利用蛋白质限制性水解法解析大肠杆菌T蛋白的独立结构域

为了解析分支酸变位酶和预苯酸脱氢酶在大肠杆菌T蛋白的定位,根据T蛋白限制性水解结果,分段克隆分支酸变位酶和预苯酸脱氢酶.T蛋白限制性水解结果显示,第93位氨基酸是大片段的N端,分段克隆的1～93 片段测定得到分支酸变位酶活性,96～373片段得到了预苯酸脱氢酶活性.研究表明,大肠杆菌T蛋白由两个独立结构域组成,N端93个氨基酸组成了分支酸变位酶,C端277个氨基酸组成了预苯酸脱氢酶.     

大肠杆菌P蛋白和T蛋白的调节结构域互换研究

在细菌、真菌及植物中,分支酸是一种位于关键分叉点上的中间代谢物,是所有芳香族氨基酸合成的共同前体.它可在双功能酶分支酸变位酶(CM)和预苯酸脱水酶(PDT)的催化下合成苯丙氨酸,在另一个双功能酶分支酸变位酶和预苯酸脱氢酶(PDH)的催化下合成酪氨酸.前者被称为P蛋白,后者被称为T蛋白.大肠杆菌P蛋白和T蛋白有着类似的结构,P蛋白由CMp、PDT和调节结构域３个独立结构域组成,其变构调节因子是苯丙氨酸.T蛋白只有CMt和PDH两个独立结构域组成,起变构调节作用的调节结构域与PDH密不可分,其变构调节因子是酪氨酸.为了研究P蛋白和T蛋白的调节结构域的变构调节作用,应用融合蛋白技术将P蛋白和T蛋白的调节结构域进行了互换.结果发现,互换了的调节结构域仍然具有变构调节作用,而且调节结构域的互换导致了变构调节因子的互换,说明调节结构域对酶活性的调节作用是非专一的,而其R结构域与调节因子的结合却是专一的.     

橡胶树白粉菌分支酸变位酶基因克隆及蛋白表达纯化

由橡胶树白粉菌引起的橡胶树白粉病是橡胶树的重要的叶部病害之一,严重影响橡胶的产量。然而目前对橡胶树白粉菌的致病机理研究匮乏。分支酸变位酶是莽草酸途径的关键酶,能够将分支酸转化为预苯酸,为植物提供氨基酸及大量代谢产物,在植物抗病中起到非常重要的作用。而植物病原物在致病过程当中能够分泌分支酸变位酶影响植物莽草酸途径,从而抑制植物的防卫反应。因此研究橡胶树白粉菌分支酸变位酶在其致病过程中的功能具有一定的意义。试验利用同源比对分析在橡胶树白粉菌基因组中获得一个分支酸变位酶同源蛋白,并用PCR克隆获得橡胶树白粉菌分支酸变位酶基因,命名为OHCmu。后续构建GST-OHCmu融合原核表达载体,筛选最优诱导条件,并利用GST亲和层析柱对蛋白进行纯化。结果表明橡胶树白粉菌OHCmu基因大小843 bp,具有1个内含子,编码263个氨基酸;具有d5csma_结构域,属于Chorismate mutaseⅡ蛋白家族;GST-OHCmu融合蛋白外源诱导表达在供试条件下(IPTG:0.8 mmol/L, 16℃)可以有较好的表达,获得融合蛋白大小约为56 kD。经过GST亲和层析柱纯化、切割GST标签后,顺利获得浓度较高、较纯的橡胶树白粉菌OHCmu蛋白。研究结果为后续OHCmu蛋白的特性及致病机理研究提供参考。     

大肠杆菌苯丙氨酸合成途径关键酶基因pheA的克隆与表达

为了通过基因工程手段来增加苯丙氨酸的生物产量,利用ＰＣＲ方法从大肠杆菌中克隆了抗反馈抑制突变型及野生型的ｐｈｅＡ基因,进行了核苷酸序列分析,并利用高效的原核表达载体ＰＢＶ２２０对ｐｈｅＡ基因编码的突变型及野生型分支酸变位酶／预苯酸脱水酶（ＣＭ／ＰＤ）进行了表达。序列分析表明突变型基因碱基第５８０位由Ｔ变为Ｃ,相应氨基酸由Ｖａｌ变为Ａｌａ,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ图谱扫描分析表明目的蛋白ＣＭ／ＰＤ的表达量占全菌体蛋白的４３％,占上清总蛋白的５７％。酶活性测定表明其ＣＭ和 ＰＤ活性分别提高了 １５．５和６．７倍,产酸量也有了一定的提高,为构建产苯丙氨酸的生物工程菌奠定了基础。     

头状轮生链霉菌芳香族氨基酸合成途径的调节

对头状轮生链霉菌(Streptoverticillium caespitosus)芳香氨基酸合成途径的研究表明,第一个酶即3—脱氧—α—阿拉伯庚酮糖-7-磷酸(DAHP)合成酶无同工酶,不被L-色氨酸阻遏,比活力可被硝酸盐促进。L-色氨酸强烈地反馈抑制此酶,L-酪氨酸和L-苯丙氨酸无作用。L-色氨酸的反馈抑制对磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)是非竞争性的,K_I为373μmol/L。酶对PEP和4-磷酸亦藓糖(E4P)的K_m值分别为50和100μmol/L。PEP和C0²⁺对酶有稳定作用。邻氨基苯甲酸合成酶活力可被1mmol/L L-色氨酸完全抑制,此酶也受L-色氨酸的阻遏,但是色氨酸支路上其余4个酶不被阻遏。分支酸变位酶被L-酪氨酸抑制。L-苯丙氨酸抑制预苯酸脱水酶,并更强地抑制预苯酸脱氢酶。     

大肠杆菌CM/PDT抗反馈抑制突变体的构建及其性质

为了获得具有高催化活性且抗反馈抑制的大肠杆菌分支酸变位酶 预苯酸脱水酶 (chorismatemutase prephenatedehydrataseCM PDT) [EC5 .4 .99.5 EC4 .2 .1.5 1],通过相关菌种CM PDT氨基酸序列同源比较 ,寻找高度保守位点 .用定点突变及PCR法构建突变酶M1(缺失 30 4T、30 5G、Q30 6K)、M2 (缺失W 338)、M3(缺失 30 1～ 386位氨基酸 )、M32 9(E32 9A)和M374 (C374A) ,野生型及各突变型基因与pET2 8a(+ )载体连接后 ,表达融合蛋白 .在非变性条件下 ,由TALON金属螯合亲和层析柱纯化野生型和突变体的酶蛋白 .酶活性测定表明 ,突变体M3的PDT活性下降为野生型活性的 2 9% ,但保持了CM活性 .突变体M374保持了CM ,PDT两种酶的活性 ,突变体M1、M2、M32 9的CM ,PDT活性有一定程度的提高 .酶抗反馈抑制作用检测表明 ,突变体M3、M374解除了苯丙氨酸的反馈抑制作用 ,M1、M2、M32 9部分解除了苯丙氨酸的反馈抑制作用 .与含野生型pheA基因的E .coliBL2 1菌株相比 ,含突变基因的E .coliBL2 1菌株对 10mmol L的苯丙氨酸代谢类似物具有强的抗反馈抑制作用 ,其中M1,M2 ,M3对 2 0mmol L的类似物具有抗反馈抑制作用     

FHL2转录激活结构域的定位

LIM蛋白家族成员FHL2 (fourandhalfLIMdomainprotein)在转录调节、细胞凋亡及肿瘤的发生发展中都起着重要作用。利用GAL4转录因子中的DNA结合结构域 (DBD)和含有与DBD结合序列的荧光素酶报告基因(GAL4 LUC)构建了哺乳动物细胞转录激活系统 ,并利用该系统定位了FHL2的转录激活结构域。首先将GAL4 DBD序列以正确读框插入到pcDNA3载体的多克隆位点中 ,构建成真核表达载体pDBD ,再将野生型FHL2及其不同片段以正确读框与pDBD中GAL4 DBD序列融合 ,构建成野生型FHL2及其缺失突变体表达载体。将这些表达载体分别瞬时转染 2 93T胚胎肾细胞 ,野生型FHL2及其缺失突变体都得到了表达。利用GAL4 荧光素酶报告基因对野生型FHL2及其不同突变体的转录激活活性检测表明 ,在 2 93T胚胎肾细胞和乳腺癌MCF 7细胞中 ,野生型FHL2具有转录激活活性 ,缺失N端半个LIM结构域使FHL2转录激活活性降低 ,缺失C末端第二个LIM结构域对FHL2的转录激活功能影响不大 ,缺失C末端最后一个LIM结构域则使FHL2的转录激活功能完全丧失 ,而C末端缺失 2个LIM结构域使FHL2转录激活活性又有所恢复。这说明FHL2C末端最后一个LIM结构域对其转录激活功能是必需的 ,而C末端第二个LIM结构域可能对FHL2的转录激活功能有负调控作用 ,这种负调控作用取决于     

过氧物酶体多功能酶2中固醇载体蛋白2结构域的功能

过氧物酶体多功能酶 (包括Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型 ,简称MFE1、MFE2 )在哺乳类动物的脂类代谢中发挥其重要作用 .MFE1具有 2 烯酰CoA水合酶 1和 (3S) 羟脂酰CoA脱氢酶的活性 ,而MFE2具有 2 烯酰CoA水合酶 2和 (3R) 羟脂酰CoA脱氢酶的活性 ,两者均催化烯酰CoA在过氧物酶体β 氧化途径中的第 2步和第 3步反应 .MFE1与MFE2的氨基酸序列不具有任何同源性 ,并且它们的底物特异性也不相同 .比较哺乳类MFE1及酵母MFE2发现 ,哺乳类MFE2羧基末端带有由 12 5个残基组成的固醇载体蛋白 2 (简称SCP2 )结构域 ,其功能是未知的 .为了研究SCP2结构域在MFE2中的功能 ,将人MFE2、MFE2ΔSCP2 (删除MFE2中的SCP2 )、脱氢酶结构域、水合酶结构域以及SCP2结构域分别在E .coli中表达 ,并经纯化得到相应的重组蛋白 .通过测定 2 烯酰CoA水合酶 2和 (3R) 羟脂酰CoA脱氢酶对烯酰CoA的催化活性发现 ,带有SCP2结构域的重组蛋白的酶活力及催化效率高于删除SCP2的突变体蛋白 .实验结果表明 ,SCP2结构域可能通过增强MFE2与脂酰CoA的结合力 ,使得MFE2发挥最有效的催化活力     

谷氨酸棒杆菌苯丙氨酸生物合成有关基因克隆及在选育苯丙氨酸产生菌中的应用

谷氨酸棒杆菌K_(38)是一株抗对—氟苯丙氨酸和邻—氟苯丙氨酸的苯丙氨酸产生菌;而谷氨酸棒杆菌KY_(9456)则是一株缺失分枝酸变位酶和预苯酸脱水酶菌株。我们把K_(38)的分枝酸变位酶和预苯酸脱水酶基因克隆到KY_(9456)的pCE_(53)质粒中,构建了质粒pCmB_4。pCmB_4含有一段插入到pCE_(53)BamHI单一酶切位点上的9.4KbBamHIDNA片段。质粒pCmB_4弥补了KY_(9456)的苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸双重营养缺陷。pCmB_4质粒转入谷氨酸棒杆菌RRL_5中:结果RRL_5的分枝酸变位酶活性增加10倍左右。pCmB_4质粒转入K_(38)中,携带质粒的K_(38)菌可累积19.0mg/ml苯丙氨酸(比原K_(38)增产50%以上)。     

香菇转录本Unigene 10627过氧化物酶结构域的克隆表达及抗氧化活性研究

目的分析香菇C91-3转录本Unigene 10627基因的结构域,并对其进行诱导表达,初步探讨所得目的蛋白的抗氧化活性。方法将香菇C91-3菌丝体中总RNA提取出来,通过反转录获得cDNA文库,根据反转录结果,通过3′-RACE(Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends),5′-RACE技术扩增获取基因全长。通过生物信息学方法预测基因的结构域,利用PCR技术扩增该目的片段,将扩增产物连接到原核表达载体pET32a(+)上,采用热转化法转至E.coli Rosetta-gami(DE3)中进行诱导表达,对目的蛋白进行分离、纯化及鉴定。采用二苯代苦味酰自由基(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)法检测蛋白的抗氧化活性。结果成功获得基因全长,预测结果表明该基因具有染料脱色过氧化物酶结构域(DyP_Perox),双酶切结果证实目的片段成功插入,并通过诱导表达获得目的蛋白。结论目的蛋白成功表达,且具有抗氧化活性,为进一步研究其生物学活性提供基础。     

A monofunctional prephenate dehydrogenase created by cleavage of the 5' 109 bp of the tyrA gene from Erwinia herbicola.

A cohesive phylogenetic cluster that is limited to enteric bacteria and a few closely related genera possesses a bifunctional protein that is known as the T-protein and is encoded by tyrA. The T-protein carries catalytic domains for chorismate mutase and for cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase. Cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase can utilize prephenate or L-arogenate as alternative substrates. A portion of the tyr A gene cloned from Erwinia herbicola was deleted in vitro with exonuclease III and fused in-frame with a 5' portion of lacZ to yield a new gene, denoted tyrA*, in which 37 N-terminal amino acids of the T-protein are replaced by 18 amino acids encoded by the polycloning site/5' portion of the lacZ alpha-peptide of pUC19. The TyrA* protein retained dehydrogenase activity but lacked mutase activity, thus demonstrating the separability of the two catalytic domains. While the Km of the TyrA* dehydrogenase for NAD+ remained unaltered, the Km for prephenate was fourfold greater and the Vmax was almost twofold greater than observed for the parental T-protein dehydrogenase. Activity with L-arogenate, normally a relatively poor substrate, was reduced to a negligible level. The prephenate dehydrogenase activity encoded by tyrA* was hypersensitive to feedback inhibition by L-tyrosine (a competitive inhibitor with respect to prephenate), partly because the affinity for prephenate was reduced and partly because the Ki value for L-tyrosine was decreased from 66 microM to 14 microM. Thus, excision of a portion of the chorismate mutase domain is shown to result in multiple extra-domain effects upon the cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase domain of the bifunctional protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Mapping of chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydrogenase domains in the Escherichia coli T-protein.

The Escherichia coli bifunctional T-protein transforms chorismic acid to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid in the l-tyrosine biosynthetic pathway. The 373 amino acid T-protein is a homodimer that exhibits chorismate mutase (CM) and prephenate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities, both of which are feedback-inhibited by tyrosine. Fifteen genes coding for the T-protein and various fragments thereof were constructed and successfully expressed in order to characterize the CM, PDH and regulatory domains. Residues 1-88 constituted a functional CM domain, which was also dimeric. Both the PDH and the feedback-inhibition activities were localized in residues 94-373, but could not be separated into discrete domains. The activities of cloned CM and PDH domains were comparatively low, suggesting some cooperative interactions in the native state. Activity data further indicate that the PDH domain, in which NAD, prephenate and tyrosine binding sites were present, was more unstable than the CM domain.     

The prephenate dehydrogenase component of the bifunctional T-protein in enteric bacteria can utilize L-arogenate

The prephenate dehydrogenase component of the bifunctional T-protein (chorismate mutase:prephenate dehydrogenase) has been shown to utilize L-arogenate, a common precursor of phenylalanine and tyrosine in nature, as a substrate. Partially purified T-protein from Klebsiella pneumoniae and from Escherichia coli strains K 12, B, C and W was used to demonstrate the utilization of L-arogenate as an alternative substrate for prephenate in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as cofactor. The formation of L-tyrosine from L-arogenate by the T-protein dehydrogenase was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. As expected of a common catalytic site, dehydrogenase activity with either prephenate or L-arogenate was highly sensitive to inhibition by L-tyrosine.     

Enzyme Alterations in Tyrosine and Phenylalanine Auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium

The enzyme activities specified by the tyrA and pheA genes were studied in wildtype strain Salmonella typhimurium and in phenylalanine and tyrosine auxotrophs. As in Aerobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli, the wild-type enzymes of Salmonella catalyze two consecutive reactions: chorismate --> prephenate --> 4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvate (tyrA), and chorismate --> prephenate --> phenylpyruvate (pheA). A group of tyrA mutants capable of interallelic complementation had altered enzymes which retained chorismate mutase T activity but lacked prephenate dehydrogenase. Similarly, pheA mutants (in which interallelic complementation does not occur) had one group with altered enzymes which retained chorismate mutase P but lacked prephenate dehydratase. Tyrosine and phenylalanine auxotrophs outside of these categories showed loss of both activities of their respective bifunctional enzyme. TyrA mutants which had mutase T were considerably derepressed in this activity by tyrosine starvation and consequently excreted prephenate. A new and specific procedure was developed for assaying prephenate dehydrogenase activity.     

Probing the overlap of chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydrogenase sites in the escherichia coli T-protein: a dehydrogenase-selective inhibitor

An inhibitor of prephenate dehydrogenase has been identified that has no effect on the chorismate mutase activity in the Escherichia coli T-protein, thus supporting the idea of two separate active sites.     

A reporter system that discriminates EF-hand-sensor motifs from signal-modulators at the single-motif level

The T-protein is a single-polypeptide bi-functional enzyme composed of a chorismate mutase domain fused to a prephenate dehydrogenase domain (TyrA). We replaced the chorismate mutase domain with canonical or pseudo-Ca²⁺-binding motifs (EF-hand). Canonical-EF-hand-motifs differentiate from pseudo-EF-hand-motifs by experimenting a Ca²⁺-dependent conformational change. The Ca²⁺-free EF-hand-TyrA fusion-proteins showed TyrA activity at the T-protein level. Canonical-EF-hand-TyrA fusions showed a Ca²⁺-dependent loss of TyrA activity, but a pseudo-EF-hand-TyrA fusion showed high TyrA activity level in excess-Ca²⁺ conditions. Because TyrA activity exhibits robust changes in response to Ca²⁺-dependent-EF-hand conformational alterations, TyrA could be a good Ca²⁺-reporter enzyme. A chimeric canonical/pseudo-EF-hand strategy is proposed to confer pseudo-EF-hand motifs with a Ca²⁺-dependent conformational change.     

The stable evolutionary fixation of a bifunctional tyrosine-pathway protein in enteric bacteria

Abstract The bifunctional T-protein (chorismate mutase-T: cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase) of l -tyrosine biosynthesis was found to be present in all genera making up the enteric bacteria. The dehydrogenase component of the T-protein was active with both prephenate and l -arogenate, showing it to be a cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase. The dehydrogenase component, but not the mutase component, of the T-protein was feedback-inhibited by l -tyrosine. Unlike some other bifunctional proteins, the T-protein has evolved recently and is not ubiquitous. However, once the biochemical specialization of bifunctionality becomes established, the results indicate that such character states are strongly conserved through evolutionary time. Thus, bifunctional proteins can provide particularly reliable markers for small (recent origin), intermediate, and large (ancient origin) phylogenetic clusters.     

Absolute dependence of phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthetic enzyme on tryptophan in Candida maltosa

Candida maltosa synthesizes phenylalanine and tyrosine only via phenylpyruvate and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Tryptophan is absolutely necessary for the enzymatic reaction of chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydrogenase; activity of prephenate dehydratase can be increased 2.5-fold in the presence of tryptophan. Activation of the chorismate mutase, prephenate dehydratase and prephenate dehydrogenase by tryptophan is competitive with respect to chorismate and prephenate with Ka 0.06mM, 0.56mM and 1.7mM. In addition tyrosine is a competitive inhibitor of chorismate mutase (Ki = 0.55mM) and prephenate dehydrogenase (Ki = 5.5mM).     

Purified recombinant hypothetical protein coded by open reading frame Rv1885c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibits a monofunctional AroQ class of periplasmic chorismate mutase activity

Naturally occurring variants of the enzyme chorismate mutase are known to exist that exhibit diversity in enzyme structure, regulatory properties, and association with other proteins. Chorismate mutase was not annotated in the initial genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) because of low sequence similarity between known chorismate mutases. Recombinant protein coded by open reading frame Rv1885c of Mtb exhibited chorismate mutase activity in vitro. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of the recombinant protein suggests its resemblance to the AroQ class of chorismate mutases, prototype examples of which include the Escherichia coli and yeast chorismate mutases. We also demonstrate that unlike the corresponding proteins of E. coli, Mtb chorismate mutase does not have any associated prephenate dehydratase or dehydrogenase activity, indicating its monofunctional nature. The Rv1885c-encoded chorismate mutase showed allosteric regulation by pathway-specific as well as cross-pathway-specific ligands, as evident from proteolytic cleavage protection and enzyme assays. The predicted N-terminal signal sequence of Mtb chorismate mutase was capable of functioning as one in E. coli, suggesting that Mtb chorismate mutase belongs to the AroQ class of chorismate mutases. It was evident that Rv1885c may not be the only enzyme with chorismate mutase enzyme function within Mtb, based on our observation of the presence of chorismate mutase activity displayed by another hypothetical protein coded by open reading frame Rv0948c, a novel instance of the existence of two monofunctional chorismate mutases ever reported in any pathogenic bacterium.