我国黄曲霉遗传多样性与产毒特性

黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)是一种广泛分布的腐生真菌, 是黄曲霉毒素B (aflatoxin B, AFB)和圆弧偶氮酸(cyclopiazonic acid, CPA)的主要产生菌, 也是动植物的条件致病菌。全球的玉米、花生和棉籽均不同程度地遭到黄曲霉及其毒素的污染。黄曲霉菌株间在形态学、遗传学和产毒特性上变异较大, 且其居群遗传结构也尚不明确。为了揭示黄曲霉居群遗传结构及其产毒素特性的规律, 本研究选取了从我国26省区(包括大小兴安岭)不同环境中分离的黄曲霉88株, 结合模式菌株和国际权威菌株9株, 基于钙调蛋白基因(CaM)和β-微管蛋白基因(benA)进行多基因序列分型(multi-locus sequence typing, MLST), 使用MEGA 6.0和Structure 2.3.4软件进行系统发育学分析和居群结构推导, 并结合菌株的产毒特性(AFB和CPA)进行比较分析。结果显示本研究的97株黄曲霉可分为3个居群, 即黄曲霉居群I、黄曲霉居群II和米曲霉居群, 该97株黄曲霉共有17个序列型(sequence type, ST), 其中我国的88株菌分布于15个序列型。米曲霉居群均不产AFB, 黄曲霉居群I和II的菌株绝大多数都产AFB和CPA, 其产毒特性只具有菌株特异性, 与居群和序列型无关。黄曲霉菌株产毒特性与地理分布或农作物类型间存在一定关系。我国东北玉米产区、西北干旱棉花产区和南方花生产区的黄曲霉居群I和II菌株均产AFB和CPA, 我国青海可可西里和四川阿坝地区的黄曲霉仅产CPA而不产AFB, 不产AFB的米曲霉居群大部分来自我国气候和地理环境多样的华北地区, 该地区也是我国农村传统酿造黄豆酱的地区。     

传统发酵豆瓣中产毒黄曲霉高效拮抗菌的筛选

从自然发酵的豆瓣中筛选出对产毒黄曲霉菌的生长及其毒素合成均有抑制作用的细菌, 在蚕豆天然培养基(BAM)上利用菌落对峙实验初筛和滤纸片复筛得到1株有较高抑制产毒黄曲霉活性的菌株L4。对L4进行形态学、生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列同源性分析, 鉴定此菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。在抑制黄曲霉生长和黄曲霉毒素B1 (AFB1)合成的研究中表明, 在L4与黄曲霉菌共同培养15 d后, 黄曲霉菌丝产量和黄曲霉毒素B1 产量均比黄曲霉单独培养时显著降低(P < 0.01), AFB1合成受到明显抑制, 抑制率达93.7%。当黄曲霉孢子液与L4发酵上清液1: 1 (V/V)混合后接种在玉米粒上时, 黄曲霉在玉米上的生长和孢子萌发均得到完全抑制。     

黄曲霉群菌种产生黄曲霉毒素B1的调查研究

本文对来自我国20个省、市、自治区的不同基物上分离的和中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏室以及其他单位提供的黄曲霉群菌种,经随机选取82株进行了黄曲霉毒素B_1的测定,证明在测试的9个已知分类群中产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的菌种只限于寄生曲霉和黄曲霉,另外4株种名未定者也能产生此种毒素。在黄曲霉中产毒菌株约占30％(28.3％),其在GAN(葡萄糖硝酸铵)和大米培养基中的黄曲霉毒素B_1的最高产量分别为133,333.3和160,000.0ppb。总的来说,大体上可以反映在我国一般基物上黄曲霉产毒菌株存在的现状。在实验过程中,还对黄曲霉群菌种在GAN和大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量和产毒菌株数作了比较。发现在大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量高于GAN,而且测试的黄曲霉产毒菌株在这两种培养基中均各有不能产毒的菌株,因此,在测定产毒菌株时,若仅采用其中一种产毒培养基,往往会有漏掉产毒菌株的可能性。     

黄曲霉群菌种产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的调查研究

本文对来自我国20个省、市、自治区的不同基物上分离的和中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏室以及其他单位提供的黄曲霉群菌种,经随机选取82株进行了黄曲霉毒素B_1的测定,证明在测试的9个已知分类群中产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的菌种只限于寄生曲霉和黄曲霉,另外4株种名未定者也能产生此种毒素。在黄曲霉中产毒菌株约占30％(28.3％),其在GAN(葡萄糖硝酸铵)和大米培养基中的黄曲霉毒素B_1的最高产量分别为133,333.3和160,000.0ppb。总的来说,大体上可以反映在我国一般基物上黄曲霉产毒菌株存在的现状。在实验过程中,还对黄曲霉群菌种在GAN和大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量和产毒菌株数作了比较。发现在大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量高于GAN,而且测试的黄曲霉产毒菌株在这两种培养基中均各有不能产毒的菌株,因此,在测定产毒菌株时,若仅采用其中一种产毒培养基,往往会有漏掉产毒菌株的可能性。     

可污染食品及饲料的产黄曲霉毒素真菌的多重PCR检测

根据黄曲霉毒素生化途径中的关键调控基因aflR、omt-1和ver-1的序列以及真菌共有的5.8S rDNA的ITS序列分别设计ApaF/ApaR、OmtF/OmtR、VerF/VerR及ITS1/ITS4四对引物,研究建立产黄曲霉毒素真菌及其潜在饲料或食品污染的多重PCR快速灵敏检测体系。PCR扩增的4个DNA片段中,1032bp、797bp和600bp与基因库中对应基因或DNA序列的同源性达99%以上,仅452bp片段与对应基因ver-1的同源性为98%。通过优化主要影响因子,建立了快速检测产黄曲霉毒素真菌的单管多重PCR反应体系,并用于6种曲霉和1种青霉DNA样品的检测。结果显示,上述4个片段均平行地清晰出现在2株黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus和1株寄生曲霉A.parasiticus的DNA样品中,而其余菌种只检测到ITS片段,说明检测特异性很好。灵敏性分析表明,多重PCR检测的保守灵敏度为1ng/μL样品DNA,所有目标片段的条带均很清晰;即使DNA浓度降至0.1ng/μL,除aflR之外的所有条带也可分辨。     

黄曲霉毒素对费氏弧菌发光的影响

[目的]探讨黄曲霉毒素对一种发光细菌——费氏弧菌发光的抑制效应.[方法]黄曲霉毒素或产黄曲霉毒素的菌株培养液对费氏弧菌进行处理后,利用多功能酶标仪检测费氏弧菌的发光强度,研究黄曲霉毒素对费氏弧菌发光的影响.[结果]黄曲霉毒素浓度的对数值与费氏弧菌发光的抑制率呈线性关系,依据所得的回归方程可以快速准确地检测不同微生物产毒素的情况:6株不同来源的黄曲霉菌株均能够产毒素,以黄曲霉毒素含量表示的毒素量在14.94 - 46.45mg/L之间,1株米曲霉不产毒素.[结论]费氏弧菌发光强度的改变可以较准确地反映微生物产毒素的能力,尤其是微生物产黄曲霉毒素的能力,为在工农业生产中快速检测黄曲霉毒素提供了新的线索,有望发展成为一种检测黄曲霉毒素的新技术.     

黄曲霉毒素生物防控菌的筛选及鉴定

筛选黄曲霉毒素生物防控菌,为黄曲霉毒素的生物防控提供支持。以花生原产地土壤为材料,采用牛津杯法筛选所需菌株。对筛选出的拮抗菌株进行抑制产毒曲霉菌株的生长、产孢、降解黄曲霉毒素实验。筛选出2株黄曲霉毒素生防细菌,编号21-1-2、17-3,经鉴定,拮抗菌21-1-2为枯草芽胞杆菌,拮抗菌17-3为地衣芽胞杆菌。分别对拮抗菌对曲霉孢子萌发的抑制、抑制黄曲霉的生长和菌丝延长以及减少黄曲霉毒素的产生、对黄曲霉毒素的分解作用等几个方面进行研究,结果表明,拮抗菌可以明显抑制产毒曲霉孢子的萌发、生长、菌丝的延长,减少黄曲霉毒素的产生以及分解黄曲霉毒素。     

黄曲霉毒素生物合成径调节基因aflR

黄曲霉毒素生物合成途径调节基因在黄曲霉毒素产生过程中发挥十分重要的作用,它为绝大多数黄曲霉毒素合成相关基因的表达所必需。黄曲霉毒素生物合成途径调节基因的启动子中,含有若干真菌转录因子同源物的假定结合位点。AflR蛋白是黄曲霉毒素生物合成途径中的主要正性转录因子,它调节大多数黄曲霉毒素合成相关基因,也包括其自身基因的表达。     

鸡舍环境中tri5基因阳性镰孢菌的分离及其产毒特性

【目的】探讨利用tri5-PCR鉴定产毒镰孢菌的可行性以及tri5阳性菌株的产毒特性和产毒条件。评估鸡舍空气和固体基质中镰孢菌分离株中产单端孢霉烯族毒素潜力的发生率。【方法】利用编码单端孢霉烯族毒素合成酶的起始基因(tri5基因)对139株镰孢菌分离株进行PCR检测,并对tri5阳性菌株进行产毒培养,通过免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱方法来检测培养产物中的T-2毒素和HT-2毒素含量。【结果】共筛选到42株tri5阳性菌株,其中分离自鸡舍空气中的10株tri5阳性菌株经产毒培养后7株菌株产生T-2毒素(1.36-5 ng/mL)或HT-2毒素(6.1-17.1 ng/mL)。在5℃-20℃间隔24 h变温、光照与黑暗间隔24 h交替、前期振荡后期静止的培养条件下培养9 d镰孢菌的产毒量最高;镰孢菌的产毒量与温度和时间显著相关,而与菌丝体干重无显著相关性。【结论】与传统鉴定产毒镰孢菌的方法比较,tri5-PCR更适用于快速、准确地检测大量鸡舍环境样本中的产毒镰孢菌。本研究为养殖环境的产毒镰孢菌的危害预警和控制提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

黄曲霉毒素对家庭自制酱品的污染

经过自然发酵后制作的家庭自制酱品,极易被外界产毒的黄曲霉菌株污染。为了调查黄曲霉菌所产生的毒素对家庭自制酱品的污染情况,自1977年起,连续三年收集了160份农户自制酱品,测定了黄曲霉毒素中致癌性最强的B_2含量。现将结果报告如下。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.