇,包括本地种豌豆彩潜蝇Chromatomyia horticola和葱斑潜蝇Liriomyza chinensis,入侵种南美斑潜蝇L. huidobrensis、三叶草斑潜蝇L. trifolii、番茄斑潜蝇L. bryoniae和美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae。其中,豌豆彩潜蝇为优势种,可危害多科寄主植物;葱斑潜蝇仅在大葱上发现危害;南美斑潜蝇在温室内的蔬菜上发生严重;三叶草斑潜蝇首次在白银市发现;番茄斑潜蝇与美洲斑潜蝇的危害相对较轻。此外,调查的潜叶蝇寄生蜂包括3科12属24种,优势种包括豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea、芙新姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa、万氏潜蝇姬小蜂D. wani和西伯利亚离颚茧蜂Dacnusa sibirica。【结论】一方面白银市应加强监测和预警入侵性潜叶蝇的发生,另一方面白银市潜叶蝇的天敌寄生蜂种类丰富,对田间主要危害的潜叶蝇可能发挥着重要的自然防控作用,建议保护利用本地寄生蜂天敌。     

Host plant use in sympatric closely related flea beetles

Studies on strategies of host plant use in sympatric-related species are significant to the theory of sympatric speciation. Altica fragariae Nakane and Altica koreana Ogloblin are sympatric closely related flea beetles found in Beijing, northern China. All their recorded host plants are in the subfamily Rosoideae of the Rosaceae, so we regard them as a model system to study interactions between herbivorous insects and plant-insect co-evolution. We conducted a set of experiments on the host preference and performance of these flea beetles to study whether these closely related species have the ability to use sympatric novel host plants and whether monophagous and oligophagous flea beetles use the same strategy in host plant use. Oviposition preference experiments showed that A. koreana, a monophagous flea beetle, displayed high host fidelity. However, A. fragariae, which is oligophagous, often made "oviposition mistakes," ovipositing on nonhost plants such as Potentilla chinensis, the host plant of A. koreana, although normal host plants were preferred over novel ones. Larval performance studies suggested that A. fragariae was able to develop successfully on P. chinensis. Feeding experiences of larvae had no effect on feeding preference, oviposition preference, and fecundity of adults. However, females were impaired in their reproductive ability when fed on nonhost plants. Therefore, A. fragariae finished their development of larval stages on P. chinensis and came back to their primary host plant, Duchesnea indica, for feeding and reproduction after eclosion.     

Plant virus infection modifies plant pigment and manipulates the host preference behavior of an insect vector

Insect-borne plant viruses may modify the phenotype of their host plants and thus influence the responses of insect vectors. When a plant virus modifies host preference behavior of a vector, it can be expected to influence the rate of virus transmission. In this study, we examined the effect of Maize Iranian mosaic virus (MIMV) infection on host preference behavior of the nymphs and adults of its vector, the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus Fallén (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), feeding on barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L., Poaceae). We found that both viruliferous nymphs and adults significantly preferred healthy plants, whereas non-viruliferous planthoppers preferred virus-infected barley. Further investigations revealed significant reductions in the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of infected barley leaves. Based on these results, a possible association between insect host preferences and the pigment contents of the plants was observed. In summary, we suggest that host preference of L. striatellus could be affected by the propagative plant virus, possibly through association of this modification with some phenotypic traits of infected plants. These effects may have a critical impact on MIMV transmission rate, with significant implications for the development of virus epidemics.     

Choice of host plant as a factor in reproductive isolation of the aphid genus Cryptomyzus (Homoptera, Aphididae)

Abstract. 1. Host plant preference experiments were conducted with closely related taxa of the aphid genus Cryptomyzus. Males, and presexual morphs (sexuparae and gynoparae), were used to determine the impact of host plant choice on reproductive isolation. In the case of host-alternating species these morphs are migratory and so will select the host plant.
2. Host plant preference of two closely related taxa of C. alboapicalis (Theobald) was found to promote their reproductive isolation. The preference of sexuparae of these monoecious taxa was more pronounced than that of the males.
3. Host plant preference and subsequent production of oviparae showed that C. galeopsidis (Kaltenbach) consists of two host races restricted to Ribes rubrum L. and R. nigrum L., respectively. The existence of clones, intermediate in their preference and reproductive performance on these plants, suggests that hybridization occurs.     

Individual variation in two host plants of the ladybird beetle,Epilachna pustulosa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Individual variation in two species of host plants (thistle,Cirsium kamtschaticum, and blue cohosh,Caulophyllum robustum) of the herbivorous ladybird beetleEpilachna pustulosa was examined under laboratory conditions for their acceptability to adult beetles as a food resource, for adult preference and for larval performance. When clones of these plants were subjected to non-choice tests using posthibernating female beetles, there was found to be significant intraspecific variation among clones in terms of their acceptability, but interspecific variation was not detected. Significant intraspecific as well as interspecific variation were frequently detected in the two host plants when clones of these plants were subjected to choice tests using posthibernating female beetles; the magnitude of interspecific plant variation for beetle preference is not necessarily larger than that of intraspecific plant variation. Individual variation across plant species with respect to beetle larval performance was also significant. A positive correlation between adult preference and larval performance is suggested across the two taxonomically remote host plant species, thistle and blue cohosh, although this needs further investigation.     

Preference–performance linkage in the neotropical spittlebug Deois flavopicta, and its relation to the Phylogenetic Constraints Hypothesis

1. Predictions from the Phylogenetic Constraints Hypothesis were tested for the first time in a tropical system using the pasture pest Deois flavopicta Stal, which oviposits into the ground and not into plant tissues. The prediction that there is no oviposition preference–larval performance linkage was supported. The absence of such a link provides an evolutionary basis for eruptive population dynamics. 2. The effects of host species and host plant quality on the preference of ovipositing females of D. flavopicta and performance of their offspring on the selected host plants were tested at the population level. 3. Female oviposition behaviour was affected by the presence of the host plant. Females of D. flavopicta showed a strong preference to oviposit close to host plants. The number of eggs was higher in pots containing Brachiaria ruziziensis (121.88 ± 13.70) than in pots containing only the wet oviposition substrate (5.2 ± 1.98) or dry oviposition substrate (0.067 ± 0.067). Ovipositing females did not, however, discriminate between plants of Brachiaria decumbens and Axonopus marginatus and did not show a strong oviposition preference in relation to differences in plant quality (protein and fibre content). They did show oviposition preference for plants under the high watering regime. The mean number of eggs collected from pots with non water‐stressed plants was 60% higher than the mean number of eggs collected on pots with water‐stressed plants. 4. Although females did not show ovipositional preference, spittlebug larval performance, measured as percentage survival and duration of nymphal period, was better on plants of high protein and low fibre content. These results indicate that there is not a linkage between female oviposition preference and subsequent nymphal performance in relation to differences in protein and fibre content in the host plants. There was, however, a limited linkage between oviposition preference and nymphal performance in relation to plant water content. Females showed preference for moist sites that have high survival of newly hatched nymphs. 5. Evidence indicates that for D. flavopicta, the influences of natality and female oviposition behaviour in response to plant quality are not the major factors driving population outbreaks, which is in accordance with the Phylogenetic Constraints Hypothesis.     

半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主搜索中的学习行为

研究了半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主搜索过程中的学习行为。结果表明,成虫期之前的饲养寄主所取食的寄主植物对成蜂行为没有影响,而雌蜂早期的短暂经历可对其随后的行为反应产生显著影响,从而对已经历的植物气味表现出显著的嗜好,但这种通过学习所表现出的嗜好又可因新的经历而改变。雌成蜂不仅能对其所经历的虫伤寄主植物释放的信息化合物进行学习,而且对其所经历的寄主幼虫的信息化合物也能进行学习。     

Phenological matching rather than genetic variation in host preference underlies geographical variation in host plants used by orange tip butterflies

An insect species that shows variation in host species association across its geographical range may do so either because of local adaptation in host plant preference of the insect or through environmentally or genetically induced differences in the plants, causing variation in host plant suitability between regions. In the present study, we experimentally investigate the host plant preference of Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly) in two populations from the UK and two from Sweden. Previous reports indicate that A. cardamines larvae are found on different host plant species in different regions of the UK, and some variation has been reported in Sweden. Host plant choice trials showed that females prefer to oviposit on plants in an earlier phenological stage, as well as on larger plants. When controlling for plant phenological stage and size, the host species had no statistically significant effect on the choice of the females. Moreover, there were no differences in host plant species preference among the four butterfly populations. Based on our experiment, the oviposition choice by A. cardamines mainly depends on the phenological stage and the size of the host plant. This finding supports the idea that the geographical patterns of host–plant association of A. cardamines in the UK and Sweden are consequences of the phenology and availability of the local hosts, rather than regional genetic differences in the host species preference of the butterfly.     

Population differences in host plant preference and the importance of yeast and plant substrate to volatile composition

Divergent selection between environments can result in changes to the behavior of an organism. In many insects, volatile compounds are a primary means by which host plants are recognized and shifts in plant availability can result in changes to host preference. Both the plant substrate and microorganisms can influence this behavior, and host plant choice can have an impact on the performance of the organism. In Drosophila mojavensis, four geographically isolated populations each use different cacti as feeding and oviposition substrates and identify those cacti by the composition of the volatile odorants emitted. Behavioral tests revealed D. mojavensis populations vary in their degree of preference for their natural host plant. Females from the Mojave population show a marked preference for their host plant, barrel cactus, relative to other cactus choices. When flies were given a choice between cacti that were not their host plant, the preference for barrel and organ pipe cactus relative to agria and prickly pear cactus was overall lower for all populations. Volatile headspace composition is influenced by the cactus substrate, microbial community, and substrate‐by‐microorganism interactions. Differences in viability, developmental time, thorax length, and dry body weight exist among populations and depend on cactus substrate and population‐by‐cactus interactions. However, no clear association between behavioral preference and performance was observed. This study highlights a complex interplay between the insect, host plant, and microbial community and the factors mediating insect host plant preference behavior.     

The influence of host plant variation and intraspecific competition on oviposition preference and offspring performance in the host races of Eurosta solidaginis

1. A series of experiments was conducted to measure the impact of plant genotype, plant growth rate, and intraspecific competition on the oviposition preference and offspring performance of the host races of Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae), a fly that forms galls on Solidago altissima and Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae). Previous research has shown that both host races prefer to oviposit on their own host plant where survival is much higher than on the alternate host plant. In this study, neither host race showed any relationship between oviposition preference and offspring performance in choosing among plants of their natal host species. 2. The larval survival of both host races differed among plant genotypes when each host race oviposited on its natal host species. In one experiment, altissima host race females showed a preference among plant genotypes that was not correlated with offspring performance on those genotypes. In all other experiments, neither the altissima nor gigantea host race demonstrated a preference for specific host plant genotypes. 3. Eurosta solidaginis had a preference for ovipositing on rapidly growing ramets in all experiments, however larval survival was not correlated with ramet growth rate at the time of oviposition. 4. Eurosta solidaginis suffered high mortality from intraspecific competition in the early larval stage. There was little evidence, however, that females avoided ovipositing on ramets that had been attacked previously. This led to an aggregated distribution of eggs among ramets and strong intraspecific competition. 5. There was no interaction among plant genotype, plant growth rate, or intraspecific competition in determining oviposition preference or offspring performance.     

Selection of large host plants for oviposition by a monophagous leaf beetle: nutritional quality or enemy‐free space?

Abstract.  1. Oviposition site selection is crucial for the reproductive success of herbivorous insects. According to the preference–performance hypothesis, females should oviposit on host plants that enhance the performance of their offspring. More specifically, the plant vigour hypothesis predicts that females should prefer large and vigorously growing host plants for oviposition and that larvae should perform best on these plants.
2. The present study examined whether females of the monophagous leaf beetle Cassida canaliculata Laich. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) prefer to oviposit on large host plant individuals of the meadow clary and whether large host plants are of higher nutritional quality than small host plants. Subsequently, it was tested whether the female preference correlates with offspring performance and survival.
3. In the field, females preferred large host plant individuals for oviposition and host plant quality, i.e. leaf nitrogen content, was significantly higher in leaves of large than of small host plants.
4. In the laboratory, larval development time was shorter on leaves of large host plant individuals than on small host plant individuals, but this could not be shown in the field.
5. However, a predator-exclusion experiment in the field resulted in a higher survival of larvae on large host plants than on small host plants when all predators had free access to the plants. On caged host plants there was no difference in survival of larvae between plant size categories.
6. It is concluded that females of C. canaliculata select oviposition sites that enhance both performance and survival of their offspring, which meets the predictions of the plant vigour hypothesis.