太湖水体中微型原生动物对细菌的捕食作用

运用稀释法研究了太湖中不同粒径的微型原生动物对细菌的捕食压力,探讨了捕食作用对细菌生长及温度对捕食作用的影响.结果表明:太湖水体中32μm以下的微型原生动物对细菌的捕食率为5.07d-1,其中大部分捕食压力来自小于16μm的超微型原生动物,占总捕食率的90.7%;小于16μm的超微型原生动物的捕食作用明显抑制了细菌的生长;温度对捕食作用有明显影响,随着温度的升高,超微型原生动物的捕食率和细菌的生长率均明显升高.     

四翅滨藜叶片C、N、P生态化学计量特征对N添加的响应

以宁夏平罗西大滩四翅滨藜人工林为研究对象,通过设置N添加的野外实验,研究四翅滨藜叶片C、N、P化学计量比的季节动态及其对N添加的响应特征。结果显示:(1)四翅滨藜叶片C、N、P化学计量比在生长季初期和末期较高,在生长季旺期(8～9月)较低。(2)N添加提高了绿叶N浓度和N∶P比,降低了绿叶C∶N、N回收度(NRP)和P回收度(PRP),对其他指标的影响无明显的规律性。(3)N回收效率(NRE)和NRP均与枯叶C∶N比显著正相关;P回收效率(PRE)与绿叶P浓度显著正相关,与枯叶P浓度显著负相关;PRP分别与绿叶P浓度和枯叶C、N、P化学计量比显著正相关,与枯叶C浓度显著负相关。研究表明,N添加促进了四翅滨藜绿叶N摄取,降低了叶片从枯叶中回收N和P的能力,改善了枯叶N分解质量;未来大气N沉降增加会改变干旱半干旱区植物N吸收、分配和回收等策略,促进枯叶中N的释放速率,直接影响N循环,进而间接影响到植被-土壤系统C和P的循环过程。     

海水中天然细菌对不同生源要素有机物的矿化作用

海洋异养细菌是微食物网中非常重要的一部分,它消耗海洋中的溶解有机物并进行细菌的二次生产。细菌对不同种类的溶解有机物分解速率不同,并且有机物的生物利用率影响细菌的生长。研究了含有不同生源要素的4种溶解有机物(DOM)在海洋异养细菌存在下的矿化作用及对细菌生长的影响。结果表明:添加不同生源要素的有机物,对海洋天然异养细菌的生长均有促进作用,其比生长速率(μ)的大小顺序为:NCPS对照组,说明含氮有机物更有助于细菌的生长;细菌生长效率(BGE)的大小顺序为:对照组CPNS,说明细菌的二次生产跟有机物的分解速率没有直接相关性;单个细菌对有机物的消耗速率I为:NCPS对照组,说明细菌生长速率与有机物消耗速率直接相关;有机物的生物可利用性顺序为:NCPS对照组,与有机物的消耗速率顺序一致。上述结果表明,具有相同结构但不同生源要素的有机物的矿化速率存在差异,含氮有机物最容易分解,其次是含碳有机物,然后是含磷有机物,含硫有机物分解最慢,说明细菌对含有不同生源要素有机物的分解利用存在差异。     

温度对湿地沉积物有机碳矿化的影响

温度是湿地沉积物有机碳积累和分解的主要影响因子。培养试验研究了 5个温度梯度下东北三江平原地区 3类典型湿地(泥炭沼泽、腐殖质沼泽和沼泽化草甸 )沉积物有机 C的矿化特征 ,以及冻融过程 (7次 )对其矿化的影响。结果表明 ,温度每升高5℃ ,泥炭沼泽、腐殖质沼泽和沼泽化草甸沉积物在 2 6 0 d培养期内有机 C矿化量分别增加 3.1%、3.3%和 1.6 %。在较低温度(10、15、2 0℃ )下 3类湿地沉积物的有机 C矿化速率基本处于稳定状态 ;但在较高温度 (2 5、30℃ )下前期 (0～ 110 d)的矿化速率明显高于后期。 3类湿地沉积物有机 C矿化温度系数 (Q1 0 )在前期较大 (2 .9～ 3.6 ) ,并出现明显的波动 ,后期逐渐趋于稳定(2 .0 )。到培养结束时 ,泥炭沼泽和腐殖质沼泽沉积物的轻组 C(比重 <1.7)占总有机 C百分比 (约占起始有机 C总量 80 % )的下降幅度与温度成正相关 ;而沼泽化草甸沉积物的轻组有机 C(仅占起始有机 C总量 5 % )的下降幅度较小 (2 .5 %～ 2 .9% )。试验结果还表明 ,在 2 0℃下培养 ,3类湿地沉积物的有机 C矿化速度明显受冻融处理的抑制 ,在 10℃下培养其影响则很小     

四种荒漠草原植物的生长对不同氮添加水平的响应

大气氮(N)沉降增加加速了生态系统N循环, 从而会对生态系统的结构和功能产生巨大的影响, 尤其是一些受N限制的生态系统.研究N添加对荒漠草原植物生长的影响, 可为深入理解N沉降增加对我国北方草原群落结构的影响提供基础数据.该文基于2011年在宁夏荒漠草原设置的N沉降增加的野外模拟试验, 研究了两年N添加下4个常见物种(牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii),老瓜头(Cynanchum komarovii),针茅(Stipa capillata)和冰草(Agropyron cristatum))不同时期种群生物量和6-8月份相对生长速率的变化特征.并通过分析物种生长与植物(群落和叶片水平)和土壤碳(C),N,磷(P)生态化学计量学特征的关系, 探讨C:N:P化学计量比对植物生长养分限制的指示作用.结果显示N添加促进了4个物种的生长, 但具有明显的种间差异性, 且这种差异也存在于相同生活型的不同物种间.总体而言, 4个物种种群生物量与叶片N浓度,叶片N:P,群落N库,土壤全N含量和土壤N:P存在明显的线性关系, 与植物和土壤C:N和C:P的相关关系相对较弱.几个物种相对生长速率与植物和土壤N:P也呈现一定程度的正相关关系, 但与其他指标相关性较弱.以上结果表明, 短期N沉降增加提高了植物的相对生长速率, 促进了植物生长, 且更有利于针茅和老瓜头的生物量积累, 从而可能会逐渐改变荒漠草原群落结构.植物N:P和土壤N:P对荒漠草原物种生长具有较强的指示作用: 随着土壤N受限性逐渐缓解, 土壤N含量和N:P相继升高, 可供植物摄取的N增多, 因而有利于植物生长和群落N库积累.     

温度和湿度对长白山两种林型下土壤氮矿化的影响

在实验室条件下,将不同含水量的两种森林类型的土柱分别置于5,15,25,和35℃条件下培养30d,分析培养前后的NH^ 4-N和NO^-3含量,确定土壤的净矿化速率,结果表明,在温度为5－35℃范围内,N的矿化速率与温度呈正相关,在一定的含水量范围内（0．46－0.54kg.kg^-1),净矿化速率随湿度的增加而升高,当含水量超过该范围,净矿化速率则随含量而降低,温度和湿度对土壤的矿化和硝化过程存在较明显的交互作用,建立了二维的方程（T,θ）来描述温度和湿度对土壤N矿化速率的影响,阔叶红松林土壤N矿化的最佳条件是温度35℃,含水量0.51kg.kg^-1,云冷杉林土壤N矿化的最佳条件是35℃,含水量0.52kg.kg^-1.     

亚精胺和丛枝菌根真菌对黄瓜生长的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为材料,在育苗基质中添加亚精胺(Spd)和丛枝菌根真菌(AMF),研究外源Spd和AMF对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合作用、果实产量和品质以及根际微生物和酶活性的影响.结果表明:育苗基质中同时添加Spd和AMF,可促进黄瓜幼苗生长,提高根系活力和果实产量,改善品质,并促进养分吸收;Spd和AMF提高黄瓜幼苗净光合速率、实际光化学效率、表观量子效率、羧化效率和光呼吸速率,增加基质中细菌和放线菌数量,而降低真菌数量,并提高蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性.说明育苗基质中同时添加Spd和AMF,可提高黄瓜植株光能利用效率,促使黄瓜幼苗根际微生物区系从低肥力的"真菌型"向高肥力的"细菌型"转化,加速有机磷和有机态氮的分解与转化,为黄瓜生长发育提供比较充足的N、P等养分,从而促进黄瓜植株生长,提高产量并改善品质.Spd可提高AMF侵染率,两者对黄瓜幼苗生长具有明显的叠加效应,说明在接种AMF的基质中添加Spd,是一种可增强AMF侵染率的有效方法.     

微生物制剂对斑节对虾亲虾池异养细菌的影响

研究了施用10 mg·kg-1光合细菌以及1、2和3 mg·kg-1芽孢杆菌制剂对斑节对虾亲虾培育池水体异养细菌和弧菌数量的影响.结果表明:在试验初期,试验组和对照组水体总异养细菌和弧菌数量都明显上升;试验后期,试验池水体异养细菌和弧菌数量均明显下降,明显低于对照池;施用10 mg·kg-1光合细菌能显著抑制亲虾池水体异养细菌的生长(P＜0.01);施用3 mg·kg-1芽孢杆菌对亲虾池水体弧菌数量的抑制效果最好(P＜0.01).     

珠江口自源有机颗粒物沉降对沉积物反硝化过程的影响

【摘要】由微生物主导、依赖有机物供给的反硝化过程是珠江口氮移除的主要途径之一, 可有效地将生态系统中的固定氮转化为N2 或N2O 释放到大气中。珠江口水体存在大量富含多糖和蛋白的生源有机颗粒物, 该类有机颗粒物沉降到底层, 影响反硝化过程的机制迄今尚不明确。通过培养实验, 分析了富含蛋白的中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和多糖颗粒对珠江口沉积物反硝化速率和反硝化功能基因的影响。研究结果表明: 这两类有机物的添加能够刺激微生物矿化过程的发生, 16S rRNA丰度和反硝化过程有关的基因nosZ 与 nir S丰度显著提高, 矿化发生同时能够有效的为沉积物脱氮过程提供碳源与能量, 提高了反硝化速率。就有机质可利用性而言, 富含蛋白的中肋骨条藻和多糖的生物利用性存在差异, 在添加中肋骨条藻组中, 因有机质中蛋白含量高于多糖组, 有机质降解速率高于多糖组, 其可利用性高于多糖类有机质, 并且蛋白类物质矿化过程中产生的NH4+也比多糖组高, NH4+通过硝化作用转换为硝酸盐, 继续为反硝化过程提供硝酸盐, 因此添加中肋骨条藻组反硝化速率显著高于添加多糖组。总之水体中生源有机颗粒沉降促进了沉积物-水界面中氮移除过程, 并且这种促进作用与生源有机颗粒的可利用性呈正相关。     

土壤食细菌线虫与细菌的相互作用及其对N、P矿化生物固定的影响及机理

采用悉生微缩体系,研究了４０ｄ 培养期内不添加外源基质条件下食细菌线虫（Ｐｒｏｔｏｒｈａｂｄｔｉｓ ｓｐ．）和细菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍ ｏｎａｓｓｐ．）的相互作用及其对Ｎ、Ｐ转化的影响。在种植及不种植小麦的土壤中,发现接种线虫后细菌数量显著增加,非根标土壤细菌的增加量又比根际土明显。在种植小麦体系中,根际与非根际土壤线虫均比不种作物体系有增加趋势,其中根际土壤线虫种群的提高尤为显著。只加细菌处理中土壤Ｎ、Ｐ均无净矿化,相反培养前期出现轻微的生物固定。线虫的引入显著提高了土壤矿质Ｎ、微生物量Ｎ 和微生物量Ｐ的含量,但对土壤有效Ｐ影响很小。这表明线虫活动主要是促进了Ｎ的矿化,而Ｐ表现出较强的生物固定。文中还分析了线虫捕食对细菌的增殖作用以及线虫——细菌相互作用在Ｎ、Ｐ矿化和生物固定中的机理。     

Nutrient Acquisition and Population Growth of a Mixotrophic Alga in Axenic and Bacterized Cultures

Axenic growth of a mixotrophic alga, Ochromonas sp., was compared in several inorganic and organic media, and in the presence of live bacteria under nutrient-replete and low-nutrient conditions. Axenic growth in the light was negligible in inorganic media with or without the addition of glucose. Addition of vitamins increased growth rate, but average cell size declined, resulting in no net increase in biomass. Supplementing axenic cultures with a more complex organic substrate resulted in moderate growth and higher maximal abundance (and biomass) than in the inorganic media with added vitamins. The absence of light did not greatly affect population growth rate in the presence of complex dissolved organic compounds, although cell size was significantly greater in the light than in the dark. The highest growth rates for the alga (up to 2.6 d-1) were measured in treatments containing live bacteria. Increases in cell number of Ochromonas sp. in the presence of bacterial prey were similar in the light and dark, although chloroplast and cell sizes differed. Bacterial abundance was reduced and dissolved phosphorus and ammonia were rapidly released in bacterized cultures in the light and dark, indicating high rates of bacterial ingestion and suggesting an inability of the alga to store or utilize N and P in excess of the quantities required for heterotrophic growth. Low-nutrient conditions in the presence of bacteria were promoted by adding glucose to stimulate bacterial growth and the uptake of N and P released by algal phagotrophy. Subsequent decreases in dissolved N and P following the addition of glucose corresponded to a second period of rapid growth of the alga in both light and dark. This result, combined with evidence for slow axenic growth of this strain, indicated that nutrient acquisition for this species in the presence of bacteria was accomplished primarily via ingestion of bacteria.     

Soil macrofauna and nitrogen on a sub-Antarctic island

Summary The densities, diets and habitat preferences of the soil macrofaunal species on sub-Antarctic Marion Island (47°S, 38°E) are described. Their role in N cycling on the island is assessed, using a mire-grassland community as an example. Primary production on the island is high and this leads to a substantial annual requirement of nutrients by the vegetation. This requirement must almost wholly be met by mineralization of nutrient reserves in the organic matter. Rates of peat nitrogen mineralization mediated by microorganisms alone are much too low to account for rates of N uptake by the vegetation. Although soil macroinvertebrates, and bacteria represent a very small fraction of the total N pool, their interaction accounts for most of the peat N mineralization, as indicated by the amounts of inorganic N released into solution in microcosms. Extrapolation of the microcosm results shows that the soil macrofauna (mainly earthworms) stimulate the release of enough N from the mire-grassland peat to account for maximum N mineralization rates calculated from temporal changes in peat inorganic N levels and plant uptake during the most active part of the growing season. Considering that large numbers of mesoand microinvertebrates occur and must also contribute to nutrient mineralization, the soil faunal component is clearly of crucial importance to nutrient cycling on Marion Island. This is probably true of all sub-Antarctic islands.     

Effects of Nutrients on Specific Growth Rate of Bacterioplankton in Oligotrophic Lake Water Cultures

The effects of organic and inorganic nutrient additions on the specific growth rates of bacterioplankton in oligotrophic lake water cultures were investigated. Lake water was first passed through 0.8-μm-pore-size filters (prescreening) to remove bacterivores and to minimize confounding effects of algae. Specific growth rates were calculated from changes in both bacterial cell numbers and biovolumes over 36 h. Gross specific growth rates in unmanipulated control samples were estimated through separate measurements of grazing losses by use of penicillin. The addition of mixed organic substrates alone to prescreened water did not significantly increase bacterioplankton specific growth rates. The addition of inorganic phosphorus alone significantly increased one or both specific growth rates in three of four experiments, and one experiment showed a secondary stimulation by organic substrates. The stimulatory effects of phosphorus addition were greatest concurrently with the highest alkaline phosphatase activity in the lake water. Because bacteria have been shown to dominate inorganic phosphorus uptake in other P-deficient systems, the demonstration that phosphorus, rather than organic carbon, can limit bacterioplankton growth suggests direct competition between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton for inorganic phosphorus.     

Gross mineralization and plant N uptake from animal manures under non-N limiting conditions, measured using 15N isotope dilution techniques

To utilise wisely the manure resource, a better understanding of the processes that control the breakdown of organic N to inorganic N (mineralization) is required. ¹⁵N isotope dilution techniques should allow estimates of plant N uptake and gross mineralization from organic manures under non-N limiting conditions to be made. In natural systems the study of organic nitrogen breakdown to inorganic nitrogen, mineralization, is confounded by the processes of nitrification, nitrate leaching, gaseous N losses and plant N uptake. The ¹⁵N isotope dilution approach allows measurement of gross mineralization independently of these processes. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine plant N uptake from organic manures under non-N limiting conditions using the soil pre-labelling isotope dilution approach. The soil was pre-labelled with ¹⁵N and maize plants were then grown on the control treatments (no organic amendment) or on the manure treatments. The principle is thus that the control crop has a ¹⁵N abundance which reflects the ¹⁵N status of the soil and the treatment crop has a ¹⁵N enrichment diluted by the contribution of mineralized unlabelled manure N. Using this technique, it was estimated that maize plants derived 17 and 34% of their N from sewage sludge and turkey manure, respectively. The soil pre-labelling isotope dilution approach allowed yield-independent estimation of nitrogen derived from manures under non-N limiting conditions. Estimates of gross N mineralization were made to determine the breakdown of manure under field conditions. Results suggested that there was a rapid mineralization of turkey manure N in the initial weeks after application, in the order of 50 kg N ha^?1, which tailed off in the following weeks. The technique suggested that the soil used in the study had an extremely low basal mineralization rate, and a high nitrification rate.     

Nutrient Constraints on Metabolism Affect the Temperature Regulation of Aquatic Bacterial Growth Efficiency

Inorganic nutrient availability and temperature are recognized as major regulators of organic carbon processing by aquatic bacteria, but little is known about how these two factors interact to control bacterial metabolic processes. We manipulated the temperature of boreal humic stream water samples within 0–25°C and measured bacterial production (BP) and respiration (BR) with and without inorganic nitrogen?+?phosphorus addition. Both BP and BR increased exponentially with temperature in all experiments, with Q ₁₀ values varying between 1.2 and 2.4. The bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) showed strong negative relationships with temperature in nutrient-enriched samples and in natural stream water where community-level BP and BR were not limited by nutrients. However, there were no relationships between BGE and temperature in samples where BP and BR were significantly constrained by the inorganic nutrient availability. The results suggest that metabolic responses of aquatic bacterial communities to temperature variations can be strongly dependent on whether the bacterial metabolism is limited by inorganic nutrients or not. Such responses can have consequences for both the carbon flux through aquatic food webs and for the flux of CO₂ from aquatic systems to the atmosphere.     

Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in solar salt ponds in Shark Bay,Western Australia

The aim of this research was to examine nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in solar salt ponds of varying salinity at Useless Inlet in Western Australia. These ponds use solar energy to evaporate seawater for the purpose of commercial salt production. A combination of techniques involving water column nutrient ratios, comparisons of nutrient concentrations to concentration of magnesium ions and bioassays were used in the investigation. Comparisons of changes in dissolved inorganic nitrogen to phosphorus ratios and concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients against changes in concentrations of the conservative cation Mg²⁺ indicated that phytoplankton biomass was potentially nitrogen limited along the entire pond salinity gradient. Nutrient addition bioassays indicated that in low salinity ponds, phytoplankton was nitrogen limited but in high salinity ponds, phosphorus limited. This may be due to isolation of phytoplankton in bioassay bottles from in situ conditions as well as to changes in phytoplankton species composition between ponds, and the variable availability of inorganic and organic nutrient sources. The differences in limiting nutrient between methods indicate that phytoplankton cells may be proximally limited by nutrients that are not theoretically limiting at the pond scale. Dissolved organic nutrients constituted a large proportion of total nutrients, with concentrations increasing through the pond sequence of increasing salinity. From the change in nutrient concentrations in bioassay bottles, sufficient dissolved organic nitrogen may be available for phytoplankton uptake in low salinity ponds, potentially alleviating the dissolved inorganic nitrogen limitation of phytoplankton biomass. Guest Editors: J. John & B. Timms Salt Lake Research: Biodiversity and Conservation—Selected Papers from the 9th Conference of the International Society for Salt Lake Research     

Impacts of Labile Organic Carbon Concentration on Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Utilization by a Stream Biofilm Bacterial Community

In aquatic ecosystems, carbon (C) availability strongly influences nitrogen (N) dynamics. One manifestation of this linkage is the importance in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), which can serve as both a C and an N source, yet our knowledge of how specific properties of DOM influence N dynamics are limited. To empirically examine the impact of labile DOM on the responses of bacteria to DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), bacterial abundance and community composition were examined in controlled laboratory microcosms subjected to various combinations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), DON, and DIN treatments. Bacterial communities that had colonized glass beads incubated in a stream were treated with various glucose concentrations and combinations of inorganic and organic N (derived from algal exudate, bacterial protein, and humic matter). The results revealed a strong influence of C availability on bacterial utilization of DON and DIN, with preferential uptake of DON under low C concentrations. Bacterial DON uptake was affected by the concentration and by its chemical nature (labile versus recalcitrant). Labile organic N sources (algal exudate and bacterial protein) were utilized equally well as DIN as an N source, but this was not the case for the recalcitrant humic matter DON treatment. Clear differences in bacterial community composition among treatments were observed based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes. C, DIN, and DON treatments likely drove changes in bacterial community composition that in turn affected the rates of DON and DIN utilization under various C concentrations.     

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a small pond in the maritime Antarctic

Small ponds and puddles are extremely common throughout the ice-free areas of the maritime Antarctic. The carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a typical pond on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands were investigated during summer 1991. The pond vegetation consisted of a benthic mat of cyanobacteria, diatoms and chlorophytes. The mat was not limited by nutrient availability, both phosphorus and nitrogen being available in the overlying water and N:P ratios in both the water and the mat indicating a roughly balanced supply. Maximal rates of carbon fixation of 0.1–0.2 mgC g^–1 dry weight h^–1 were similar to those of other perennial Antarctic mat communities. Productivity appeared to be limited by physical factors, but the effects of irradiance and temperature could not be separated. Although carbon fixation rates were low, carbon loss processes were minimal leading to an accumulation of material in the mat approximating to one doubling per year. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation was not a significant component of the nitrogen budget of the pond, accounting for only 0.1 % of the nitrogen accumulation by the mat. Nitrogen uptake was largely from dissolved nitrogen sources, in particular as dissolved organic nitrogen. It is concluded that ephemeral water bodies may play a significant role in the nutrient dynamics of maritime Antarctic ecosystems.     

不同水氮条件下灌溉方式对玉米干物质量和氮钾利用的影响

由于作物需水随生育期的变化,分根区交替灌溉(AI)的节水效果也会随生育期而发生变化,探明不同生育期分根区交替灌溉对玉米生长和水分养分利用的影响,以期为分根区交替灌溉的实施和充分发挥其节水节肥效果奠定理论基础。通过盆栽试验,在2种灌水水平(正常灌水和轻度缺水)和2种有机无机氮比例(100%无机氮和70%无机氮+30%有机氮)下,以常规灌溉(CI)为对照,分别研究苗期—灌浆初期、苗期—拔节期以及拔节期—抽雄期进行AI对玉米干物质量、氮钾含量和吸收量以及土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,在轻度缺水和有机无机氮肥配施下,与CI相比,拔节期—抽雄期分根区交替灌溉玉米地上部和总干物质量分别增加29.6%和27.4%,地上部和总N吸收量增加50.7%和50.4%。与单施无机氮肥相比,有机无机氮肥配施会在不同程度上增加地上部和总N吸收量,但是一般降低土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量,这说明在轻度缺水和有机无机N肥配施下,拔节期—抽雄期进行分根区交替灌溉提高玉米总干物质量和N吸收量。