不同灌水施肥策略对土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性的影响

根区局部灌溉形成一个土壤水分分布不均匀的环境,影响了土壤微生物量和酶活性。为探明这种影响,在2种灌水水平(正常灌水和轻度缺水)和2种有机无机N肥配施(单施无机N肥和有机无机N肥配施)下,以常规灌溉(CI)为对照,研究分根区交替灌溉(AI)和固定部分根区灌溉(FI)对土壤微生物量C(MBC)、微生物量N(MBN)和酶活性的影响。与CI相比,AI提高拔节期土壤MBC和抽雄期土壤脲酶活性,但是降低大喇叭口期土壤MBC以及拔节期和抽雄期土壤MBN和拔节期土壤脲酶活性;FI增加抽雄期土壤转化酶活性,但是降低大喇叭口期土壤MBC和可溶性碳(DOC)以及3个时期土壤MBN。与正常灌水相比,AI下轻度亏水增加拔节期和抽雄期土壤DOC,但是降低大喇叭口期土壤MBC和拔节期土壤MBN。与单施无机N肥相比,AI下有机无机N肥配施增加拔节期土壤DOC、MBN和过氧化氢酶活性,而FI下则降低大喇叭口期土壤MBC和转化酶活性。因此,在轻度缺水和有机无机氮配施条件下,分根区交替灌溉可以提高玉米拔节期土壤微生物量碳和可溶性碳。     

不同水肥条件下分根区交替灌溉对玉米生理特性和水分利用的影响

为探讨分根区交替灌溉(AI)条件下作物生理响应和水分利用情况,在不同水肥条件下,以常规灌溉为对照,研究了分根区交替灌溉(AI)对玉米总干物质量、水分利用和生理指标的影响以及这些指标在恢复正常灌水后的恢复补偿能力,以期为玉米实施分根区交替灌溉提供科学依据。盆栽试验包括2种氮磷(NP)肥水平,2种灌溉方式和不同亏水水平,即拔节前期至中期(18d)进行正常灌水(70%—80%θf,θf是田间持水量)、轻度亏水(60%—70%θf)和中度亏水(50%—60%θf),拔节前期至中期处理后拔节中期至抽雄期(18d)进行正常灌水(70%—80%θf)和轻度亏水(60%—70%θf)。结果表明:与常规灌溉相比,拔节前期至抽雄期AI不显著影响玉米叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,总干物质量和水分利用效率;与正常灌水相比,拔节前期至抽雄期轻度亏水也不显著影响上述指标;拔节前期至中期中度亏水降低玉米叶绿素含量和总干物质量,提高可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,但是该处理在拔节中期至抽雄期恢复正常灌水后这些指标均恢复到一直正常灌水的水平。此外,施肥水平对各项指标的影响也不显著。因此,轻度亏水、低肥和拔节前期至抽雄期分根区交替灌溉结合可以节约灌水量和施肥量。     

减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响

通过田间试验研究了种植方式(玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米-大豆套作)和施氮水平(0、180、240 N kg·hm-2)对玉米和大豆产量、养分吸收及氮肥利用的影响.结果表明:与单作相比,玉米-大豆套作体系中玉米籽粒产量、地上部植株N、P、K吸收量及收获指数略有降低,而大豆籽粒产量、地上部植株N、P、K吸收量及收获指数显著提高.玉米-大豆套作系统的套作优势随施氮量的增加而降低,与当地农民常规施氮量(240 kg·hm-2)相比,减量施氮(180kg·hm-2)处理下玉米和大豆产量、经济系数,以及N、P、K吸收量和收获指数、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率显著提高,土壤氮贡献率降低;与不施氮相比,减量施氮降低了玉米带土壤的全N、全P含量,提高了大豆带土壤的全N、全P、全K含量和玉米带土壤的全K含量.减量施氮水平下,玉米-大豆套作系统的周年籽粒总产量、地上部植株N、P、K总吸收量均高于玉米和大豆单作,土地当量比(LER)达2.28;玉米-大豆套作系统的氮肥吸收利用率比玉米单作高20.2%,比大豆单作低30.5%,土壤氮贡献率比玉米和大豆单作分别低20.0%和8.8%.玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥有利于提高系统周年作物产量和氮肥利用率.     

长期施肥对玉米生育期土壤微生物量碳氮及酶活性的影响

以小麦-玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验为平台,探讨不同养分管理对玉米生育期塿土微生物量碳、氮和酶活性动态变化的影响。试验包括6个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配合(NP)、氮磷钾配合(NPK)、NPK+秸秆(SNPK)以及有机肥+NPK(MNPK)。结果表明玉米生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮变化显著。不同施肥管理下土壤微生物量碳、氮的高低显著性分别为MNPK>SNPK、NP、NPK>N、CK。玉米生育期内土壤酶活性也变化显著,蔗糖酶、脲酶和纤维素酶在玉米抽雄期达到活性高峰,而磷酸酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰。不同施肥管理对土壤酶活性的影响总体表现为MNPK处理最高,其次为SNPK处理,再次为NPK和NP处理,N和CK处理最低。不同施肥处理间土壤微生物量碳、氮以及酶活性与土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷水平密切相关。塿土长期施用氮磷或氮磷钾化肥可以提高土壤微生物量碳、氮以及酶活性。一季作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥与氮磷钾相比有提高土壤微生物量碳、氮以及酶活性的趋势。在等氮量下,有机肥配合化肥与其他施肥模式相比,均显著提升土壤化学肥力因素、微生物量碳氮和酶活性。因此,塿土上建议进行有机无机肥配合以提高土壤肥力,保持土壤生物健康。     

土著从枝菌根真菌(AMF)与不同形态氮对紫色土间作大豆生长及氮利用的影响

在紫色土上,探究接种土著AMF(indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)及不同形态氮肥施用对间作大豆Glycine max生长及氮利用的影响,为提高间作大豆对土壤不同形态氮素的吸收与利用,减少土壤无机氮残留提供理论依据。采用盆栽试验,设2种种植方式(大豆单作和玉米/大豆间作),不同丛枝菌根真菌处理[不接种(NM)、接种土著AMF]和3个氮处理[不施氮(N0)、施无机氮(ION120)、施有机氮(ON120)],以期揭示土著AMF和不同形态氮施用对间作大豆生长及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与N0相比,施ION120和ON120处理显著增加了土壤无机氮的累积量。NM条件下,无论何种施氮处理的间作土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量均低于单作,其中当接种土著AMF时,与单作相比,间作对减少土壤无机氮的积累能力得到进一步加强。无论单作或是间作,相同菌根处理下,ION120和ON120处理的大豆地上部和根系生物量,大豆地上部和根系氮含量及大豆地上部和根系氮吸收量均不同程度地高于N0处理,其中间作-土著AMF条件下,ION120处理的根系生物量、根系氮含量及氮吸收量均显著高于ON120处理。间作-ION120条件下,土著AMF处理的大豆地上部氮含量、吸收量及根系氮含量、氮吸收量较NM处理分别提高了9.8%、69.8%和8.1%、54.8%,四者差异均达到显著水平。除根系氮吸收量外,地上部氮含量、氮吸收量及根系氮含量均在间作-土著AMF-ION120处理下显著提高,间作与土著AMF互作优势明显。间作-土著AMF条件下,ION120和ON120处理的大豆根系氮吸收效率高于N0处理,分别提高了2%和6%。总体来看,土著AMF与ION120氮肥施用对促进间作大豆生长与提高氮素利用率尤为明显,可望减少土壤氮素残留而减轻氮素流失的风险。     

施氮对关中还田玉米秸秆腐解和养分释放特征的影响

在陕西关中平原的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,采用尼龙网袋田间填埋与¹⁵N同位素标记玉米秸秆相结合的方法,设置不施氮和施氮200 kg·hm^-2两个处理,研究施氮对小麦生长期内还田玉米秸秆腐解的影响以及腐解过程中秸秆碳、氮、磷、钾的养分释放.结果表明: 从小麦播种到越冬期,施用氮肥对秸秆碳和干物质分解无显著影响,但可促进秸秆中磷的释放,抑制氮和钾的释放.灌浆到成熟期,氮肥对秸秆腐解及其N、P、K养分的释放无显著影响,但秸秆碳的释放显著增加.不同生育期,玉米秸秆碳的释放与干物质分解变化趋势一致,C/N逐渐下降.种植一季小麦后,秸秆干物质累计腐解率不足50%;秸秆碳释放率为47.9%～51.1%,不施氮和施氮处理的秸秆C/N分别由32.2降低到20.2和17.9.小麦收获时,秸秆氮、磷、钾均为净释放,氮释放量为7.2～9.4 kg·hm^-2,占秸秆氮的12.7%～16.6%;磷释放量为1.29～1.44 kg·hm^-2,占29.0%～32.4%;钾的释放量大、释放快,越冬前超过80%,成熟时释放量为51.8～52.5 kg·hm^-2,占90.5%～91.7%.在秸秆还田条件下,应考虑秸秆归还的钾,减少小麦钾肥用量,适量补充氮、磷.     

有机氮替代无机氮对旱作全膜双垄沟播玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响

为了促进黄土高原西部半干旱区水氮高效利用和农业的可持续性生产,探索适宜的有机氮替代无机氮水平,于2016—2018年在甘肃农业大学旱作农业综合实验站进行了3年的大田试验,设置了6个处理:单施化学氮肥不施有机肥(T₁)、有机肥50%替代化学氮肥(T₂)、有机肥37.5%替代化学氮肥(T₃)、有机肥25%替代化学氮肥(T₄)、有机肥12.5%替代化学氮肥(T₅)和不施氮肥对照(CK),研究了有机氮替代无机氮对全膜双垄沟播玉米种植系统产量、经济效益、水氮利用效率的影响.结果表明: 氮肥施用显著增加了玉米产量和水氮利用效率.在200 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下,有机肥氮替代处理在干旱年份表现出明显的增产增效作用;而在丰水年,有机氮替代无机氮处理籽粒产量、水氮利用效率与对照无显著差异.总体来说,与单施化肥相比,50%和37.5%替代处理籽粒产量分别增加15.6%和18.2%,收获指数分别增加35.1%和27.0%;水分利用效率、降水利用效率、氮肥农学利用效率和偏生产力分别增加17.4%、15.7%、15.6%、155.2%和22.3%、17.7%、18.0%、179.3%.表明在相等的总氮量投入下,50%和37.5%是该地区全膜双垄沟播玉米有机氮替代无机氮的适宜水平,建议在生产中推广应用.     

微喷灌水氮一体化对冬小麦生长发育和水肥利用效率的影响

在等灌水量和施氮量下,探索小麦-玉米一年两熟轮作区玉米秸秆还田后冬小麦生育期微喷灌水氮一体化模式对冬小麦生长发育和水肥利用效率的影响。2016—2018年通过2年田间大区试验,在生育期设6种微喷灌水氮一体化模式,其中,灌水设W₁(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水,各灌600 m³·hm^-2)、W₂(越冬水+返青水+拔节水+灌浆水,各灌450 m³·hm^-2)和W₃(越冬水、拔节水各灌600 m³·hm^-2,返青水、灌浆水各灌300 m³·hm^-2)3种模式;施氮设N₁(基施氮60%+随拔节水追氮40%)和N₂(基施氮60%+随拔节水追氮30%+随灌浆水追氮10%)2种模式,以W₁下不施肥为对照(CK),共7个处理,调查群体动态、灌浆期干物质积累转移和成熟期养分积累规律。结果表明: 1)越冬水灌水量由450 m³·hm^-2增至600 m³·hm^-2,有利于越冬期植株总茎数和成穗数的增加而增产,灌返青水拔节期总茎数增加,对成穗数影响较小;拔节期施氮越多,单株茎数增加越多,但成穗数降低。2)生育期灌4水(W₂和W₃),配合拔节期和灌浆期分次水氮一体化(N₂),有利于灌浆期总干物质积累、穗粒数和千粒重增加而增产。3)灌4水处理比灌3水处理生育期耗水量和氮、磷、钾素吸收量增加,水肥利用效率提高。灌4水处理(W₂和W₃)中N₂的生育期耗水量低于N₁,氮、磷、钾素吸收量高于N₁,灌水和氮磷钾利用率显著提高,以W₃N₂效果最好。因此,W₃N₂处理,即玉米秸秆还田后播种冬小麦,微喷灌生育期灌4水,越冬水和拔节水灌水量增加到600 m³·hm^-2,配合拔节水和灌浆水追施氮肥,使冬小麦成穗数和千粒重增加而增产,且水肥利用效率最高,是山西南部冬小麦微喷灌水肥一体化高产高效最佳水氮管理模式。     

花粒期光照对夏玉米干物质积累和养分吸收的影响

选用登海605(DH605)为试验材料,在大田条件下通过花粒期遮阴(S)和增光(L)研究不同光照对花后夏玉米产量、干物质积累和氮、磷、钾养分吸收与运转特性的影响.结果表明: 遮阴后夏玉米产量、干物质积累量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收量均显著降低;而增光有利于夏玉米干物质积累量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收量和产量的提高.2011-2013年,遮阴处理的产量较对照(自然光下)分别降低了59.4%、79.0%、60.6%;增光后产量分别增加16.3%、12.9%、6.8%.遮阴对干物质积累的影响大于其对植株氮、磷吸收量的影响,植株体内氮、磷等养分含量有所上升,而钾吸收量的下降幅度大于干物质积累,钾素相对含量降低,氮、磷、钾向籽粒的分配比例降低.增光后干物质积累和氮、磷吸收量显著上升,但对氮、磷吸收的影响更大;增光条件下,氮、磷、钾等养分向籽粒的分配比例增加.
     

减氮配施不同种类有机肥对玉米物质分配、转运与产量的影响

为倡导减量施用化学氮肥,探索科学施肥模式,以达到绿色、稳产、高产的种植目标,通过田间试验,以空白处理(CK0)、常规施氮(CK1)为对照,设置减氮比例和配施有机肥两因素试验,减氮比例设减氮20%(A1)、减氮40%(A2);配施有机肥设:不配施有机肥(B0)、配施普通有机肥(B1)、配施生物有机肥(B2),研究了减氮配施不同种类有机肥对玉米物质积累分配、转运及产量的影响,为玉米化学氮肥减量增效技术提供科学依据。结果表明:随化学氮肥施用量的减少,玉米干物质积累量及产量降低;配施有机肥显著提高了干物质积累量、籽粒分配比例、吐丝后干物质对籽粒的贡献率和产量;减氮20%配施普通有机肥、生物有机肥处理较不配施有机肥处理,两年干物质积累量平均分别提高了31.38%和46.29%(P<0.05);产量分别提高了19.57%和23.78%,较常规施氮处理产量分别提高了7.15%和10.95%;减氮40%配施普通有机肥、生物有机肥处理较不配施有机肥处理,两年干物质积累量平均分别提高了19.68%和35.13%;产量分别提高了6.33%和7.48%(P<0.05),而产量较常规施氮处理分别降低了10.42%和9.44%(P<0.05);适量减氮并配施有机肥可促进玉米物质积累,改善穗部性状,最终提高产量;本试验条件下,配施1500 kg·hm^-2有机肥可实现化学氮肥减量20%并使玉米增产,且配施生物有机肥增产效果最好。     

Benefits of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on growth, water and nitrogen use efficiencies modified by fertilization and soil water status in maize

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI) is a new water-saving technique and may improve crop water use efficiency without much yield reduction. We investigated if the benefits of APRI on biomass accumulation, water and nitrogen use efficiencies could be modified by different soil fertilization and watering levels in pot-grown maize (Zea mays L. cv. super-sweet No 28, a local variety). Three irrigation methods, i.e. conventional irrigation (CI), alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI, alternate watering on both sides of the pot) and fixed partial root-zone irrigation (FPRI, fixed watering on one side of the pot), two watering levels, i.e. water deficit (W₁, 45–55% of field capacity) and well-watered (W₂, 70–80% of field capacity), and two N fertilization levels, i.e. no fertilization and fertilization, were designed. Results showed that APRI and FPRI methods led to more reduction in transpiration than in photosynthesis, and thus increased leaf water use efficiency (leaf WUE, i.e. the ratio of leaf net photosynthetic rate to transpiration rate). Compared to the CI treatment, APRI and FPRI increased leaf WUE by 7.7% and 8.1% before the jointing stage and 3.6% and 4.2% during the jointing stage, respectively. Under the fertilization and well-watered conditions, APRI treatment saved irrigation water by 38.4% and reduced shoot and total dry masses by 5.9% and 6.7%, respectively if compared to the CI treatment. APRI also enhanced canopy WUE (defined as the amount of total biomass per unit water used) and nitrogen (N) apparent recovery fraction (Nr, defined as the ratio of the increased N uptake to N applied) by 24.3% and 16.4%, respectively, indicating that effect of APRI can be better materialized under appropriate fertilization and water supply. Responsible Editor: Rana E. Munns     

Effects of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on soil microorganism and maize growth

Partial root-zone irrigation creates a dynamic heterogeneous distribution of soil moisture that may affect the numbers and activities of soil microorganisms. In this study, three irrigation methods, i.e. conventional irrigation (CI), alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI, alternate watering on both sides of the pot) and fixed partial root-zone irrigation (FPRI, fixed watering on one side of the pot), and three watering levels, i.e. well-watered, mild and severe water deficit, were applied on pot-grown maize. Numbers of soil microorganisms, plant height, stalk diameter, leaf area and biomass accumulation were monitored over the treatment period. A quadratic parabola relationship between the number of soil microorganisms and soil water content was found, indicating the number of soil microorganisms reached a peak at the mild soil water deficit condition, possibly due to better soil aeration. The peak number of soil microorganism was obtained when soil water content was 66, 79 and 75% of field capacity for CI, FPRI and APRI, respectively. Soil microorganisms were evenly distributed in both sides of APRI and their total numbers were always higher than those under other two irrigation methods for the same soil water content. The count of soil microorganisms in the dry root zone of FPRI was reduced by a lack of water. Maximum biomass accumulation was obtained under well watered condition but severe water deficit led to a 50% reduction in the CI treatment. Such reduction was much smaller under APRI and therefore the highest water use efficiency was obtained. Our results suggest that APRI maintained the best aeration and moisture condition in the soil and enhanced the activities of soil microorganisms, which might also have benefited the plant growth.     

氮磷营养对夏玉米水分敏感性及生理参数的影响

依据盆栽试验数据,采用Jenson模式,研究了黄土区夏玉米的水分模型。结果表明,玉米在拔节—抽穗期和抽穗—灌浆期对缺水最敏感,拔节前和灌浆—成熟期敏感性小;较高肥力水平使需水关键期水分敏感性指数增加相对较多,而在非水分关键期增加较少。较高的N、P水平增大了玉米叶片的光合速率,中度干旱条件下,N、P肥对Pn的增加幅度大于充分供水时的增加幅度;施用N、P增加了玉米叶片的蒸腾速率,但土壤水分条件影响了N、P对蒸腾速率的作用;施用N、P肥可以提高玉米的单叶WUE,随水分条件的改善而增加。高N处理的玉米根重均低于相应的低N处理,施P对玉米根系生长有明显的促进作用,中度干旱条件下的增幅大于充分供水时的增幅;不同施P处理玉米地上生物量的增幅明显大于不同施N处理的增幅;随水分条件的改善,玉米的根冠比增加,不同水分条件下施N均降低了根冠比,而施P增加了根冠比。     

交替根区滴灌下不同施氮量对葡萄干物质积累、分配和产量的影响

本试验采用盆栽的方法,在避雨栽培条件下,研究不同的灌溉方式和供氮水平对葡萄干物质积累与分配、产量和水氮生产效率的影响,以探讨北方鲜食葡萄生产最佳的水氮耦合管理模式。灌溉方式包括常规灌溉100%灌溉量(CDI)、单侧固定根区灌溉50%灌溉量(FDI)和双侧根区交替灌溉50%灌溉量(ADI);土壤施氮浓度设置0.4(N₁)、0.8(N₂)、1.2 g·kg^-1(N₃) 3个水平。结果表明: 与CDI模式相比,ADI和FDI总修剪量降低了34.8%和11.2%;随着施氮量的增加,生长冗余增加;CDIN₃处理葡萄树体冗余生长最高。ADI干物质积累量最高,分别比CDI、FDI提高5.1%和12.8%;N₂和N₃处理的树体总干物质量显著高于N₁处理。与其他灌溉模式相比,ADI模式下叶果比显著降低,收获指数显著提高;施氮量对各项指标影响不显著。所有组合中,ADIN₂处理冗余生长量与当年生物量比值最低。葡萄产量表现为ADI分别比CDI和FDI平均提高6.0%和10.4%,同一灌溉模式下,产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,以ADIN₂、ADIN₃耦合处理葡萄产量最高。与其他灌溉模式相比,ADI模式显著提高了葡萄水分利用效率,以ADI与N₂、N₃水平的耦合处理水分利用效率较高;不同施氮水平下,氮素利用效率表现为ADI＞CDI＞FDI,并随施氮水平的增加而降低。综合分析认为,ADIN₂处理能够减少葡萄冗余生长,有利于干物质向果实积累,产量较高,水氮生产效率较高,是较适宜北方葡萄生产的水氮组合模式。     

Root foraging and yield components underlying limited effects of Partial Root-zone Drying on oilseed rape, a crop with an indeterminate growth habit

We report on two experiments with oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to test if partial root-zone drying techniques improve yield in a crop in which vegetative and reproductive growth overlap (indeterminate growth habit), and to investigate what plant morphological responses contribute to the yield that is realized. Deficit irrigation resulted in smaller plants with smaller yields but larger seeds compared to treatments with shallow groundwater (first experiment) and with fully watered conditions (second experiment). Different partial root-zone drying treatments (water supply patterns) under deficit irrigation, however, had little effect on plant growth and yield components (number of branches, branch lengths, number of pods, etc.). Our results suggest that partial root-zone drying doesn’t work well with oilseed rape. Detailed measurements of soil water contents and root distribution indicate that roots were extremely plastic, effectively foraging for water, and these root responses may have overwhelmed physiological effects of partial root drying on the shoot. Furthermore, in crops with indeterminate growth with a short vegetative growth phase, partial root-zone drying may be ineffective in enhancing the major yield components. Further reasons for the lack of success are discussed.     

不同滴灌方式和NaCl处理对苹果幼树生长和水分传导的影响

为了探讨不同滴灌方式和土壤盐分对苹果(Malus pumila)幼树生长和水分传导(简称水分传导K)的影响。采用3种滴灌方式(交替滴灌(ADI, 根区两侧交替灌水)、固定滴灌(FDI, 根区固定一侧灌水)和常规滴灌(CDI, 根区两侧均灌水))和4个NaCl浓度梯度(0 (CK)、0.2% (S₁)、0.3% (S₂)、0.4% (S₃))。结果表明: 滴灌方式和NaCl浓度对苹果幼树生长和水分传导有显著影响。在相同的滴灌处理下, 随着NaCl浓度的增大, 苹果幼树的干物质、叶面积和净生长量及水分传导均显著地下降。根系水分传导(K_r)与总根干重间, 冠层水分传导(K_sh)与冠层干重间均呈显著的线性相关关系。在相同的NaCl处理下, 与CDI处理相比, ADI处理节水达50%, 平均根系干重、冠层干重、总干重、叶面积、净生长量和K_r仅分别下降了8.7%、19.24%、13.47%、11.87%、32.96%和10.72%; 这说明ADI处理对果树的生长和K_r具有明显的促进作用。在高盐分S₂和S₃处理下, ADI处理的叶水分传导(K_l+p)分别降低了33.56%和44.26%, 但ADI处理的K_r反而高出了CDI达1.13%和10.91%, 说明ADI处理增强了苹果幼树根源水力信号的传输效率和调控苹果幼树体内水分平衡的能力及抗盐分胁迫能力。ADI处理的生长状况和K_r均高于FDI。采用ADI处理进行灌溉不仅提高了节水调控能力, 而且也增强了抗盐分胁迫能力。     

Comparative responses of ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees to deficit irrigation: Placement versus volume effects

Aims

Climate, soil water potential (SWP), leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (g_s), fruit and shoot growth, and carbohydrate levels were monitored during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons to study the responses of ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees to irrigation placement or volume.

Methods

Three irrigation treatments were imposed, conventional irrigation (CI), partial root-zone drying (PRD, 50% of CI water on one side of the root-zone, which was alternated periodically), and continuous deficit irrigation (DI, 50% of CI water on both sides of the root-zone).

Results

After each irrigation season, DI generated twice the soil water deficit (SWD_int) than PRD (average of dry and wet sides) and a greater integrated leaf water deficit (LWD_int) than PRD and CI. Both PRD and DI reduced g_s by 9 and 15% over the irrigation period. RWC of both PRD and DI was directly related to SWP and inversely related (non-linear) to vapor pressure deficit (VPD), whereas it was unrelated to g_s. Considering individual sampling days, g_s of ‘Gala’ leaves was inversely related to VPD mainly until early August (fruit at cell expansion phase and high VPD), while it was directly related to VPD in September (no fruit and low VPD). On the contrary, g_s of ‘Fuji’ leaves was inversely related to VPD from late August until mid October (low VPD and fruit at cell expansion phase). Fruit growth was not affected by irrigation, whereas shoot and trunk growth was reduced by DI. Irrigation induced sporadic and inconsistent changes in carbohydrate contents or partitioning, with a general tendency of DI leaves to degrade and PRD to accumulate sorbitol and sucrose in dry periods.

Conclusions

‘Gala’ trees exhibited a more conservative water use than ‘Fuji’ trees due primarily to different timing of fruit growth and crop loads. Different levels of SWD_int, rather than changes in stomatal control and carbohydrate partitioning, seem to play a major role in determining a better water status in PRD than in DI trees.     

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation induced dry/wet cycles of soils stimulate N mineralization and improve N nutrition in tomatoes

Given the same amount of irrigation volume, applying alternate partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) has improved crop N nutrition as compared to deficit irrigation (DI), yet the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether PRI induced soil dry/wet cycles facilitate soil organic N mineralization hereby contributing to the improvement of N nutrition in tomatoes. The plants were grown in split-root pots in a climate-controlled glasshouse and were subjected to PRI and DI treatments during early fruiting stage. ¹⁵N-labeled maize residues were incorporated into the soils. Results showed that PRI resulted in 25% higher net ¹⁵N mineralization than did DI, indicating that the enhanced mineralization of soil organic N alone could account for the 16% increase of N accumulation in the PRI than in the DI plants. The higher net N mineralization under PRI was coincided with an intensified soil microbial activity. In addition, even though soil chloroform fumigation labile carbon (CFL-C, as an index of microbial biomass) was similar for the two irrigation treatments, a significant increase of chloroform fumigation labile nitrogen (CFL-N) was found in the PRI wetting soil. Consequently, the C:N ratio of the chloroform fumigation labile pool was remarkably modified by the PRI treatment, which might indicate physiological changes of soil microbes or changes in labiality of soil organic C and N due to the dry/wet cycles of soils, altering conditions for net N mineralization. Moreover, in both soil compartments PRI caused significantly less extractable organic carbon (EOC) as compared with DI; whilst in the PRI wetting soil significantly higher extractable organic nitrogen (EON) was observed. A low EOC:EON ratio in the PRI wetting soil may indicate an increasing net mineralization of the organic N as a result of microbial metabolism. Conclusively, PRI induced greater microbial activity and higher microbial substrates availability are seemingly responsible for the enhanced net N mineralization and improved N nutrition in tomato plants.