CO2激光照射对青椒、茄子种子及幼苗生长点超弱发光影响的研究

本文利用ＣＯ２激光照射青椒、茄子干种子后,观察刺激剂量、半致死剂量对种子及幼苗生长点超弱发光的影响,从而探索超弱发光是否可作为激光照射后衡量种子活力综合反应的一项指标。其结果表明：１．青椒、茄子干种子超弱发光的动态变化随着照射间隔期的延长,其不同剂量之间超弱发光强度的差异也相应变小,照射时间最长的半致死剂量组２５″、３５″,其超弱发光由最高降为最低;激光刺激剂量组３″、１３″的超弱发光强度始终高于ＣＫ。２．青椒、茄子种子发芽过程中超弱发光表现为激光刺激剂量组均极显著高于ＣＫ;半致死剂量２５″、３５″均极显著低于ＣＫ。３．激光组的活体生长点和提取液的超弱发光均极显著高于ＣＫ;活体生长点的超弱发光低于提取液的超弱发光。     

低剂量CO2激光对青椒,茄子生物学刺激效应的研究

本试验用８２５ｍｗ／ｃｍ￣２的ＣＯ＿２激光照射青椒种子１秒、３秒、５秒；茄子种子１０秒、１３秒、１５秒，以研究其生物学刺激效应，结果表明：１．激光照射提高了种子活力，２．激光照射增强了幼苗素质，并有显著促进早熟，增产的效果。     

不同剂量的1318nm Nd:YAG激光对体外胰腺癌细胞增殖的影响

目的:研究不同剂量1318 nm Nd:YAG激光的生物学效应。方法:用波长为1318 nm的Nd:YAG激光连续照射体外培养的处于对数生长期的人胰腺癌PC-3细胞。在低剂量组内分组分别照射0 s、2 s、4 s、6 s、8 s、10 s、12 s、14 s,每天1次,连续照射3次;在高剂量组内分组分别照射0 s、10 s、15 s、20 s、25 s、35 s、50 s,照射1次。照射结束后,继续培养24 h,噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)测定各组OD值,研究细胞增殖情况。结果:在低剂量范围内,随着激光照射剂量的提高,PC-3细胞的OD值逐渐升高(P<0.05)。而在高剂量范围内,随着激光照射剂量的提高,PC-3细胞的OD值逐渐降低(P<0.05)。结论:1 318 nm Nd:YAG激光,在低剂量范围内照射PC-3细胞,具有明显促进其增值的作用,呈剂量依赖性,在临床应用上应避免该副作用的发生;而在高剂量范围内照射PC-3细胞,具有明显抑制其增殖的作用,呈剂量依赖性,对于指导临床应用具有重要价值。     

激光照射萌发的番茄种子的生物学效应的初步研究

将萌发的番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)种子用不同时间(0、40、80、120、160、200、240 s)的He-Ne激光照射后,测定了种子的发芽势、发芽率和幼苗的生长量.待幼苗生长25 d后,取番茄叶片测定了细胞内叶绿素、可溶性糖、蛋白质和核酸的含量.结果显示,随着照射时间延长,种子的发芽势、...     

红光和远红光对绿豆叶绿体Ca^2＋—ATP酶活性的影响

10分钟虹光照射抑制绿豆叶绿体Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性,远红光照射有逆转红光的作用。酶活性的高低取决于最终照射的光质。红光照射后2小时,叶绿体Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性增加。红光和远红光对离体的叶绿体Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性没有显著影响。     

不同海拔火绒草叶绿体超微结构的比较

利用透射电镜对生长于青藏高原东北部3个不同海拔地区(2300m、2700m和3800m)的火绒草叶绿体超微结构进行了比较观察。结果发现,随着海拔的升高,叶绿体结构差异明显。海拔2300m处,叶绿体呈扁船形,沿细胞壁分布,基粒片层排列整齐,片层可达32层;海拔2700m处,叶绿体呈扁船形,沿细胞壁分布,基粒片层排列不规则,片层下降到十几层,类囊体出现轻微膨大;海拔3800m处,叶绿体呈圆形,位于细胞中央,基粒片层则严重扭曲,片层只有几层,类囊体膨大严重,出现脂质小球。研究表明,火绒草叶绿体结构的变化是对逆境的一种适应,是青藏高原特殊生态条件长期胁迫的结果。     

CO_2激光照射对油菜种子活力指数的数学模拟

本试验采用多项式模拟方法 ,研究 CO2 激光对油菜种子活力指标的影响 ,分别得出了发芽种子的下胚轴长与 CO2 激光照射时间 ;发芽种子的胚根长与 CO2 激光照射时间 ;种子的发芽指数与 CO2 激光照射时间 ;萌动种子的过氧化氢酶活性与 CO2 激光照射时间 ;地上部鲜重与 CO2 激光照射时间 ;全株鲜重与 CO2 激光照射时间的数学模型。揭示了油菜种子活力与 CO2 激光照射时间的关系。     

糜子不同生育时期不同叶位叶片超微结构研究

对糜子不同生育时期、不同叶位叶片进行电镜观察.结果显示:(1)在籽粒灌浆中期以前,叶肉细胞排列整齐,细胞间隙小,细胞中叶绿体、线粒体等细胞器含量多.叶绿体、线粒体基质含量浓厚,高基粒片层数增加,胞问连丝畅通;(2)在籽粒灌浆中期以后,叶片迅速衰老,细胞解体,细胞间出现间隙,叶绿体减少,叶绿体基粒片层、基质片层解体.嗜锇颗粒变大增多.胞间连丝受到阻碍.(3)不同生育时期不同叶位叶绿体的高基粒片层数差异较大,其中在灌浆中期各叶位叶绿体高基粒片层数最高,在各生育时期旗叶的为最大.     

超干贮藏对芥兰种子生活力和活力的影响

1年的监测结果显示：芥兰种子开放贮藏时的生活力和活力下降最快,超干种子(含水量为4．91％、3．25％和2．84％)具有良好的耐藏性,其种子发芽率和简化活力指数增大,抗老化能力、超氧物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性增强,膜进性降低,以2．84％含水量的芥兰种子贮藏效果为最好。     

小麦黄化突变体叶绿体超微结构研究

利用透射电镜对小麦自然黄化突变体及其突变亲本(西农1718)叶片细胞叶绿体的数目、形态及超微结构进行比较分析。结果发现:(1)3种不同黄化程度突变体的叶绿体分布、数目、形状及大小与突变亲本无明显差异;(2)突变体叶绿素含量为野生型58%的黄绿植株与其突变亲本叶绿体超微结构无明显差异,基质类囊体与基粒类囊体高度分化,基粒数目以及基粒片层数目较多;(3)突变体金黄和绿黄植株的叶绿素含量分别为野生型的17%、24%,其叶绿体超微结构与突变亲本明显不同,突变体的叶绿体发育存在明显缺陷,其中突变体金黄植株的叶绿体内无基粒、基质片层清晰可见,有淀粉粒,嗜锇颗粒较多,而突变体绿黄植株的叶绿体内有基粒,但明显少于突变亲本,且基粒片层较少,基质类囊体较发达。结果表明该黄化突变体叶绿体超微结构的改变,是由于叶绿素含量降低造成,推测,该黄化突变是由于叶绿素合成受阻导致的。     

Conservation and divergence of both phosphate- and mycorrhiza-regulated physiological responses and expression patterns of phosphate transporters in solanaceous species

Here, orthologous genes of six phosphate transporter (PiT) genes, which are members of the Pht1 and Pht2 families in tomato and potato, have been cloned from the solanaceous species pepper, eggplant and tobacco. Overall, expressions of these genes in pepper, eggplant and tobacco showed similar patterns to those in tomato and potato: P-starvation enhancement in both leaves and roots for Pht1;1, P-depletion induction exclusively in roots for Pht1;2, mycorrhizal enhancement for Pht1;3, and mycorrhizal induction for both Pht1;4 and Pht1;5. In the roots of nonmycorrhizal eggplant, SmPht1;3, SmPht1;4 and SmPht1;5 were also expressed under extreme P starvation. Mycorrhizal symbiosis under high-P supply conditions reduced plant growth, with concurrent enhancement of Pht1;2 expression in the roots of pepper as well as eggplant. In addition, the mycorrhizal symbiosis down-regulated the expression of Pht2;1 genes greatly in the leaves of pepper and tobacco. The discrepancies between the evolutionary distances of the PiT genes and their expression patterns among the five species suggest greater complexity in function of PiT in plants than previously expected.     

Superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of vegetable extracts measured using electron spin resonance.

Radical scavenging by reconstituted lyophilized powders of water extracts from 16 common vegetables was measured using electron spin resonance (ESR) with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), hydroxyl radicals, (.OH) or superoxide anion radicals (O2.-), as DMPO-OH or DMPO-OOH spin adducts. On a dry weight basis, eggplant, and red, yellow and green bell pepper extracts showed potent superoxide anion radical scavenging activities (SOD-like activities). Ascorbate oxidase- or heat-treatments, decreased SOD-like activities in bell pepper extracts suggesting that ascorbate accounts for much of their free radical scavenging activity. Eggplant epidermis extract exhibited the most potent hydroxyl radical scavenging and SOD-like activities. Eggplant SOD-like activity did not decrease after ascorbate oxidase treatment, but decreased following ultrafiltration demonstrating that SOD-like activity is partially due to high molecular weight substances. Nasunin, an anthocyanin in eggplant epidermis, showed markedly potent superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, while it inhibited hydroxyl radical generation probably by chelating ferrous ion.     

Olfactory responses of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to odors of host plants and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)�Cplant complexes

We studied the olfactory responses of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to odors from eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), pepper (Capsicum aunuum), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), three host plants, and their complexes with different treatments (undamaged, mechanically damaged, infested, pre-infested) in an olfactometer. The results showed that N. cucumeris preferred the odors of undamaged eggplant, pepper, and tomato to clean air. N. cucumeris preferred the volatiles from eggplant infested with Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) over undamaged, mechanically damaged, and pre-infested with F. occidentalis eggplant volatiles. The same results were observed with pepper and tomato. N. cucumeris adults preferred the odors of undamaged eggplant and tomato to undamaged pepper. Similarly, same results were observed with mechanically damaged eggplant, pepper, tomato, and same plants pre-infested with F. occidentalis. Compared with odors of tomato infested with F. occidentalis, N. cucumeris adults significantly responded to odors of eggplant and pepper infested with F. occidentalis. There was no significant difference of N. cucumeris in making choice between eggplant infested with F. occidentalis and pepper infested with F. occidentalis.     

寄主植物对B型烟粉虱选择行为和生物学参数的影响

通过培养皿内自由扩散观察和生物学观察,对黄瓜、茄子、辣椒、棉花和甘薯上B型烟粉虱的寄主选择性和生物学参数进行了研究.结果表明：B型烟粉虱成虫向寄主植物叶片自由扩散的初始阶段（2 h）,各寄主植物叶片上虫量的差异不大,在随后的4～48 h内黄瓜叶片上的虫量不断增加,茄子、棉花和甘薯叶片上的虫量相对稳定,而辣椒叶片上的虫量却不断下降,说明B型烟粉虱对黄瓜的选择性最强、对辣椒的选择性最弱,且饥饿和吡虫啉预处理均不影响B型烟粉虱的寄主选择性;取食不同寄主植物烟粉虱成虫的蜜露分泌量差异显著,从高到低依次为黄瓜、甘薯、棉花、茄子、辣椒;黄瓜、茄子、甘薯、棉花上烟粉虱成虫的寿命显著长于辣椒,其平均单雌产卵量(分别为224.33粒、182.33粒、191.73粒和172.60粒)也均显著高于辣椒(47.83粒);各寄主植物上烟粉虱卵的孵化率和发育历期差异均不显著;烟粉虱若虫在黄瓜、茄子、甘薯和棉花上的发育历期分别为10.60 d、11.96 d、11.11 d和13.20 d,死亡率分别为5.21%、27.78%、17.24%和37.11%,在辣椒上不能完成正常发育.     

Functional response of Picromerus bidens: effects of host plant

Abstract:  The influence of three solanaceous plants (tomato, sweet pepper and eggplant) on the functional response of the predatory bug Picromerus bidens to densities of fourth-instar larvae of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua was assessed. Logistic regression indicated a type II functional response on all host plants. Over all prey densities, P. bidens killed significantly fewer fourth instars of S. exigua on tomato than on sweet pepper or eggplant (1.96 ± 0.17 vs. 4.37 ± 0.19 and 3.90 ± 0.15 larvae per predator per 24 h respectively). A higher theoretical maximum predation rate was estimated on sweet pepper (11.1 prey larvae per day) and eggplant (7.4) than on tomato (5.4). The mean number of prey killed per day by P. bidens females ranged from 0.78 at a density of one prey on tomato to 8.45 at a density of 24 prey on sweet pepper. The data indicated that the estimates of handling time ( T _h) and attack rate ( a ) were highly affected by host plant. Based on asymptotic 95% confidence intervals, a lower attack coefficient was found on tomato (0.02 h⁻¹) than on sweet pepper or eggplant (0.07 and 0.11 h⁻¹ respectively). On the other hand, handling times were significantly longer on tomato (4.42 h) and eggplant (3.23 h) than on sweet pepper (2.15 h). This laboratory study suggests that plant characteristics influence the ability of P. bidens to respond to changes in prey density.     

Use of plant resources by an omnivorous predator and the consequences for effective predation

Plant-provided food may enhance survival and establishment of omnivorous predators on target crops but on the other hand they may adversely affect predation rates and thus their potential for biological control of target pests. However, it is not known how predation is affected by plant food quality and prey density. The omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus is commonly used in augmentative releases in greenhouse crops. Experiments have shown its ability to utilize plant resources; eggplant and pepper plant leaves are the most and least suitable, respectively. In this study we searched the effects of floral resources (pollen or flower) of eggplant or pepper plant on the predation rate of M. pygmaeus. We used experiments in dishes (leaves) and cages (plants) under a range of densities of its prey, the aphid Myzus persicae. We did not find evidence that the consumption rates and the type of the functional responses of M. pygmaeus were affected by the plant leaf (eggplant vs pepper plant) or the increase in the spatial scale (leaf vs plant). However, the presence of pollen or a flower of eggplant and to a lesser extent of pepper plant reduced the plateau of the functional response to aphid density and increased the handling time per prey. The extent of prey feeding replacement by flower resources was dependent on the interaction between plant species and prey density. It seems that there is a constant rate of prey consumption replacement at intermediate and high prey densities on eggplant but only at intermediate prey densities on pepper plant. These results indicate the interactions between plant and prey resources in diets of omnivores and may be useful for its efficacy in pest control on eggplant and pepper plant.     

己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒种子萌发及枯萎菌的化感效应

采用模拟的方式,利用生物测定和室内培养的方法,研究了不同浓度的己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒种子萌发、幼苗生长及辣椒枯萎菌的化感效应.结果表明:己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长具有低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的化感效应;己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒和茄子种子的化感效应存在较大差异,在低浓度时对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的促进作用强于茄子种子,而高浓度时对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制强度弱于茄子种子;各浓度己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒枯萎菌菌丝生长有极显著的抑制作用,且作用强度随着浓度增加而增强,当浓度为1 mnol·L~(-1)时抑制作用最强,抑制率为10.75%;在田间抗病性调查期间内各浓度处理均提高了辣椒幼苗的抗病性,其中以1 mmol·L~(-1)处理抗病性最好,病情指数比对照降低了49.88%.

Abstract：

By the methods of laboratory incubation and bioassay, a simulation test was conducted to study the allelopathic effects of different concentration diisobutyl adipate on pepper seed germi-nation and its seedling growth and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. For the pepper seed germination and seedling growth, diisobutyl adipate exhibited allelopathic promotion at low con-centration, but allelopathic inhibition at high concentration. There existed greater differences in the allelopathic effects of diisobutyl adipate on the seed germination and seedling growth of pepper and eggplant. The promotion effects of low concentration diisobutyl adipate on pepper were stron-ger than those on eggplant, while the inhibition effects of high concentration diisobutyl adipate on pepper were weaker than those on eggplant. All test concentration diisobutyl adipate had signifi-cant inhibition effects on the mycelium growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, and the effects increased with increasing diisobutyl adipate concentration, being the strongest (an inhibi-tory rate of 10. 75%) at 1 mnol·L~(-1). Field text indicated that diisobutyl adipate at all test con-centrations enhanced the disease resistance of pepper seedlings. The best effect was observed at 1 mmol·L~(-1) of diisobutyl adipate, with the disease index decreased by 49.88%, compared to the control.     

Anthocyanins, colour and antioxidant properties of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and violet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) peel extracts

Acetone extracts from eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and violet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) peels both belonging to the Solanaceae plant family were characterized with respect to their anthocyanin profiles, colour qualities and antioxidant capacities. According to HPLC-DAD-MS3 analyses the major anthocyanin in eggplant was delphinidin-3-rutinoside, while the predominant pigment in violet pepper was assigned to delphinidin-3-trans-coumaroylrutinoside-5-glucoside. Since virtually all anthocyanins were delphinidin-based, the effect of acylation and glycosylation patterns on colour stability and antioxidant capacity could be assessed. Application of two in vitro-assays for antioxidant capacity assessment revealed that eggplant generally exhibited higher values compared to violet pepper which was ascribed to 3,5-diglycosylated structures predominating in the latter. The higher extent of acylation in violet pepper was reflected by a more purplish colour shade of the extracts, but did not translate into a higher stability against fading which again was attributed to additional glycosyl substitution at C5. These findings support the relevance of structure-related activities of anthocyanins both for understanding food colour and their particular nutritional value.     

甜菊愈伤组织生长、分化与甜菊糖苷积累的关系

耐菊（Steviarebaudiana）愈伤组织中甜菊糖苷的积累与愈伤组织的生长呈负相关、与愈伤组织细胞的组织化及转绿呈正相关。愈伤组织芽的分化并不是积累较高水平甜菊糖苷的必要前提。绿色、质地致密、生长缓慢的愈伤组织,不论有芽分化或无芽分化时,其甜菊糖苷含量均较高。在电镜下观察到,这两种愈伤组织细胞具有类似的超微结构特征：细胞高度液泡化;叶绿体发育成熟,光合膜系统结构发达,基质浓厚且含有质体小球;微体具有典型的晶格结构,常与叶绿体紧密相靠。黄色、质地致密、生长缓慢的愈伤组织中甜菊糖苷含量较低,其细胞内质体富含淀粉粒,只有少量分散的片层结构,有的质体甚至完全被淀粉粒所充塞。黄色、质地疏松、生长快速的愈伤组织中甜菊糖苷含量最低,其细胞内质体结构简单,片层稀少。质体的发育和液泡的分化与甜菊糖苷的积累密切相关。愈伤组织具有较高的甜菊糖苷含量在于愈伤组织细胞的组织化以及细胞的高度液泡化并具有发育成熟的叶绿体。     

Formulation of the Biocontrol FungusCladorrhinum foecundissimumto Reduce Damping-Off Diseases Caused byRhizoctonia solaniandPythium ultimum

Five isolates ofCladorrhinum foecundissimum, added to soilless mix as 10-day-old fresh bran preparations (1.0% w/w), significantly reduced (P≤ 0.05) damping-off of eggplant and pepper caused byRhizoctonia solanistrain R-23. After 4 weeks of growth, plant stands in the biocontrol-amended, pathogen-infested treatments (>80%) were comparable to those in the noninfested controls. Since plant stands were similar at 2 and 4 weeks, most of the disease was preemergence damping-off. The bran preparations also reduced saprophytic growth of the pathogen, and there was an inverse correlation (r²= −0.94) between saprophytic growth and eggplant stand. Added to soilless mix at a rate of 2.0% (w/w), alginate prill containing 20% fermentor-produced biomass of six biocontrol isolates ofC. foecundissimumreduced (P≤ 0.05) damping-off of eggplant caused byR. solani, but only the prill with biomass of isolates Cf-1 or Cf-2 yielded plant stands (>80%) comparable to that in the noninfested control. As with the bran preparations, there was also an inverse correlation (r²= −0.80) between saprophytic growth of R-23 and eggplant stand with the alginate prills. Alginate prill with biomass of Cf-1 or Cf-2 also reduced (P≤ 0.05) damping-off of eggplant and pepper caused by other isolates (195, NG-2, DPR-1) ofR. solani, but only the stands (>80%) of pepper were similar to that in the noninfested control. Alginate prill formulations ofC. foecundissimum(Cf-1, Cf-2, and Cf-3) also reduced (P≤ 0.05) populations of the pathogen and damping-off of eggplant and pepper caused byPythium ultimum(PuZ3). However, although the plant stands in the treatments were not as high as those in the noninfested controls, they were higher than those in the pathogen-infested controls. The treatments also reduced populations ofP. ultimumin the soilless mix so that there were inverse correlations between the pathogen population and eggplant stand (r²= −0.81) and pepper stand (r²= −0.78). Extruded flour/clay granules containing 5.0% biomass of Cf-1 and Cf-2, added toR. solani-infested soilless mix (2.0%), reduced (P≤ 0.05) damping-off of eggplant and pepper. However, only the Cf-2 treatments resulted in stands (>80%) equal to those in the noninfested controls for the crops after 4 weeks of growth. The influence of bran and alginate prill of Cf-1 or Cf-2 on the spatial spread ofR. solaniand its ability to incite damping-off of eggplant showed that prill with Cf-1 or Cf-2 and bran with Cf-2 were equally effective in reducing the spread of the pathogen from the point source of the inoculum to the center of the flats.