西鄂尔多斯地区土壤与四合木微量元素含量特征分析

从西鄂尔多斯地区生境适宜性特征的角度,研究四合木(Tetraena mongolia)的生态适应性,探讨迁地保护不易成活的原因,对不同生境条件下四合木分布区土壤和植株微量元素含量的测定结果表明,四合木分布区土壤中Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、B、Mo、Se、Co、CI9种微量元素中,除B的含量明显高于国内土壤平均含量水平和荒漠区土壤平均含量水平;其它元素都低于国内土壤的平均含量;迁地实验区土壤中除Cu的有效量略低于荒漠区土壤和四合木分布区土壤的含量外,Fe、Mn、Zn、B、Mo的有效量均略高于荒漠区土壤和四合木分布区土壤,四合木植株中Fe、Cu、Zn、B、Se、Co的含量远高于各种类型草原植物,而Mo含量高于植物体含量均值,但低于荒漠草原植物,仅为荒漠草原植物的50％,四合木分布区土壤与四合木成株、幼苗9种微量元素相关性不显著,而且植物体中9种元素含量远远大于土壤中的有效量,从四合木植株中各元素含量与各类型草原植物(包括荒漠草原植物)和土壤中含量比较表明,四合木在生长过程中对各种元素呈富集特征,可见土壤微量元素的含量不是四合木迁地种植的制约因子。     

鄂尔多斯高原特有种四合木生长和繁殖的种群间变异与濒危机制

四合木为中国特有种,其分布区局限于鄂尔多斯高原的西部。为了认识四合木濒危的机制并为其保护提供理论依据。对四合木生活史的关键阶段－－繁殖进行了野外研究,由于分布区内存在较大的生境异质性,并受到了不同强度的人类干扰,所以不同生境条件下的6个群进行了取样,通过对四合木的营养生长和繁殖的比较分析。得出如下结论：（1）四合木植要朱的基径和冠幅和高度与年龄显著相关,但是与其茎和冠幅相关性更大,冠幅可作为个体大小的测度估计种群的大小结构;（2）冠幅大小呈负偏斜分布,通过不同种群冠幅与年龄的相关分析,得出冠幅的增长速率随种群的衰老耐减缓;（3）四合木的冠幅与其果实量和种子量相关关系显著,随着冠幅的增大,四合木植株的果实产量和种子产量也相应增加,但是这种关系存在种群间差异;（4）四合木的大部分群都处于衰老期,种群内个体的大小变异性很小,对于种群的生存有不利影响;（5）由于空间上四合木的大小结构以及反映四合木繁殖状况的植株果实产量,种子产量等参数在不同种群之间存在显著差异（P＜0．001）,因此应对不同的种群采取相应的管理措施以促进种群的更新和续存。     

四合木(Tetraena mongolica)分布区景观结构时空变化分析

利用3S技术,1972年航空黑白像片,1988年TM CCT磁带数据以及1995年1：10万TM影像等信息源,以斑块为最小景观结构单元,对西鄂尔多斯特有种四合木（Tetraena mongolica)的分布及其分布区的景观结构进行了研究,结果表明：（1）四合木的分布区面积约为2 754km2;(2)分布区面积及斑块平均面积都在减少,1988年实际占有1456km2,1995年为15．38km2,减少了18．1％;（3）四合木分布面积的减少在不同时空尺度上并不相同,1988－1995年间的年变化率比1972－1988年间的年变化率高5倍,空间尺度上城市工业区的年变化率比放牧分布区高。     

不同生境条件四合木(Tetraena mongolica)内源激素季节变化及种群差异

四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim)是西鄂尔多斯地区特有的单种属古地中海残遗植物.选择了分布区内有代表性的低山、台地、丘陵、高平原、倾斜平原5个典型生境的四合木种群为研究对象.对不同生境四合木种群密度、盖度、年龄结构和根际土壤理化性质进行研究,运用酶联免疫吸附法对四合木叶片内源激素(ABA、IAA、GA3、ZT)季节变化和生境间差异性进行探讨.结果表明:(1)不同生境四合木种群密度、盖度、年龄结构存在显著差异,且低山、台地、丘陵种群所处生境有利于幼苗更新,其密度和盖度均显著大于高平原和倾斜平原种群;(2)四合木根际土壤有机质含量、土壤含水量、营养元素(N、P、K)、微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo、B)含量均较低,pH偏高,体现出贫瘠碱性化的荒漠土壤特点.运用数理统计将5个样地土壤理化性质进行聚类分析,分为两类:低山、台地、丘陵种群为一类(A类),高平原、倾斜平原为一类(B类).方差分析表明:A类样地土壤营养元素(N、P、K)和微量元素(全Fe、Mn、Zn、B、Mo与有效量)、土壤有机质含量及土壤含水量都显著高于B类,而pH值显著低于B类.(3)5个四合木种群ABA和GA3含量均表现为:8月份＞6月份＞5月份;IAA的含量和ZT的含量均表现为:6月份＞8月份＞5月份.方差分析表明:5月份IAA含量表现为在A类样地＞B类样地,8月份ABA含量和GA3含量表现为在A类样地＞B类样地.(4)四合木分布区存在较大的生境异质性,在其长期适应过程中,生境条件差异导致了种群在生理生态方面的分化.四合木种群密度、盖度、年龄结构以及土壤养分、水分和内源激素在生境间存在着差异.     

四合木(Tetraena mongolica)水分参数季节变化及生境间差异

运用PV技术对5个不同生境四合木水分参数（ψs^sal、ψs^tlp、ROWC^tlp、RWC^tlp如、AWC、Va／Vo和ε^max）的季节动态（5、7、9月份）及生境间差异性进行研究。结果表明：（1）四合木水分参数ψs^sal、ψs^tlp值较低,AWC、Va／Vo值较高,体现荒漠灌木四合木较强的干旱适应性特点。（2）四合木主要水分参数ψs^sal、ψs^tlp值及ε^max表现为5月份〉7月份〉9月份,AWC、Va,Vo表现为5月份〈7月份〈9月份,四合木耐旱性随5月份、7月份、9月份递增,这种季节变化规律与植物生长发育的节律相吻合,即与物候的进程一致。（3）对5个生境四合木（低山、台地、丘陵、高平原、倾斜平原）耐旱性排序,得出倾斜平原、高平原〉丘陵〉台地〉低山,将3个月份5个不同生境四合木水分参数进行聚类。结果低山、台地、丘陵四合木为一类,高平原、倾斜平原四合木为一类。方差分析表明：3个月份ψs^sal值、ψs^tlp值和AWC值均表现为高平原、倾斜平原四合木显著低于低山、台地、丘陵四合木。不同生境四合木的渗透调节机制不同,倾斜平原和高平原的四合木其体内通过增加细胞质浓度进行渗透调节能力较强（较低的ψs^tlp值和ψs^sal）;而生境为低山、台地和丘陵四合木抗脱水能力较强（较大的AWC值）。     

黄土高原典型土壤有机氮矿化过程

以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类为对象,采用Bremner淹水培养法,研究黄土高原典型土壤有机氮的矿化过程。结果表明,淹水培养期间矿化出的部分NH4^＋-N会被粘土矿物固定,固定量因土壤不同而异,因此在测定有机氮矿化量时,只有考虑这一部分氮素,才可获得可靠结果。不同土壤有机氮量矿化明显不同,表现为土垫旱耕人为土〉黄土正常新成土〉简育干润均腐土〉干润砂质新成土,从南到北氮素矿化量呈减小趋势。添加C／N低（C／N比为21．7）的紫花苜蓿（Medicago stativa）茎叶有利于促进土壤有机氮矿化,而添加C／N高（C／N比为43．3）的长芒草（Stipa bungeana）会促进矿质氮的生物固定;不同类型植被土壤间在培养20、40d和60d时的矿化量差异显著（P值分别为0．0177、0．0109和0．0073）,均表现为均为林地土壤〉裸地土壤〉草地土壤〉农田土壤;从平均看,加（NH4）2SO4后有机氮矿化量有一定减少。在不同培养阶段,不同土类间氮素矿化率不同,在20d和40d时存在显著差异（P分别为0．0092和0．0381）,60d时差异不显著,不同土类氮素矿化率的大小顺序为于润砂质新成土〉黄土正常新成土〉土垫旱耕人为土〉简育干润均腐土,这一结果说明在淹水条件下,黄土高原土壤从南到北易矿化氮所占全氮比例呈增加趋势。     

鄂尔多斯地区公路沿线土壤重金属形态与生物有效性

采用TessierA连续提取法对鄂尔多斯地区公路沿线土壤重金属（Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr）化学形态进行了测定。同时对土壤pH值、重金属含量和公路绿化植物重金属（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、As和Se）含量进行了分析，对该区域重金属的生物有效性与潜在生态风险进行预测。结果表明：土壤重金属有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为Zn〉Pb〉Ni、Cr〉Cu，与重金属元素在绿化植物中含量大小序列Zn〉Cu〉Ni、Cr、As、Pb〉Cd〉Hg并非完全趋于一致。不同公路段土壤重金属与其不同形态存在较大的变幅。公路沿线表层土壤中重金属的有效态占其总量为G109（东胜-准格尔段）15．7％～46．1％，G210（达拉特-东胜段）8．0％-40．9％，G109（东胜-鄂托克段）9．1％～33．9％，而且以有机态和Fe—Mn氧化结合态的比例较大，为各元素有效态的主要形态特征。Cu在不同植物不同器官中的含量较高，可能在鄂尔多斯地区特定环境条件下随植物的蒸腾拉力、水分和营养盐运移的生理生态作用下使其在植物体中富集。土壤重金属Zn的有效态含量较高，而残渣态含量低，须特别注意其对区域生态系统的潜在影响。     

人为干扰对乌海市四合木小灌木景观的影响

以乌海市四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maxim)为研究对象,利用2009年Quickbird高分辨率影像,结合四合木群落野外调查数据,对乌海市四合木分布区在不同人为干扰强度下的景观格局和群落进行研究。结果表明:人为干扰越强烈,四合木生境破碎化程度越严重。在植株生理年龄相近,生境相同时,四合木的高度、冠幅以及重要值随人为干扰加剧,变化趋势明显。受人为干扰程度越强地区,其物种丰富度指数越小,生物多样性越低。干扰强度发生变化时,Pielou均匀度指数均在0.77—0.90间。     

不同生境条件下四合木（Tetraena mongolicaMaxim.）种群结构特征

对天然分布区及不同生境内四合木种群的径级结构、年龄结构、冠幅结构、高度结构及空间结构特征进行了比较分析,运用静态生命表描述了四合木种群年龄结构动态变化规律,应用Clark-Evans的 R值法计算出四合木个体空间分布格局指标.结果表明:四合木种群径级、龄级与高度级结构均基本呈正态分布,冠幅级结构呈现出近乎指数型的衰减趋势;但不同生境的四合木种群因所处微环境各异,在径级、龄级、高度级、冠幅级结构上表现出一定差异.四合木种群的存活率随龄级的增大而降低,死亡率和消失率随龄级的增大而升高,其存活曲线接近于DeeveyⅠ型,表明该种群为下降种群.不同生境的四合木种群个体分布均不均匀,其空间分布为随机型.     

孑遗濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)的地理分布与潜在适生区预测

以孑遗濒危植物四合木（Tetraena mongolica Maxim.）为对象,利用MaxEnt模型和Bioclim模型预测其在我国的潜在适生区,结合刀切法及环境变量响应曲线评估影响四合木分布的主导环境因素,运用ArcGIS软件自然间断法对其适生等级进行划分。结果显示：四合木主要分布于我国新疆、西藏、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、青海、陕西、山西、河北、辽宁、吉林和黑龙江等省区;在中国的适生区面积为1.49×10⁶ km²,高适生区集中在乌海市毛乌素沙地、阿拉善左旗腾格里沙漠、阴山南部和贺兰山低山地区;2050年四合木潜在分布区将向内蒙古地区北部和东北地区西部方向缩减;两个模型的受试者工作特征曲线下的面积（AUC值）平均值均达到0.8以上,预测结果较准确;环境因子评估结果显示,影响四合木分布的主要环境因子是最冷季度的平均降水量和年温的变化范围,其次是降水量变异系数和温度季节性变化的标准差。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.