利用氨基酸分析快速测定甘蓝自交不亲和性

利用氨基酸分析方法,对甘蓝（ＢｒａｓｉｃａｏｌｅｒａｃｅａＬ．ｖａｒ．ｃａｐｉｔａｔａ）自交不亲和系与亲和系的柱头和花粉蛋白质进行了研究。结果表明,自交不亲和系与亲和系的柱头和花粉氨基酸组分有显著差别。柱头中苏氨酸和酪氨酸含量以及花粉中甘氨酸和丙氨酸含量可以作为评价自交不亲和性的指标。鉴定标准：自交不亲和系柱头中苏氨酸含量高于０．２２３％,酪氨酸含量高于０．３８５％;花粉中甘氨酸含量高于１．５９３％,丙氨酸含量高于１．４６４％。亲和系柱头中苏氨酸含量低于０．１８５％,酪氨酸含量低于０．１６４％;花粉中甘氨酸含量低于１４７０％,丙氨酸含量低于１００６％     

奶牛排卵前后宫颈粘液中氨基酸含量的变化

为了研究母体排卵前后受精环境的变化,测定了27头奶牛排卵前和排卵后宫颈粘液中的氨基酸含量,测定结果表明,宫颈粘液的氨基酸含量排卵前平均为1032μg/mL,排卵后平均为2380μg/mL,排卵后为排卵前的2．3倍（Table 1)。排卵前,宫颈粘液中含量比例最高的氨基酸是谷氨酸和苏氨酸,分别占氨基酸总量的12．8％和12．2％,含量比例最低的最组氨酸,只占2．2％,这种比例在排卵前后都是比较稳定的（Table2)。排卵后,宫颈粘液中氨基酸比较普遍下降的是苏氨酸,比排卵前平均下降19％,排卵后普遍增加的是赖氨酸,比排卵前平均增加25％（Table 3)。Fig.1表明：排卵前后,宫颈粘液中均不含游离氨基酸。体液中的氨基酸代谢是一种重要的生理活动,排卵后宫颈粘液中苏氨酸含量普遍降低,赖氨酸含量普遍增加的生理活动反映了这些氨基酸相关的蛋白成分发生了变化,这些蛋白成份的变化有否生理意义,是否对卵与X或Y精子的结合产生影响,有待深入研究。     

长期定位施肥对冬小麦品质及产量构成因素的影响

利用连续25a在无石灰性潮土的定位施肥试验,研究了长期施肥对冬小麦品质及产量构成因素的影响,结果表明,高量有机肥配施高量氮肥、氮磷钾配施能提高冬小麦面粉吸水率、沉降值,延长面团形成时间、稳定时间和断裂时间,提高氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸含量。高量有机肥配施高量氮肥可提高冬小麦籽粒中谷氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸、丙氨酸和苯丙氨酸的含量．增加37．21％～54．62％．与对照比较均达极显著水平。长期施肥对作物籽粒氨基酸含量的影响也不相同,冬小麦籽粒中氨基酸含量受施肥影响最大的是谷氨酸,变异系数(CV)为14％,最小的是苏氨酸和赖氨酸,CV为7．67％及5．27％。     

高必需氨基酸玉米突变体的筛选

谷物是世界上多数人的主食,但在谷物的营养成分中却缺少人类和非反刍动物所必需的氨基酸:赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸等。而氨基酸是按一定比例合成蛋白质的,缺少其中任何一种,都会限制其他氨基酸的利用。所以谷物中最缺少的赖氨酸又称为第一限制性氨基酸,水稻和小麦的第二限制性氨基酸是苏氨酸,玉米的第二限制性氨基酸是色氨酸。因此,提高这些氨基酸的含量将大大改善氨基酸平衡,改良谷     

灵芝富碘实验中氨基酸含量的探讨

在灵芝ＴＷ液体深层富碘培养过程中,碘元素能显著提高灵芝菌丝体中氨基酸的含量,不富碘的灵芝菌丝体氨基酸含量为２６．９５％,在培养基中添加０．１％碘化钾而获得的富碘灵芝菌线体及富碘锌锗硒灵芝菌丝体氨基酸含量分别为３５．３７％,３５．８６％,另外基氨基酸的组成也相对发生了显著的变化,因而推测碘元素可能是灵芝中某些氨基酸合成过程中的辅基或是其激活因子。     

淮山药中氨基酸含量的测定

用氨基酸分析仪测定了淮山药中各种氨基酸的组成。淮山药样品经酸水解处理,用氨基酸分析仪进行分析,结果表明：淮山药中含有苏氨酸,缬氨酸,蛋氨酸,苯丙氨酸,异亮氨酸,亮氨酸和赖氨酸等17种氨基酸,总氨基酸质量分数为7．256％,其中人体必需氨基酸的含量占总氨基酸含量的25．32％;说明淮山药在医学和营养学上都有很高的研究价值。     

抗赖氨酸加苏氨酸莲体细胞变异体的筛选

对籽莲红花建莲（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａｃｖ．Ｈｏｎｇｈｕａｊｉａｎｌｉａｎ）和白心湘莲（Ｎ．ｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａｃｖ．Ｂａｉｘｉｎｘｉａｎｇｌｉａｎ）杂交而成的幼胚的子叶、胚轴及幼胚叶（芽）形成的愈伤组织,施以赖氨酸加苏氨酸胁迫培养３０天,从中筛选出抗性愈伤组织并形成再生植株。低浓度的赖氨酸加苏氨酸促进愈伤组织的生长,而高浓度的赖氨酸加苏氨酸则抑制愈伤组织生长,直至具有致死作用,这种致死作用是因为高浓度的赖氨酸加苏氨酸抑制了天冬氨酸合成途径中的天冬氨酸激酶和高丝氨酸脱氢酶造成的,细胞发生变异后对赖氨酸和苏氨酸产生了抗性,即与天冬氨酸合成途径有关的氨基酸增加。抗性愈伤组织与未胁迫的愈伤组织的氨基酸测定表明,在总计１７种氨基酸中,抗性愈伤组织有１４种氨基酸含量超过原始愈伤组织,１种持平,２种不及原始愈伤组织。再生抗性植株的莲籽氨基酸测定显示,在１７种氨基酸中,有１２种超过母本红花建莲,１５种超过父本白心湘莲。     

银杏叶中氨基酸的含量测定

本文测定了不同时期采集的银杏树叶中１７种氨基酸的含量。结果表明,银杏叶中水解氨基酸的总含量分别为１５．０９％,１１．８７％,９．９７％,和７．１４％;游离氨基酸的总含量分别为０．７６％,０．２８％。     

甘蓝胞质雄性不育系及其保持系花药和叶片生化特性分析

对甘蓝胞质雄性不育系CMS158及其保持系花药激素、游离氨基酸和叶片叶绿素含量进行了比较研究。结果表明,不育系花药KT和IAA含量极显著低于保持系,GA含量不育系和保持系没有显著差异。游离氨基酸总量不育系花药极显著高于保持系,脯氨酸和胱氨酸含量不育系花药极显著低于保持系,赖氨酸含量两系无明显差异,苏氨酸在两系中均未检出,其余氨基酸含量均是不育系花药高于保持系;不育系花药中丝氨酸含量最高,保持系花药中脯氨酸含量最高,两系中天冬氨酸和脯氨酸含量的差异最大。叶片叶绿素含量不育系和保持系无显著差异。     

柠条平茬处理后不同组织游离氨基酸含量

选择12株30年生的老年柠条作为研究对象,之后随机对6株进行平茬处理,其余6株未破坏的植株为对照,在植物旺盛生长期,对平茬后当年生萌蘖株与未破坏对照株根、茎、叶中17种常见游离氨基酸含量进行了分析比较,以期从氨基酸的角度对柠条萌蘖的再生生长进行认识。结果显示,游离氨基酸含量在对照和平茬萌蘖柠条叶和根中处理间的差异远大于茎间差异;在生长季的座荚期,萌蘖株叶中天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸,根中天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸、缬氨酸、胱氨酸含量为对照株的1.5倍以上;成熟期,萌蘖株叶中天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、胱氨酸,根中天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸的含量也达到对照的1.5倍以上。脯氨酸在座荚期对照株叶和茎中含量显著高于萌蘖株,成熟期处理间差异不显著,其含量受降雨和叶含水量影响显著,在植株体内起着重要的渗透调节作用。若不计脯氨酸含量,萌蘖株的根和叶中其余16种游离态氨基酸含量之和分别是对照株的2.0和2.7倍之多。由此可见,生长季叶和根中较高的游离氨基酸含量为萌蘖柠条快速合成其地上组织和实现生物量积累提供了较好的物质条件,是平茬后柠条萌蘖株迅速再生生长的重要机制之一。     

腌制蔬菜营养成分的测定

分析了腌制蔬菜中的泡菜 ,盐浸渍菜中所含的主要营养成分的种类及其相对含量。结果显示 :泡菜和盐浸渍菜中水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维的含量分别为 4 6 1% ,15 95 % ,10 2 8% ,2 19% ,2 3 2 9%和 3 11% ,2 6 49% ,15 19% ,2 42 % ,2 0 0 5 %。其氨基酸总量为 74 5 0 45mg/g ,6 6 4876mg/g ,其中必需氨基酸占 37 46 39%和43 6 76 1%。     

Time-course of mutagenicity due to flavonols in a pickled vegetable

The mutagenicity of the leafy vegetable, Takana (Brassica juncia var. integrifolia), pickled with salt for various durations was examined. The mutagenicity increased with increasing duration of pickling time, and analysis by HPLC showed that is was caused by mutagenic flavonols. The flavonols contained in the fresh Takana as glycosides were found to be freed by pickling. This was confirmed by acid hydrolysis.     

Amino acid composition of fractions of ‘Kentucky-31’ tall fescue as affected by N fertilization and mild water stress

Summary Environmental and management factors can influence the protein concentration of forages, significantly altering specific amino acid content. Drought, high rates of fertilizer N and the presence of a fungal endophyte have been associated with significant alterations in plant N metabolites and animal performance problems on tall fescue. A controlled environment study was conducted to examine the influence of N fertilization (10 and 100 gN/g) and water regime (low and adequate soil water availability) upon the distribution and concentration of amino acids in endophyte infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) herbage. Tall fescue tissue was collected from three replicates of each treatment, quick frozen in liquid N and lyophilized. Two insoluble (R_I, structural residue; R_II, membrane residue) and two soluble (S_I, soluble protein; S_II, low molecular weight N compounds) fractions were collected. Amino acid analyses of acid hydrolysates of fractions showed that application of 100 N significantly increased the concentration (per unit dry weight) of all amino acids in the entire plant, with an average increase of about 55%. Application of 110 N increased the concentrations of most amino acids in fractions R_I, R_II, and S_I, but only aspartate-asparagine, glutamate-glutamine, alanine, threonine, serine, valine and proline in fraction S_II. Fraction R_I contained about 65% of total amino acids under 10 N and 55% under 110 N even though N level did not alter dry matter distribution among fractions. While the amount of dry matter was least in S_I, amino acids in the fraction ranged from 8% (leucine, 10 N) to 20% (lysine, 110 N) of the total amount of specific amino acids recovered. Significant increases in proline, glutamate, aspartate, serine, valine, threonine, alanine and phenylalanine concentration occurred under low soil-water availability compared with adequate water conditions. Basic amino acids including histidine, arginine and lysine increased with increased N and with water stress at each N level. Application of N increased amounts, and water stress influenced distribution of amino acids among the fractions of tall fescue herhage. Nitrogenous components, such as non-protein amino acids which could influence plant nutritive quality, were increased in fraction S_II by increased N and water stress.     

γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）毛叶茶品质成分分析

以毛叶茶为研究对象,通过真空厌氧处理将其制作成γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）毛叶茶,探求毛叶茶经厌氧处理后的品质成分变化。结果表明：（1）厌氧处理后的毛叶茶,其GABA含量显著提高,达到GABA茶标准。游离氨基酸、黄酮和生物碱含量也显著升高,但茶多酚和水浸出物含量降低。同时,真空处理还能促进儿茶素的转化。简单儿茶素含量呈降低趋势,ECG和CG含量显著提高,EGCG、GCG含量及酯型儿茶素总量却先增加后降低,最终总量与对照样无明显差异。（2）毛叶茶中除含有一般的蛋白质氨基酸外,还含有普通茶树品种所特有的特征氨基酸Thea,以及微量的GABA。游离氨基酸中含量较高的有Thea、Glu、Asp,较低的是Met、Cit、α-ABA、Tau、Gly。Cysthi和EOHNH2是GABA毛叶茶中特有氨基酸。在真空厌氧条件下,GABA毛叶茶的游离氨基酸由于蛋白质发生降解而总量增加。其中P-Set、Thr、Ser、Asn、Pro、Gly、Cit、α-ABA、Val、Cysthi、Ile、Leu、Tyr、Phe、GABA、Trp、Lys、His含量上升,Asp、Glu和仪．AAA含量均降低,而Ala和Arg含量却呈现先增后降的趋势,Thea、Cys、Met等游离氨基酸含量在真空处理后无明显变化。     

Utilization of exogenously supplied 14C-saccharose into primary metabolites and alkaloid production in Catharanthus roseus

Partitioning of exogenously supplied U-¹⁴C-saccharose into primary metabolic pool as sugars, amino acids, and organic acids was analyzed and simultaneous utilization for production of alkaloid by leaf, stem, and root in twigs and rooted plants of Catharanthus roseus grown in hydroponic culture medium was determined. Twigs revealed comparable distribution of total ¹⁴C label in leaf and stem. Stems contained significantly higher ¹⁴C label in sugar fraction and in alkaloids [47 kBq kg⁻¹(DM)] than leaf. In rooted plants, label in ¹⁴C in metabolic fractions in root such as ethanol-soluble, ethanol-insoluble, and chloroform-soluble fractions and in components such as sugars, amino acids, and organic acids were significantly higher than in stems and leaves. This was related with significantly higher content of ¹⁴C in alkaloids in stems and leaves. ¹⁴C contents in sugars, amino acids, and organic acids increased from leaf to stem and roots. Roots are the major accumulators of metabolites accompanied by higher biosynthetic utilization for alkaloid accumulation.     

γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA) 毛叶茶品质成分分析

以毛叶茶为研究对象,通过真空厌氧处理将其制作成γ 氨基丁酸(GABA)毛叶茶,探求毛叶茶经厌氧处理后的品质成分变化。结果表明：(1)厌氧处理后的毛叶茶,其GABA含量显著提高,达到GABA茶标准。游离氨基酸、黄酮和生物碱含量也显著升高,但茶多酚和水浸出物含量降低。同时,真空处理还能促进儿茶素的转化。简单儿茶素含量呈降低趋势,ECG和CG含量显著提高,EGCG、GCG含量及酯型儿茶素总量却先增加后降低,最终总量与对照样无明显差异。(2) 毛叶茶中除含有一般的蛋白质氨基酸外,还含有普通茶树品种所特有的特征氨基酸Thea,以及微量的GABA。游离氨基酸中含量较高的有Thea、Glu、Asp,较低的是Met、Cit、α ABA、Tau、Gly。Cysthi和EOHNH2是GABA毛叶茶中特有氨基酸。在真空厌氧条件下,GABA毛叶茶的游离氨基酸由于蛋白质发生降解而总量增加。其中P Ser、Thr、Ser、Asn、Pro、Gly、Cit、α ABA、Val、Cysthi、Ile、Leu、Tyr、Phe、GABA、Trp、Lys、His含量上升,Asp、Glu和α AAA含量均降低,而Ala 和Arg含量却呈现先增后降的趋势,Thea、Cys、Met等游离氨基酸含量在真空处理后无明显变化。     

稻田温室气体减排措施对稻米氨基酸含量的影响

为探索稻田中温室气体减排措施对稻米氨基酸含量的影响,用10个不同方法对双季稻田进行处理,并使用高效液相色谱分别测定了各处理稻田中所产稻米中的16种氨基酸的含量,其中色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax AAA分析柱,柱前衍生使用邻苯二甲醛(OPA)和9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯(FMOC-CL)为衍生试剂。结果发现:1)10个处理中的稻米16种氨基酸种类齐全,施氮肥+添加生物质炭48 t/hm2+间歇灌溉(NPK+HBC+IF)处理中所得氨基酸总量为6520.7 mg/100g,效果最佳;对照组处理(不施加氮肥+无稻草还田+间歇灌溉)所得氨基酸含量4338.0 mg/100g为最低。以对照组处理所得必需氨基酸百分含量36.8%为最高值;无稻草还田+长期淹水(NPK+CF)处理方法所得必需氨基酸百分含量33.1%为最低值。10个处理中16种氨基酸中含量较高的氨基酸均为天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和精氨酸,含量最低的均为甲硫氨酸;2)施氮肥量相同时,长期淹水与间歇灌溉相比,氨基酸总量增加185.1 mg/100g,非必需氨基酸百分含量增加3%,谷氨酸、组氨酸和丝氨酸含量明显升高,但亮氨酸含量显著降低;3)施用氮肥能提高稻米中的氨基酸含量,且随着氮肥使用量的增加,氨基酸含量也随之增加,组氨酸含量增加显著;4)供氮量相同时,添加猪粪使氨基酸总含量升高了286.0 mg/100g,此结果表明,在供氮量相同的情况下,施用猪粪更有利于稻米氨基酸含量的提高;5)灌溉模式相同时,稻草还田配施氮肥对必需氨基酸和氨基酸总量均有提高,天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和组氨酸的含量增加较多,甲硫氨酸含量略有下降;随着稻草还田量的增加,对非必需氨基酸影响较为明显;当稻草半量还田(还田量为3 t/hm2)时,稻米中氨基酸总量增加最多;稻草全量还田+长期淹水(NPK+HRS+CF)与稻草半量还田+间歇灌溉(NPK+LRS+IF)处理中的氨基酸含量基本接近,但必需氨基酸含量前者略高于后者,说明稻草还田与水肥管理对氨基酸含量影响可能存在交互作用;6)添加生物质炭配施氮肥提高了稻米必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量,且随着生物质炭添加量的增加而增加;与稻草还田、添加猪粪处理相比,生物质炭的添加对氨基酸总含量提升的效果最为显著,对稻田实际生产具有指导意义且具有一定的环境效益。     

Composition of the regulators of bacterial autolysis

This work was aimed at studying the composition of agents regulating bacterial autolysis and isolated from the lysate of Bacillus subtilis 402, B. subtilis R2 and Micrococcus lysodeikticus biomass by extraction with 5% TCA followed by precipitation from the extract with 5 volumes of isopropanol. Fractions activating bacterial autolysis and fractions inhibiting it were found in all of the preparations after separation on Acrylex P-60. Fractions with a molecular mass below 12,600 D activated the autolysis whereas fractions with a molecular mass above 18,400 D inhibited it. The activity of fractions inhibiting the autolysis decreased while that of fractions activating the autolysis increased in the regulating agents isolated from B. subtilis cultures with the aging of the latter. The capability of the fractions to activate the autolysis correlated with the content of amino groups and phosphate in them whereas the capacity to inhibit the autolysis correlated with the content of reducing sugars in the fractions. The preparation of the fraction which activated the autolysis from B. subtilis R2 contained 18 amino acids with the predominance of alanine, glutamic acid, lysine and phenylalanine. Apparently, the regulating properties of the preparations are created with the aid of teichoic acids as well as peptidoglycan and protein fragments associated with the acids.     

Amino Acid composition of germinating cotton seeds

Total and free amino acid composition of germinating cotton seeds (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was determined. The germinating seeds were separated into cotyledon and developing axis fractions daily and the composition of each tissue was summed to get the whole seed composition. By separating the developing seeds into these two tissue fractions, and determining total and free amino acids, a balance sheet was developed for each amino acid. This technique allowed changes in distribution with time of each amino acid to be followed in each tissue. Data for total content and amount in protein of each amino acid are presented. Asparagine increased in the whole seed, and most of this increase was found in the free pool of the developing axis. Other amino acids (e.g. arginine, glutamic acid) increased in the free pool but showed an over-all decrease, indicating that they were being metabolized. Amino acid contents of storage and nonstorage protein isolates were determined.     

苦荞胰蛋白酶抑制剂的纯化及特性研究

利用固相胰蛋白酶亲和色谱及离子交换色谱,从苦荞种子中分离纯化了三个具有抑制胰蛋白酶活力的组份(BTI-Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ)。经聚丙稀酰胺凝胶等电聚焦测定,三种抑制剂的等电点为6.87,6.7,5.14。根据Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤,SDS-PAGE测定,以及由当量抑制比值和氨基酸组份的推算,它们的分子量范围分别为5200-5700(Ⅰ),5500—6000(Ⅱ),5000—5600(III)。三者对胰蛋白酶的抑制常数分别为2.12×10~(-8),4.78×10~(-9),1.22×10~(-8)。氨基酸分析结果表明,它们均含有很高的极性氨基酸。在酸性条件下,它们均具有很高的热稳定性。化学修饰的结果表明,它们活性中心的氨基酸残基为Lys。