不同遮荫条件下罗布麻光合特性的初步研究

用便携式光合测定仪和叶绿素荧光仪测定了不同遮荫条件下罗布麻叶片的光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数.结果显示:遮荫50%和70%处理较全光照的罗布麻叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和光饱和点(LSP)分别降低47%和65%、45%和68%、20.41%和37.45%,而表观量子效率(AQY)分别提高33%和36%;不同遮荫下罗布麻的叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均比全光照降低.研究表明,罗布麻虽对弱光有一定适应能力,但遮荫仍产生明显的弱光抑制而显著降低其光合效率,影响其正常生长.     

水分胁迫对不同抗旱类型冬小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在人工气候室水培条件下,选用3个不同抗旱类型的冬小麦品种,研究了水分胁迫对冬小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：水分胁迫下,冬小麦幼苗可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv／Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光比(Fv／Fo)、光化学淬灭系数(qF)均降低;而初始荧光(Fo)与非光化学淬灭系数(qNP)则升高,说明光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受到了伤害,使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv／Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv／Fo)降低;光合电子传递、光合原初反应过程受到抑制,起光保护作用的热耗散提高。但水分胁迫下品种间各参数变化幅度不同。除qNF外,其余各参数均为抗旱性越强降低幅度越小,而qNF则升高幅度越大。说明水分胁迫对冬小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响与其抗旱性密切相关。     

珍稀树种红花玉兰在华北地区的最适光环境

珍稀树种红花玉兰对其华南原产地的自然环境有良好的适应性, 但在华北地区却生长不良。通过对红花玉兰在华北地区一个生长季内对三种光照水平(100%、70%、40%全光照)的光合和生长响应分析, 结果表明:在70%全光照条件下, 红花玉兰幼苗的净光合速率、光饱和点、株高、基径、根生物量和茎生物量均达到最高水平。随着光照强度的减弱, 暗呼吸速率、光补偿点、比叶重量、叶片厚度和密度显著降低, 表观量子效率、最大荧光Fm、可变荧光Fv、Fm/Fo(Fo为初始荧光)、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、叶绿素含量、叶面积和叶柄角度均显著增大。说明70%全光照最适于一年生红花玉兰幼苗在华北地区的生长, 全光照和40%全光照条件下幼苗则因光量的过剩和不足而生长不良。因此建议将红花玉兰栽植在林缘或林窗地带, 可为这一珍稀濒危树种在华北地区的引种提供有利的适生光照环境。     

不同光强对加拿大一枝黄花生长和叶绿素荧光的影响

以外来入侵种加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)为研究对象,在4种光照强度处理下,对其光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光特性、比叶重、植株的生长特征和生物量分配等指标进行了测定分析.结果表明:(1)随着光照强度的减弱,加拿大一枝黄花叶片的Chla、Chlb和Chl(a b)均上升,Chla/Chlb下降,4种光强处理下叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光系统Ⅱ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)日变化曲线相似,高光强下的Fo、ФPSⅡ和Fv/Fm均小于中、低和弱光强下的,这说明加拿大一枝黄花能适应较大的光强幅度,同时对低、弱光强有一定的抗逆性.(2)生长在高(RI为100%)、中(RI为60%)光强下的加拿大一枝黄花植株正常生长,生长于低(RI为20%)弱(RI为5%)光强下的植株生长不良,表现为植株矮小,茎秆细弱.中度的遮荫对它的生长没有明显影响,但在严重遮阴下生长受抑.(3)生长在高、中光强下的总生物量、地下部分生物量明显增多,低、弱光强处理下的叶生物量比显著增加.结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花在高、中光强下对生长最有利,能够适应较大幅度的光照变化,但在严重遮阴下生长明显受抑,说明该入侵植物不易入侵到密林等光照强度比较弱的生境.     

珍稀树种红花玉兰在华北地区的最适光环境（英文）

珍稀树种红花玉兰对其华南原产地的自然环境有良好的适应性,但在华北地区却生长不良。通过对红花玉兰在华北地区一个生长季内对三种光照水平(100%、70%、40%全光照)的光合和生长响应分析,结果表明:在70%全光照条件下,红花玉兰幼苗的净光合速率、光饱和点、株高、基径、根生物量和茎生物量均达到最高水平。随着光照强度的减弱,暗呼吸速率、光补偿点、比叶重量、叶片厚度和密度显著降低,表观量子效率、最大荧光Fm、可变荧光Fv、Fm/Fo(Fo为初始荧光)、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、叶绿素含量、叶面积和叶柄角度均显著增大。说明70%全光照最适于一年生红花玉兰幼苗在华北地区的生长,全光照和40%全光照条件下幼苗则因光量的过剩和不足而生长不良。因此建议将红花玉兰栽植在林缘或林窗地带,可为这一珍稀濒危树种在华北地区的引种提供有利的适生光照环境。     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下长春花幼苗生物量和叶绿素荧光的影响

在温室条件下采用盆栽法,研究了50mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下5个不同浓度外源NO供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)对长春花(Catharanthus roseus)幼苗生物量、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光的影响。结果表明:(1)鲜重和干重均在S2(50mmol·L-1NaCl+0.1mmol·L-1SNP)处理下达到最高,分别较对照S0(50mmol·L-1NaCl)显著增加18.8%和13.9%。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素与生物量相似,均在S2处理下含量最高,但它们均与S0无显著差异,叶绿素a/b变化较为复杂。(2)0.1mmol·L-1SNP缓解盐胁迫对PSⅡ反应中心的破坏效果最好,显著提高50mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下长春花幼苗叶片的可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)和光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP),降低了初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学荧光猝灭系数(qN)。综上所述,0.1mmol·L-1SNP能够通过降低盐胁迫对叶绿素的降解和对PSⅡ反应中心的破坏,促进幼苗生长,提高对50mmol·...     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺对50mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗植株生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数(PSⅡ光化学效率)的影响。结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著降低了黄瓜植株生长量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)(P<0.05),但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)、有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、非光化学淬灭(qN)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)无显著影响(P>0.05);外源亚精胺显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度,增加了ФPSⅡ、qP、Fv′/Fm′,降低了qN(P<0.05);外源亚精胺对Fv/Fm影响不显著(P>0.05)。外源施加亚精胺可增强盐胁迫下黄瓜植株的光合能力,主要是由于减弱了盐胁迫对植株的气孔限制,但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率影响较小,且叶面喷施比根施处理对改善盐胁迫下植株的生长和光合作用更有效。     

不同光质对木荷、杉木幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以南方主要造林树种木荷和杉木幼苗为试验材料,研究了红光、蓝光和白光处理对幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,木荷幼苗叶片初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)和稳态荧光(Ft)均以白光最高,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ的天线转换效率(Fv'/Fm')均以白光最高,蓝光次之,红光最低。与白光处理相比,蓝光处理增强木荷幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,红光和蓝光降低过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,增强过氧化物酶(POD)活性,提高叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量。杉木幼苗叶片Fo和Ft以红光最高,Fm和Fv以白光最高,Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和Fv'/Fm'均以白光最高,蓝光次之,红光最低。不同处理间杉木幼苗叶片SOD、CAT活性和MDA含量均无显著差异,而POD活性差异显著,以白光处理最高。光质对2种树种幼苗的生长均具有调控作用,其中红光和蓝光处理均造成木荷和杉木幼苗叶片的潜在活力发生不同程度的下降,造成光胁迫,同时破坏幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统的平衡,不利于幼苗生长。     

过量合成ALA转基因烟草叶片光合与叶绿素荧光特性的研究

以转酿酒酵母Hem1基因的转基因烟草和野生型植株为材料,用Li-6400光合测定仪和PAM-2100叶绿素荧光仪检测了2种烟草不同叶位叶片光合和荧光参数,并考察了它们的生长情况.结果表明:过量合成ALA的转基因烟草植株具有更强的光合能力,并伴随着气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)提高.暗适应下转基因植株不同叶位叶片的初始荧光(Fo)没有明显差异,而野生型植株下部叶片F0明显升高;转基因植株最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)等参数均显著提高,特别是下部叶片表现得更为明显;在光照下,转基因植株PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、荧光猝灭系数(qP)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学效率(Pc)以及进入PSⅡ反应中心的能量(Pc Ex)普遍高于野生型,而天线热耗散能量(Hd)以及非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)等明显低于野生型,且这些差异在基部叶片中表现得尤为突出.可见,过量合成ALA有利于延长烟草叶片光合寿命,提高光化学能量转换效应和光合产物积累,从而促进植株生长.     

杜鹃花类菌根真菌对桃叶杜鹃幼苗光合性能及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

【目的】研究12株杜鹃花类菌根(Ericoid mycorrhiza,ERM)真菌对2 a生桃叶杜鹃无菌实生幼苗促生效应及叶片叶绿素、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【方法】采用温室盆栽试验,ERM真菌菌株由野生桃叶杜鹃根系分离而得。【结果】表明接种苗侵染率较高。接种处理间在幼苗地上部分、地下部分干重与总生物量指标呈极显著差异(P<0.01)。与不接种对照相比,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率Pn、叶片气孔导度Gs和叶片蒸腾速率Tr显著提高,而叶片胞间CO2浓度Ci则降低。接种幼苗叶片中实际量子产量ΦPSⅡ除菌株TY19、TY24和TY34低于对照外,其余均显著增加;PSⅡ电子传递速率ETR、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量Fv/Fm、潜在活性Fv/Fo和光化学淬灭qP均显著提高;非光化学淬灭NPQ除菌株TY29外其它均高于对照,并与对照差异极显著(P<0.01)。ΦPSⅡ与Pn、Gs的相关性大于Fv/Fm、qP、NPQ;ETR与Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、NPQ、Pn、Tr的相关性大于qP和Gs;Pn与Gs的相关性大于Tr,与Ci显著负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】通过接种处理,提高了叶片光合性能及叶绿素荧光参数,增强了植株对有效光的利用,显著增加了幼苗生物量。从综合接种效应来看,TY18、TY29、TY35、TY02、TY07和TY12是培育桃叶杜鹃菌根苗优良备选菌株。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.