恒河猴在生殖生物学中的应用进展

目的非人灵长类动物在生殖生物学研究领域是一种非常重要的实验动物。人类利用非人灵长类动物与人的生物学等方面相似的特征,开展了生殖生物学、生理学、药理学、毒理学以及生育调节等方面的研究工作,为生殖生物学基础研究以及人类健康和疾病问题的基础研究和临床前研究提供了理想的动物模型。随着生命科学的发展,对非人灵长类实验动物质量提出了更高的要求,人们认识到实验时,应用健康的优质非人灵长类动物的重要性。本文简要概括了非人灵长类动物恒河猴的生物学特性,阐述了非人灵长类动物恒河猴在生殖生物学中的应用研究。     

非人灵长类肿瘤模型研究进展(英文)

癌症是人类第二大致死的疾病。将体外细胞模型获得的癌症研究结果向临床转化过程中,动物活体实验是必不可少的一个环节。现在的肿瘤活体实验绝大部分采用啮齿类实验动物如小鼠和大鼠,这是因为它们具有个体小、繁殖迅速、遗传背景清楚、转基因技术成熟等优势。但是啮齿类和人的亲缘关系比较远,许多从啮齿类动物模型获得的研究结果不能在人体重现。非人灵长类动物在遗传进化、免疫、生理和代谢等诸多方面与人类高度近似,理论上更加适合癌症研究。本文对现有的非人灵长类肿瘤研究做一综述,主要集中介绍用化学和生物致癌剂在不同的非人灵长类动物诱导肿瘤的研究,为将来用非人灵长类动物研究人类癌症奠定基础。     

非人灵长类肠道微生物研究进展与展望

肠道微生物组被誉为动物的“第二套基因组”,与动物的个体发育、营养获取、生理功能、免疫调节等重要活动密切相关。非人灵长类在生态位、社会结构、地理分布以及进化上与人类相近,开展其肠道微生物研究不仅有助于了解灵长类的生态、保护和进化,而且对深入了解肠道微生物在人类进化中所发挥的作用也具有重要的参考价值。本文总结了影响非人灵长类肠道微生物变化的因素,包括系统发育、觅食、栖息地破碎化、年龄和性别、圈养方式以及社群生活,并探讨了肠道微生物研究在非人灵长类生态、行为、保护以及适应性进化方面的应用。未来,非人灵长类肠道微生物研究将为灵长类生态、进化和人类健康的研究提供新的视角,为灵长类的保护提供新的理论基础和研究方法。     

东莞松山湖明珠实验动物科技有限公司

东莞松山湖明珠实验动物科技有限公司（南方医科大学实验动物科技园）致力于建设覆盖整个实验动物领域、凸显非人灵长类、比格犬和小型猪资源优势与特色的实验动物繁育和动物实验研究一站式服务体系,已具备实验动物资源标准化建设、人类重大疾病模型研制、药物筛选及安全性评价、医疗器械安全和效能检测等领域的综合研究服务能力。     

东莞松山湖明珠实验动物科技有限公司

东莞松山湖明珠实验动物科技有限公司（南方医科大学实验动物科技园）致力干建设覆盖整个实验动物领域、凸显非人灵长类、比格犬和小型猪资源优势与特色的实验动物繁育和动物实验研究一站式服务体系,已具备实验动物资源标准化建设、人类重大疾病模型研制、药物筛选及安全性评价、医疗器械安全和效能检测等领域的综合研究服务能力。     

东莞松山湖明珠实验动物科技有限公司

东莞松山湖明珠实验动物科技有限公司（南方医科大学实验动物科技园）致力于建设覆盖整个实验动物领域、凸显非人灵长类、比格犬和小型猪资源优势与特色的实验动物繁育和动物实验研究一站式服务体系,已具备实验动物资源标准化建设、人类重大疾病模型研制、药物筛选及安全性评价、医疗器械安全和效能检测等领域的综合研究服务能力。     

非人灵长类胚胎工程研究进展

由于非人灵长类动物与人类在进化上的亲缘关系和生理特征上的高度相似,它们在人类传染病、生殖、发育、代谢、神经和衰老等研究领域具有重要的应用价值。现对非人灵长类动物的常见胚胎工程技术进行综述,包括非人灵长类动物的配子收集、体外受精和胚胎移植等;同时,还结合基因组编辑技术的发展,简要介绍了近年来胚胎工程技术在非人灵长类动物基因编辑方面的应用。     

浅谈兽医在非人灵长类动物实验福利中的作用

非人灵长类实验动物作为人类的“替身”,在生理学、病理学、病毒学、药物动力学、毒理学、生殖生理学、免疫学、遗传学、基因工程药和生物医药等科学研究领域具有无可替代的重要作用。因此,在其实验过程中的动物福利问题应当引起人们的足够重视。本文根据工作实践和动物福利的要求,从疾病的监视、诊断、治疗、预防、实验操作技术、猴类捕捉、保定、镇静、止痛、麻醉和安乐死术等方面,总结了兽医及其护理在灵长类实验动物福利中的作用。     

非人灵长类的体外受精和胚胎移植

非人灵长类的体外受精和胚胎移植是了解人类生殖机制,如卵的成熟调控,受精卵的成熟与分化,胚胎着床,控制某些遗传疾病以及保护珍稀灵长类和提高实验灵长类质量的有效途径。本文从非人灵长类卵的获取(包括超数排卵,非激素刺激动物取卵),精子处理(精液采集,冻存和精子获能),体外受精和胚胎移植、胚胎的冻存等方面介绍了有关研究概况和发展动态。     

树鼩在肝脏疾病动物模型应用的研究进展

肝脏疾病已经在世界范围内导致严重的致死率和死亡率,动物模型是研究肝脏疾病的有效工具,考虑到非人灵长类实际使用的限制,树鼩作为非人灵长类替代动物具有资源丰富,成本较低,且与人类亲缘关系较近等优势,本文对树鼩在肝脏疾病动物模型中的应用进行综述.     

非人灵长类局部脑缺血动物模型研究现状

非人灵长类动物在种系发生上较啮齿类更接近于人类,用来制备局部脑缺血模型可以更好的拟合临床症状和机理。通过对国内外非人灵长类动物局部脑缺血模型的制备方法和应用现状进行收集、分类和述评,展望非人灵长类动物模型的应用前景,尤其是利用低等灵长类动物树鼩研究缺血性中风的优势。     

猴腺病毒研究进展

猴腺病毒（simian adenovirus,SAdV）是猴类呼吸道和消化道的常在病毒之一,可引起肺炎、咽炎、肠胃炎、结膜炎等以粪口途径传播为主,主要感染猕猴、非洲绿猴、黑猩猩和狒狒等[1]属腺病毒科,哺乳动物腺病毒属。有学者认为SAdV感染有严格的种属特异性,也有报道认为其种间交叉传播在非人灵长类中可能普遍发生,是动物传染病似的感染。SAdV是否感染人类尚未见报道,但已从猴的分泌物中发现了可能和人腺病毒（humanadenovirus,HAdV）发生重组的新型腺病毒。SAdV与HAdV亲缘关系很近,感染引起的临床症状也相似,是人腺病毒研究的理想模型。目前已经制定了研发猴腺病毒模型的目标,用于研究感染机制,促进腺病毒基因治疗和疫苗开发进程[3]。但猴腺病毒自然感染流行情况的研究依然很少。本文将就SAdV的发现与分类、生物学特性、感染特点及检测方法做一综述,为研究者提供一些有用参考。     

The use of non-human primates in biological and medical research: evidence submitted by FRAME to the Academy of Medical Sciences/Medical Research Council/Royal Society/Wellcome Trust Working Group

The Academy of Medical Sciences, the Medical Research Council, the Royal Society and the Wellcome Trust are undertaking a study into the use of non-human primates in biological and medical research. An independent working group of scientific experts, led by Sir David Weatherall, aims to produce a report summarising the findings of this study, early in 2006. The trends in primate research, and the nature and effects of recent and proposed changes in the global use of non-human primates in research, will be investigated. The associated ethical, welfare and regulatory issues, and the role and impact of the Three Rs principles of refinement, reduction and replacement will also be reviewed. As part of this study, a call for evidence was made. The evidence submitted by FRAME emphasised that the use of non-human primates for fundamental research or for regulatory testing still fails to take into account the fact that, although non-human primates are anatomically and physiologically similar to humans, they are not necessarily relevant models for studies on human disease or human physiology. FRAME continues to believe that we have a duty to ensure that these animals are not used without overwhelming evidence that they are the only suitable and relevant models for use in work of undeniable significance.     

An effort to use human-based exome capture methods to analyze chimpanzee and macaque exomes

Non-human primates have emerged as an important resource for the study of human disease and evolution. The characterization of genomic variation between and within non-human primate species could advance the development of genetically defined non-human primate disease models. However, non-human primate specific reagents that would expedite such research, such as exon-capture tools, are lacking. We evaluated the efficiency of using a human exome capture design for the selective enrichment of exonic regions of non-human primates. We compared the exon sequence recovery in nine chimpanzees, two crab-eating macaques and eight Japanese macaques. Over 91% of the target regions were captured in the non-human primate samples, although the specificity of the capture decreased as evolutionary divergence from humans increased. Both intra-specific and inter-specific DNA variants were identified; Sanger-based resequencing validated 85.4% of 41 randomly selected SNPs. Among the short indels identified, a majority (54.6%-77.3%) of the variants resulted in a change of 3 base pairs, consistent with expectations for a selection against frame shift mutations. Taken together, these findings indicate that use of a human design exon-capture array can provide efficient enrichment of non-human primate gene regions. Accordingly, use of the human exon-capture methods provides an attractive, cost-effective approach for the comparative analysis of non-human primate genomes, including gene-based DNA variant discovery.     

Human brain evolution: insights from microarrays

Several recent microarray studies have compared gene-expression patterns n humans, chimpanzees and other non-human primates to identify evolutionary changes that contribute to the distinctive cognitive and behavioural characteristics of humans. These studies support the surprising conclusion that the evolution of the human brain involved an upregulation of gene expression relative to non-human primates, a finding that could be relevant to understanding human cerebral physiology and function. These results show how genetic and genomic methods can shed light on the basis of human neural and cognitive specializations, and have important implications for neuroscience, anthropology and medicine.     

A word in the hand: action, gesture and mental representation in humans and non-human primates

The movements we make with our hands both reflect our mental processes and help to shape them. Our actions and gestures can affect our mental representations of actions and objects. In this paper, we explore the relationship between action, gesture and thought in both humans and non-human primates and discuss its role in the evolution of language. Human gesture (specifically representational gesture) may provide a unique link between action and mental representation. It is kinaesthetically close to action and is, at the same time, symbolic. Non-human primates use gesture frequently to communicate, and do so flexibly. However, their gestures mainly resemble incomplete actions and lack the representational elements that characterize much of human gesture. Differences in the mirror neuron system provide a potential explanation for non-human primates' lack of representational gestures; the monkey mirror system does not respond to representational gestures, while the human system does. In humans, gesture grounds mental representation in action, but there is no evidence for this link in other primates. We argue that gesture played an important role in the transition to symbolic thought and language in human evolution, following a cognitive leap that allowed gesture to incorporate representational elements.     

非人灵长类动物种质冷冻保存研究进展和展望

非人灵长类动物是生物多样性的重要组成部分,也是生物医学研究的珍贵实验动物,然而,由于人类活动、栖息地破坏、狩猎和遗传隔离等原因,许多非人灵长类动物的野生种群数量急剧下降,甚至处于灭绝的边缘。种质冷冻保存对拯救非人灵长类动物和保存遗传物质资源具有重要意义。本文综述了新大陆猴、旧大陆猴和巨猿等类群动物精子、卵子、胚胎和性腺组织等种质冷冻保存的研究进展,介绍了狨猴、松鼠猴、恒河猴、食蟹猴和黑猩猩等种质冷冻保存的主要方法,并对未来种质冷冻保存的研究方向进行了讨论。     

Extensive diversity of intestinal trichomonads of non-human primates

Despite the fact that the non-human primates are our closest relatives and represent a species-rich mammalian group, little is known about their intestinal protistan parasites/commensals. Particularly, the intestinal trichomonads represent a neglected part of the fauna of the primate digestive system. We have established 30 trichomonad strains isolated from feces of 11 primate species kept in 3 Czech zoos and performed an analysis of their SSU rDNA and ITS1-5·8S rDNA-ITS2. Our results showed that intestinal trichomonads are rather common among non-human primates. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the strains are unexpectedly diversified, belonging to 8 or 9 distinct species. Interestingly, the vast majority of the strains from non-human primates belonged to the genus Tetratrichomonas while no member of this genus has been found in the human intestine so far. In addition, hominoid and non-hominoid primates differed in their intestinal trichomonads. Our results suggest that captive primates possibly may be infected by intestinal trichomonads of other vertebrates such as pigs, cattle, birds, tortoises and lizards.     

An overview of animal models in experimental schistosomiasis and refinements in the use of non-human primates.

The complex nature of the schistosome parasite and its interaction with the mammalian host necessitates the continued use of live intact animal models in schistosomiasis research. This review acknowledges this necessity and highlights some of the important insights into the pathogenesis of the disease that have been gained from using various animal models. The use of non-human primates as more relevant models of human schistosomiasis is stated. In addition, the importance of animal welfare consideration when using primates for research is emphasized. Finally, some guidelines for the refined capture, handling and early humane endpoints for non-human primates to be used in experimental schistosomiasis are suggested.     

A Novel Bayesian Method for Detection of APOBEC3-Mediated Hypermutation and Its Application to Zoonotic Transmission of Simian Foamy Viruses

Simian Foamy Virus (SFV) can be transmitted from non-human primates (NHP) to humans. However, there are no documented cases of human to human transmission, and significant differences exist between infection in NHP and human hosts. The mechanism for these between-host differences is not completely understood. In this paper we develop a new Bayesian approach to the detection of APOBEC3-mediated hypermutation, and use it to compare SFV sequences from human and NHP hosts living in close proximity in Bangladesh. We find that human APOBEC3G can induce genetic changes that may prevent SFV replication in infected humans in vivo.