基于三代测序的大秃马勃的rDNA ITS鉴定及其基因组生物信息学分析

【背景】马勃是著名的传统可食用药用真菌,具有多种药理作用,包括抗菌、抗炎、止咳、抗肿瘤和抑制细胞增殖等。目前关于马勃的研究多集中在活性物质的分离提取及其药理药效上,而对马勃基因组遗传信息知之甚少。【目的】获得马勃真菌的基因组遗传信息,挖掘潜在具有工业应用价值的功能基因。【方法】联合使用Illumina二代测序技术和PacBio三代测序技术进行基因组测序,并综合使用多种数据库进行基因组结构分析和基因注释,包括GO注释。基于基因组信息,使用rDNAITS序列进行马勃真菌物种鉴定,并使用dbCAN和antiSMASH进行碳水化合物活性酶和次级代谢物基因簇的鉴定。【结果】测序获得大小为46.04 Mb基因组,有11 903个蛋白编码基因,包括6 634个GO注释基因。基于基因组中的rDNA ITS序列信息将该菌鉴定为大秃马勃(Calvatia gigantea),分析了麦角甾醇和萜类合成相关基因25个,鉴定出317个碳水化合物酶和18个次级代谢物生物合成基因簇,并发掘出1个潜在的、可分泌的抗丹宁α-淀粉酶。【结论】获得一株马勃真菌基因组,并发掘出潜在的食品工业应用价值的抗丹宁α-淀粉酶和多个新的次级代谢物合成基因簇。这将为马勃真菌遗传进化、功能基因组学研究,以及其在食品工业应用和次级代谢物的药用价值开发提供重要的遗传信息基础。     

中国马勃类真菌新记录种记述

本文报道了中国马勃类真菌5个属的15个新记录种,分别为灰球菌属Bovista的铜色灰球菌B. aenea、棕灰球菌B. brunnea、坎氏灰球菌B. cunninghamii、泥灰球菌B. limosa、黑灰球菌B. nigrescens、毛灰球菌B. tomentosa;秃马勃属Calvatia的粗皮秃马勃C. turneri;脱盖马勃属Disciseda的异脱盖马勃D. anomala、白脱盖马勃D. candida;马勃属Lycoperdon的兰宾马勃L. lambinonii、裂纹马勃L. rimulatum;隔马勃属Vascellum的精致隔马勃V. delicatum、透明隔马勃V. hyalinum、间隔马勃V. intermedium、南美隔马勃V. pampeanum。部分标本保存在首都师范大学生命科学学院标本馆(BJTC)。     

油松根际外生菌根真菌龟裂秃马勃的分离鉴定及培养

该研究采用组织分离法对黄土高原子午岭林区连家砭林场油松根际外生菌根真菌进行了分离,并采用ITS序列对分离的真菌进行鉴定,研究了菌根真菌的培养条件,为菌剂的生产奠定基础。结果表明:子午岭林区油松根际分离培养出的真菌为龟裂秃马勃(Handkea utriformis),能够与油松形成外生菌根。采用MMN培养基为基础培养基,纯培养条件下,龟裂秃马勃生长的最适pH为6.0,最适温度为25℃。以蔗糖为唯一碳源的培养基中龟裂秃马勃生长速度最快,其次是麦芽糖和葡萄糖,生长最慢的为乳糖,在以几丁质和碳酸氢钠为碳源的培养基上不生长。有机氮源中,对脯氨酸为唯一氮源的利用能力最好,其次是酪蛋白,尿素最差;无机氮源中,以磷酸氢二铵为唯一氮源时生长最好,其次是硝酸钙,最差为酒石酸铵。该研究首次报道了黄土高原子午岭林区外生菌根真菌龟裂秃马勃,并初步确定了其最佳培养条件。     

外生菌根真菌生物地理学研究进展

外生菌根真菌对植物矿质营养、生态系统物质循环、物种演化进程等具有十分重要的作用,但其生物地理学研究长期滞后于动植物。扩散和隔离是解释外生菌根真菌生物地理分布格局的重要理论。古地质、古气候和宿主植物是外生菌根真菌地理分布格局形成的重要推动因子。基因组学、生物信息学技术与生物地理学方法相互结合和补充,可以用来研究一些复杂的真菌生物地理学问题。文中详细阐述了外生菌根真菌生物地理学研究的重要过程和现状,如真菌物种界定、常用数据分析方法、起源和演化规律及其在生物多样性保护方面的应用等,并初步探讨了其未来的发展方向。     

星点设计-响应面法优化超声提取脱皮马勃粗多糖工艺

药用真菌马勃中含甾体、萜类、多糖等多种成分,其中多糖是其主要活性成分之一。采用星点设计-响应面法优化超声辅助提取马勃粗多糖的最佳工艺为:液料比30. 00 ml·g~(-1),提取时间53. 77 min,提取温度58. 33℃,马勃粗多糖的提取率为:4. 01%。使用该方法优化的马勃粗多糖提取工艺具有操作简单、合理、预测性好的优点。可以为马勃的开发利用奠定基础,提供基础数据。     

6种外生菌根真菌对西南桦幼苗的接种效应

【背景】西南桦是兼具内生、外生菌根的典型菌根营养型树种,菌根化育苗是其壮苗培育的有效措施。【目的】揭示外生菌根真菌对西南桦无性系幼苗生长和养分含量的影响,为其菌根化育苗筛选优良外生菌根真菌提供科学依据。【方法】以BY1、FB4、FB4+和A5等4个西南桦优良无性系为研究对象,选用土生空团菌(Cenococcumgeophilum)、松乳菇(Lactariusdeliciosus)、黄硬皮马勃(Scleroderma flavidum)、多根硬皮马勃(S. polyrhizum)、褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)和红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomuschrysenteron)6个外生菌根真菌进行盆栽接种试验,分析接种处理间及无性系间苗高、地径、生物量以及养分含量差异。【结果】6个菌种均能与西南桦无性系幼苗形成外生菌根共生体,接种多根硬皮马勃与黄硬皮马勃显著促进了幼苗生长和养分吸收(P0.05),说明其与幼苗的亲和力明显优于其它菌种。尽管菌根侵染率在4个无性系之间无显著差异(P≥0.05),但各菌种对FB4、BY1幼苗生长的促进作用显著强于其它2个无性系。【结论】多根硬皮马勃和黄硬皮马勃可作为西南桦菌根化育苗的优选菌种。     

虫生真菌育种工作研究进展

虫生真菌在害虫的生物防治中有着极其重要的作用,在植物病害和杂草的生物防治、保健品、医药和化妆品等领域的开发应用上也具有很大的潜力.目前虫生真菌的育种工作主要采用自然选育、人工诱变、准性生殖、原生质体技术、基因工程技术等方法获得优良菌株.对虫生真菌的育种方法及其应用进展进行了综述,同时评述了各种育种方法的优缺点,分析了今后虫生真菌的育种方向.     

生防真菌基因标记技术研究进展

生防真菌在环境中的检测是生物防治研究中的一个重要问题,基因标记是检测生防真菌的一种新技术。概述基因标记的概念、基因标记的载体质粒和标记基因、基因标记的方法及其在生防真菌中的应用情况。     

土壤真菌多样性研究进展

土壤真菌具有重要的生态功能,是生态系统中的重要组成部分,既包含有益真菌,也包含病原真菌,它们共同构成了土壤真菌的多样性。土壤真菌的多样性及其群落结构组成是评价其所在生态系统健康稳定的重要指标之一。近年来不仅对土壤真菌多样性和群落结构特征方面进行研究,而且对其生物功能,如土壤真菌在生物防治、有害物质吸附和降解等方面也进行了研究和探索,研究结果体现了土壤真菌的应用潜质。文中对影响土壤真菌多样性的因素进行了分析,对土壤真菌多样性的研究进行了展望,以期对未来农业生产、环境保护和科学研究提供参考。     

捕食线虫真菌

捕食线虫真菌是一类通过捕食器官捕食线虫的生物,在自然界是影响线虫数量的主要因子。对捕食线虫真菌的捕食器官、捕食机制、捕食线虫真菌的形态及其在植物线虫的生物防治进行了简要论述。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.