干旱胁迫对玉米苗期叶片光系统Ⅱ性能的影响

以陕单609为材料,采用盆栽试验,设置中度、重度干旱胁迫2个处理,研究干旱胁迫对苗期玉米叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)性能、干物质积累、保护酶活性及脯氨酸含量的影响.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,玉米于物质积累量、叶面积、株高下降显著;PSⅡ复合体的不稳定性加重(L-band ＞0),供体侧放氧复合体受到伤害(K-band ＞0),受体侧电子传递链受到抑制(Ψ0显著下降),进而导致光系统Ⅱ整体性能下降(PIABS显著下降).在中度和重度干旱胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性,以及脯氨酸含量均显著增加,分别为对照的1.3、1.1、1.2、5.8倍和1.1、3.3、1.5、15.0倍.这表明干旱胁迫引起的玉米叶片光系统Ⅱ供受体侧的损伤是光系统Ⅱ性能下降的原因,导致玉米干物质生产下降,而保护酶和脯氨酸对玉米抵御干旱胁迫起到了积极的作用.     

铀在小麦幼苗中的积累分布及其对叶片光系统活性的影响

分别采用不同浓度的铀[0、5、20、50、100mg.L-1 UO2(NO3)2.6H2O]对五叶期的‘西科麦3号’小麦幼苗于水培条件下处理7d,分析小麦对铀的吸收积累情况,并通过快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学OJIP曲线及820nm光吸收曲线,分析铀对叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)和光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)活性的影响。结果表明:(1)小麦对铀的富集系数和转移系数较小,吸收的铀主要集中在根部。(2)铀胁迫显著降低了小麦叶片捕光色素叶绿素b的含量,并显著影响小麦叶片两个光系统的活性;铀显著抑制PSⅡ反应中心的活性,但是对PSⅡ的电子供体侧和受体侧电子传递活性及PSⅠ的活性则表现为促进作用。(3)低浓度的铀处理会影响小麦叶片中两个光合系统之间的平衡,对PSⅠ性能的促进作用显著大于PSⅡ。     

叶面喷施褪黑素对干旱及复水下玉米光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

为揭示叶面喷施外源褪黑素(MT)在干旱胁迫及复水下调控玉米的生理机制,该研究以玉米‘陕科9号’为试验材料,叶面喷施100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素,在重度干旱胁迫和复水后测定叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶面积、地上部生物量、光合机构活性以及抗氧化酶活性等指标。结果表明：(1)外源喷施褪黑素能有效缓解干旱胁迫诱导的玉米生长发育抑制,同时显著提高干旱胁迫下玉米叶片光系统(PSⅡ和PSⅠ)有效量子产量［Y(Ⅱ)和Y(Ⅰ)］,并降低干旱胁迫下叶片PSⅠ 受体侧和供体侧限制引起的非光化学能量耗散的量子产量Y(ND)和Y(NA)。(2)喷施外源褪黑素显著增强了干旱胁迫玉米植株叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,显著降低了其丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量;同时外源褪黑激素也显著上调了其相应抗氧化酶活性相关基因的表达量。(3)复水后,干旱胁迫下经褪黑素处理的玉米植株叶片上述各参数恢复速度较单独干旱胁迫处理植株更快。研究认为,叶面喷施褪黑素有效缓解了干旱胁迫对玉米叶片的光合机构的损伤,增强了叶片抗氧化酶活性及相关基因的表达,显著降低了膜脂过氧化伤害程度,且复水后显著促进叶片生理功能的恢复,表明外源褪黑素可通过改善干旱及复水下玉米叶片光合效率和抗氧化能力,从而促进植株生长以适应干旱多变的环境。     

NaCl胁迫加重强光胁迫下超大甜椒叶片的光系统Ⅱ和光系统Ⅰ的光抑制

快速叶绿素荧光动力学可以在无损情况下探知叶片光合机构的损伤程度,快速叶绿素荧光测定和分析技术(JIP-test)将测量值转化为多种具有生物学意义的参数,因而被广泛应用于植物光合机构对环境的响应机制研究.该文研究了超大甜椒(Capsicum annuum)幼苗在强光及不同NaCl浓度胁迫下的荧光响应情况.与单纯强光胁迫相比,NaCl胁迫引起了叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的明显改变,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光抑制加重,同时PSⅡ反应中心和受体侧受到明显影响,而且高NaCl浓度胁迫下PSⅡ供体侧受伤害明显,同时PSⅠ反应中心活性(P700+)在盐胁迫下明显降低.这些结果表明,NaCl胁迫会增强强光对超大甜椒光系统的光抑制,并且浓度越高抑制越明显,但对PSⅠ的抑制作用低于PSⅡ.高NaCl浓度胁迫易对PSⅡ供体侧造成破坏,且PSⅠ光抑制严重.     

NaCl胁迫增强杂交酸模(Rumex K-1)幼苗叶片的米勒过氧化反应

200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫对杂交酸模(Rumex K-1)幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fy/Fm)没有影响,但是显著降低了光合速率和气孔导度,导致细胞间隙CO2浓度和叶绿素含量增加.同时,盐胁迫引起活性氧清除关键酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性上升.在光合作用诱导过程中,无论是对照叶片还是盐胁迫叶片,米勒过氧化反应均维持一部分光合电子流.光合作用达到稳定状态后,盐胁迫叶片仍能够通过米勒过氧化反应维持部分光合电子流.强光下,低氧(2%)抑制米勒过氧化反应对对照叶片光抑制程度没有明显影响,而显著增加盐胁迫叶片的光抑制程度.据上述结果推测:盐胁迫下米勒过氧化反应的增强有助于消耗过剩的激发电子,从而降低强光下杂交酸模幼苗叶片的光抑制程度.     

NaCl胁迫增强杂交酸模（Rumex K．1）幼苗叶片的米勒过氧化反应

摘要：200mmol／LNaCl胁迫对杂交酸模(Rumex K-1)幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv／Frn)没有影响,但是显著降低了光合速率和气孔导度,导致细胞间隙CO2浓度和叶绿素含量增加。同时,盐胁迫引起活性氧清除关键酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性上升。在光合作用诱导过程中,无论是对照叶片还是盐胁迫叶片,米勒过氧化反应均维持一部分光合电子流。光合作用达到稳定状态后,盐胁迫叶片仍能够通过米勒过氧化反应维持部分光合电子流。强光下,低氧(2％)抑制米勒过氧化反应对对照叶片光抑制程度没有明显影响,而显著增加盐胁迫叶片的光抑制程度。据上述结果推测：盐胁迫下米勒过氧化反应的增强有助于消耗过剩的激发电子,从而降低强光下杂交酸模幼苗叶片的光抑制程度。     

低温光抑制恢复过程中黄瓜叶片PSⅡ活性及其电子传递对PSⅠ的影响

以“津春4号”黄瓜为试材,通过测定黄瓜叶片叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和对820 nm光的吸收曲线,结合叶绿素荧光淬灭分析,研究低温光胁迫(4℃,200 μmol·m-2·s-1)6 h后,黄瓜叶片在常温(25℃)不同光强(0、15、200μmol·m-2·s-1)下PS Ⅰ和PS Ⅱ活性的恢复,以及恢复过程中PS Ⅰ与PS Ⅱ的相互作用.结果表明:低温光胁迫6h后,PS Ⅰ和PS Ⅱ发生不同程度的光抑制.在常温恢复阶段,PS Ⅱ活性快速恢复且对光强不敏感;PS Ⅰ活性在弱光下(15 μmol·m-2·s-1)快速恢复,在较强光(200 μmol·m-2·s-1)下恢复较慢.在低温光抑制恢复过程中,常温下PS Ⅱ活性恢复较快可能导致PS Ⅱ向PS Ⅰ的线性电子传递过快,进而抑制PS Ⅰ的活性恢复.因此,在进行黄瓜抗冷性育种时,不应该仅追求较高的PS Ⅱ抗性和较快的PS Ⅱ恢复速度,还应该注意两个光系统活性的协调.在生产中,应当在低温逆境发生及其之后较长一段时间内采取措施降低叶表面光照强度,以利于对植株光合机构的保护和光合活性的恢复.     

低温弱光胁迫对日光温室栽培杏树光系统功能的影响

以温室栽培的金太阳杏为材料,测定了金太阳杏叶片光合速率(P_n)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光下实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)和开放的PSⅡ反应中心的激发能捕获效率(F_v^′/F_m^′), 探讨了低温弱光(7 ℃、200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 PFD)对叶片光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)和PSⅡ的抑制作用.结果表明：温室栽培的金太阳杏叶光合作用的最适温度在25 ℃左右.光下7 ℃的低温可使叶片净光合速率(P_n)大幅下降,造成激发压(1-q_P)增大,进而引起光抑制.低温弱光条件使PSⅠ和PSⅡ功能受到破坏,与单纯低温胁迫(7 ℃,黑暗)处理相比,经低温、弱光(7 ℃, 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1PFD)胁迫2 h后,PSⅠ活性下降了28.26%,而PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）没有发生显著变化,表明低温弱光条件下PSⅠ比PSⅡ 更易发生光抑制.     

水分胁迫对小麦叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学的影响

利用调制式荧光动力学分光光度计研究了水分胁迫对小麦叶片及叶绿体的叶绿素α荧光诱导动力学的影响.结果表明,水分胁迫对小麦光合作用的损伤是多部位的,它影响了PSⅠ活性、PSⅡ活性以及CO_2同化.对于PSⅡ的损伤部位除了它的氧化侧处,还可能损伤了PSⅡ反应中心.     

AOX途径在苹果离体叶片失水过程中的光破坏防御作用

为探讨线粒体交替氧化酶呼吸途径（AOX途径）对水分胁迫下苹果叶片光破坏的防御作用,以苹果砧木平邑甜茶离体叶片为试材,通过AOX抑制剂水杨基羟肟酸(SHAM)处理,同时测定苹果叶片叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线和820 nm光的吸收曲线,结合JIP test分析,探讨了失水过程中AOX途径的光保护作用。结果表明：水分胁迫条件下,平邑甜茶叶片的AOX活性显著增加, SHAM抑制AOX途径后,叶片发生更严重的光抑制;在失水胁迫条件下,平邑甜茶叶片PSⅡ原初光化学反应的量子产额（TRo/ABS）、PSⅡ捕获的电子从Q_A传递到Q_B的概率（ETo/TRo）下降,PSⅡ单位反应中心吸收的光能（ABS/RC）上升,而PSⅠ的最大氧化还原活性（ΔI/I_o）未受影响;SHAM抑制AOX途径后,TRo/ABS和ETo/TRo进一步下降,ABS/RC进一步上升,同时引起了ΔI/I_o的下降。研究认为,水分胁迫条件下,平邑甜茶叶片PSⅡ发生了光抑制,而SHAM处理在加重PSⅡ光抑制的同时,引起了PSⅠ的光抑制;叶片失水过程中,AOX呼吸上调是平邑甜茶叶片的重要光破坏防御机制,特别是对PSⅠ具有重要的保护作用。     

Effects of Drought Stress on the Photosynthesis in Maize

To clarify how the components of the entire photosynthetic electron transport chain in response to drought stress in maize. The activities of photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI), and the electron transport chain between PSII and PSI of maize were investigated by prompt fluorescence (PF), delayed fluorescence (DF) and 820 nm modulated reflection (MR). Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were subjected to different levels of soil water availability including control, moderate and severe drought stress. A significant decrease in ?E₀, Ψ₀ and PI_ABS was found in maize treated with moderate drought stress. A significant increase in ABS/RC was observed, but there were no significant change in the fast MR phase and the amplitude of DF under moderate drought stress compared to the control. Under severe drought stress, the exchange capacity between Q_A to Q_B, reoxidation capacity of plastoquinol, and the oxidation and re-reduction rates of PC and P₇₀₀ all decreased. These results demonstrated that moderate drought stress reduced the photochemical activity of PSII from Q_A to PQH₂, while the photochemical activity of PSI was unscathed. However, severe drought stress inhibited the entire electron transport chain from the donor side of PSII to PSI-end electron acceptors. In addition, the photochemical activity of PSII is more sensitive to drought stress than PSI.     

Photosynthetic Responses of Leaves to Water Stress, Expressed by Photoacoustics and Related Methods : II. The Effect of Rapid Drought on the Electron Transport and the Relative Activities of the Two Photosystems

The effect of rapid dehydration of detached tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.) on the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis was studied in vivo by a combination of methods: photoacoustics, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and cytochrome f difference spectroscopy. It was shown that the inhibition of gross O₂ evolution was mainly caused by inactivation of PSII: (a) The saturation curve of cytochrome-f photooxidation by farred (>710 nanometers) light was resistant to the stress, leading to the conclusion that photosystem I (PSI) was largely unaffected by the stress. (b) The extent of the chlorophyll a variable fluorescence arising from photosystem II (PSII) decreased with the progression of the stress, but was largely unaffected when the leaf was preincubated with electron donors to PSII, such as hydroxylamine. It is concluded that the drought damage to PSII occurred on the photooxidative side. Despite the extensive inhibition of PSII and the relative preservation of PSI, the apparent PSII/PSI activity balance was somewhat larger in stressed leaves than in the control, as indicated by photoacoustic measurements of Emerson enhancement. These measurements were performed continuously under conditions which favor transitions to either state 1 or 2, showing that the transition to state 2 was considerably inhibited. Simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induction at 680 and 730 mm at room temperature were also used to probe changes in energy distribution between PSII and PSI and indicated that the transition from a dark adapted state to state 2 was also affected in water-stressed leaves. The saturation curve of the far-red light effect in Emerson enhancement was not changed by the stress, giving another independent evidence for the drought resistance of PSI activity. This apparent preservation of the imbalance in photochemical activities in favor of PSII, despite the fact that PSII is strongly inhibited, and PSI is not, supports a previous suggestion that the electron transfer between the two photosystems is not random but that a large extent of PSII and PSI units are specifically linked.     

定向种植对夏玉米群体内光环境及叶片光合性能的影响

为改善玉米群体内光环境,进一步提高玉米单株光合能力以获得高产,本研究以郑单958为试验材料,通过设置种子定向入土方式,研究了定向有序种植条件下群体内光分布特征,以及单株玉米穗位叶花后光合性能,并借助快速叶绿素荧光动力学曲线分析了与叶片光合性能有密切联系的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的性能特征.结果表明:叶片不同朝向显著改变夏玉米群体内穗位叶处光合有效辐射截获量,朝南处理(S)平均比朝北处理(N)高271.8%.不同朝向的叶片对高光与弱光的利用能力差异显著,朝南处理饱和光强下净光合速率(Pn)显著升高,表明其高光强利用能力显著提升;而朝北处理(N)表观量子效率(α)则随生育期推进显著增加,有利于叶片适应长期弱光环境.生育前期朝南处理PSⅡ电子供体侧和受体侧性能显著提高,进而改善了PSⅡ反应中心性能(PIABS)和荧光光化学淬灭系数(ψo),电子在电子传递链中转移效率(φEo)的提高增强了电子由PSⅡ向光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)的传递性能.生育前期叶片性能呈现出朝南>朝东>朝西>朝北的趋势.但成熟末期朝南处理对强光的利用效率显著降低,朝北处理在生育后期表现出较强的弱光利用能力,表观量子效率显著升高,花后40dPn与PSⅡ性能均表现为朝北>朝西>朝东>朝南的趋势.总体上,朝南与朝东处理群体内光环境改善显著,群体穗位层截获光合有效辐射较多,光合能力和干物质生产能力增强,有利于夏玉米产量提高.     

低温弱光胁迫对野生大豆和大豆栽培种光系统功能的影响

以野生大豆和栽培大豆为材料,通过同时测定大豆叶片的叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和对820nm光的吸收曲线,以及测定超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的活性,分析了低温弱光胁迫及常温弱光恢复下这2种大豆光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）和光系统Ⅰ（PSI）功能的变化。结果表明,低温弱光胁迫对这2种大豆的PSI和PSⅡ的功能都造成伤害;在低温弱光胁迫下,维持较高的SOD和APX活性和维持PSI和PSⅡ的协调性是野生大豆比栽培大豆耐低温的一个重要原因。     

Changes in cyclic and respiratory electron transport by the movement of phycobilisomes in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803

Phycobilisomes (PBS) are the major accessory light-harvesting complexes in cyanobacteria and their mobility affects the light energy distribution between the two photosystems. We investigated the effect of PBS mobility on state transitions, photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport, and various fluorescence parameters in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, using glycinebetaine to immobilize and couple PBS to photosystem II (PSII) or photosystem I (PSI) by applying under far-red or green light, respectively. The immobilization of PBS at PSII inhibited the increase in cyclic electron flow, photochemical and non-photochemical quenching, and decrease in respiration that occurred during the movement of PBS from PSII to PSI. In contrast, the immobilization of PBS at PSI inhibited the increase in respiration and photochemical quenching and decrease in cyclic electron flow and non-photochemical quenching that occurred when PBS moved from PSI to PSII. Linear electron transport did not change during PBS movement but increased or decreased significantly during longer illumination with far-red or green light, respectively. This implies that PBS movement is completed in a short time but it takes longer for the overall photosynthetic reactions to be tuned to a new state.     

Changes in cyclic and respiratory electron transport by the movement of phycobilisomes in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803

Phycobilisomes (PBS) are the major accessory light-harvesting complexes in cyanobacteria and their mobility affects the light energy distribution between the two photosystems. We investigated the effect of PBS mobility on state transitions, photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport, and various fluorescence parameters in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, using glycinebetaine to immobilize and couple PBS to photosystem II (PSII) or photosystem I (PSI) by applying under far-red or green light, respectively. The immobilization of PBS at PSII inhibited the increase in cyclic electron flow, photochemical and non-photochemical quenching, and decrease in respiration that occurred during the movement of PBS from PSII to PSI. In contrast, the immobilization of PBS at PSI inhibited the increase in respiration and photochemical quenching and decrease in cyclic electron flow and non-photochemical quenching that occurred when PBS moved from PSI to PSII. Linear electron transport did not change during PBS movement but increased or decreased significantly during longer illumination with far-red or green light, respectively. This implies that PBS movement is completed in a short time but it takes longer for the overall photosynthetic reactions to be tuned to a new state.     

Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid treatment on photosynthesis of strawberry

Effects of root treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on leaf photosynthesis in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) plants were investigated by rapid chlorophyll fluorescence and modulated 820 nm reflection using 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) and methyl viologen (MV). Our results showed that ALA treatments increased the net photosynthetic rate and decreased the intercelluar CO₂ concentration in strawberry leaves. Under DCMU treatment, trapping energy for Q_A reduction per PSII reaction center increased greatly, indicating DCMU inhibited electron transfer from Q_A ^?. The maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m) decreased under the DCMU treatment, while a higher F_v/F_m remained in the ALA-pretreated plants. Not only the parameters related to a photochemical phase, but also that one related to a heat phase remained lower after the ALA pretreatment, compared to the sole DCMU treatment. The MV treatment decreased PSI photochemical capacity. The results of modulated 820 nm reflection analysis showed that DCMU and MV treatments had low re-reduction of P700 and plastocyanin (PSI). However, the strawberry leaf discs pretreated with ALA exhibited high re-reduction of PSI under DCMU and MV treatments. The results of this study suggest that the improvement of photosynthesis by ALA in strawberry was not only related to PSII, but also to PSI and electron transfer chain.     

The Effect of c-Fos Demethylation on Sodium Fluoride-induced Apoptosis in L-02 Cells

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency has been reported to affect plant photosynthesis and growth, and cerium (Ce) was considered to be able to improve plant growth. However, the mechanisms of Mg deficiency and Ce on plant growth remain poorly understood. The main aim of this work is to identify whether or not Mg deprivation affects the interdependent nitrogen and carbon assimilations in the maize leaves and whether or not Ce modulates the assimilations in the maize leaves under Mg deficiency. Maize plants were cultivated in Hoagland’s solution. They were subjected to Mg deficiency and to cerium chloride administration in the Mg-present Hoagland’s media and Mg-deficient Hoagland’s media.After 2 weeks,we measured chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence and the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sucrose-phosphate synthase(SPS), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase)in metabolic checkpoints coordinating primary nitrogen and carbon assimilations in the maize leaves. The results showed that Mg deficiency significantly inhibited plant growth and decreased the activities of NR, SPS, and PEPCase and the synthesis of Chl and protein. Mg deprivation in maize also significantly decreased the oxygen evolution, electron transport,and efficiency of photochemical energy conversion by photosystem II (PSII). However, Ce addition may promote nitrogen and carbon assimilations, increase PSII activities,and improve maize growth under Mg deficiency. Moreover,our findings would help promote usage of Mg or Ce fertilizers in maize production.     

Light quality during growth of Tradescantia albiflora regulates photosystem stoichiometry, photosynthetic function and susceptibility to photoinhibition

Tradescantia albiflora (Kunth) was grown under two different light quality regimes of comparable light quantity: in red + far-red light absorbed mainly by photosystem I (PSI light) and yellow light absorbed mainly by photosystem II (PSII light). The composition, function and ultrastructure of chloroplasts, and photoinhibition of photosynthesis in the two types of leaves were compared. In contrast to regulation by light quantity (Chow et al. 1991. Physiol. Plant. 81: 175–182), light quality exerted an effect on the composition of pigment complexes, function and structure of chloroplasts in Tradescantia: PSII light-grown leaves had higher Chl a/b ratios, higher PSI concentrations, lower PSII/PSI reaction centre ratios and less extensive thylakoid stacking than PSI light-grown leaves. Light quality triggered modulations of chloroplast components, leading to a variation of photosynthetic characteristics. A larger proportion of primary quinone acceptor (Q_A) in PSI light-grown leaves was chemically reduced at any given irradiance. It was also observed that the quantum yield of PSII photochemistry was lower in PSI light-grown leaves. PSI light-grown leaves were more sensitive to photoinihibition and recovery was slower compared to PSII light-grown leaves, showing that the PSII reaction centre in PSI light-grown leaves was more easily impaired by photoinhibition. The increase in susceptibility of leaves to photoinhibition following blockage of chloroplast-encoded protein synthesis was greater in PSII light-grown leaves, showing that these leaves normally have a greater capacity for PSII repair. Inhibition of zeaxanthin formation by dithiothreitol slightly increased sensitivity to photoinhibition in both PSI and PSII light-grown leaves.