锐劲特对稻蝗(直翅目:斑腿蝗科)的作用方式、持效性及防治价值的研究(英文)

１９９６年６月至１０月,在陕西省汉中盆地对锐劲特（苯基吡唑类新型杀虫剂）进行了笼罩和田间实验。目的在于弄清该杀虫剂对稻蝗的作用方式及防治价值。结果如下：１）低剂量的锐劲特（４ ｇ／ｈａ和８ ｇ／ｈａ活性物质）对稻蝗有很强的触杀和胃毒作用。触杀击倒的作用较胃毒的作用迅速;２）锐劲特对稻蝗的控制作用长达３周以上,明显长于通用杀虫剂;３）两种剂量的锐劲特作用于稻蝗时,其区别只表现在施药后稻蝗存活时间的长短,在控制效果上无明显差异;４）与空白对照田的产量相比,施用锐劲特后可挽回１２％的稻谷损失。     

不同温度下锐劲特对受马拉硫磷抑制的麦穗鱼AChE活性恢复的影响

研究了１５～１７℃、２０～２２℃下,０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ锐劲特对被１ｍｇ／Ｌ马拉硫磷抑制的麦穗鱼（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｒａｓｂｏｒａ ｐａｒｖａ）脑乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）活性恢复的影响。结果表明：在１５～１７℃,经４８ｈ抑制,ＡＣｈＥ被抑制了４０％,恢复１４４ｈ后,处理组与无锐劲特对照都恢复到了空白对照的８０％以上。在此温度下锐劲特对ＡＣｈＥ活性恢复的影响不明显;而在２０～２２℃下,经相同的处理时间,ＡＣｈＥ被抑制了７０％,恢复２４０ｈ后,处理组与无锐劲特对照都只恢复到了对照的７０％。其间于１４４、１９２ｈ,ＡＣｈＥ活性差异达显著水平（Ｐ〈０．０５）,说明了在此温度下锐劲特对ＡＣｈＥ活性恢复的影响。文中还讨论了恢复研究的意义。     

绿色功夫和锐劲特对食用菌害虫的防治效果测定

室内毒力测定和菇房药效试验表明,绿色功夫和锐劲特对食用菌害虫眼蕈蚊和果蝇有较强的毒力和较好的防治效果。绿色功夫对眼蕈蚊和果蝇的ＬＣ５０分别为５．０８ｍｇ／Ｌ和２．４５ｍｇ／Ｌ。锐劲竺对眼蕈蚊和果蝇的ＬＣ５０分别为８．７５ｍｇ／Ｌ和８．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ。菇房防治效果显示：用质量浓度１２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ和６．２５ｍｇ／Ｌ的绿色功夫液浇淋和务菌代防治效果达８８．６％、８１．８％和７５．９％、６５．１％。用质量浓     

锐劲特对青海省草原蝗虫防治价值的研究(英文)

在过马营乡（青海省海南藏族自治州）对锐劲特控制草原蝗虫的作用进行了笼罩和野外实验。目的在于分析该新杀虫剂对草原蝗虫的作用方式,特效性及野外应用之最低剂量。红翅皱膝蝗（Ａｎｇａｒａｃｒｉｓｒｈｏｄｏｐａ）,宽须蚁蝗（Ｍｙｒｍｅｌｅｏｔｅｔｔｉｘ　ｐａｌｐａｌｉｓ）和狭翅雏蝗Ｃｈｏｒｔｈｉｐｐｕｓ　ｄｕｂｉｕｓ被选用作实验材料。结果表明极低剂量的锐劲特（４ ｇ和 ８ ｇ／ｈａ活性物质）便对蝗虫有很强的触杀和胃毒作用。在笼内,两种不同浓度的锐劲特的药效几乎没有差别。除了宽须蚁蝗成虫,触杀的击倒作用一般较胃毒的迅速;锐劲特对狭翅雏蝗 ５龄蝻的控制作用达 ２周以上。在野外对 ４个剂量的锐劲特（２,３,５和 １０ ｇ活性物质／ｈａ）及 ５个剂量的 ２０％的杀灭灵（９０, ７５, ６０, ４５, ３０ ｇ活性物质／ｈａ）的短期防效进行了比较。锐劲特的短期防效较杀灭灵为好。不同剂量的锐劲特间的区别主要表现在处理后不同时间内蝗虫的死亡率,在短期控制效果上几乎没有差别。施用锐劲特２６天后,喷洒过 ３ ｇ活性物质／ｈａ以上剂量的实验小区内草原蝗虫的密度仍处于极低水平,表明该药野外施用的最低剂量为３ｇ活性物质／ｈａ。     

2种杀虫剂对拟环纹豹蛛的毒力测定

采用浸渍法测定了2种杀虫剂对化学防治田（化防田）和生物防治田（生防田）中的拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa　pseudoannulata田间种群的毒力。结果表明,甲胺磷对拟环纹豹蛛杀伤较大,但锐劲特在高剂量下两地种群的死亡率也较高。甲胺磷对拟环纹豹蛛的毒力回归方程和LC50分别为：化防田y=1.387 7 x＋0.837 4, 999.09 mg/L,生防田y=1.778 4 x＋0.880 4, 207.23 mg/L;;锐劲特对拟环纹豹蛛的毒力回归方程和LC50分别为：化防田y=2．0215x＋0．0620,277．22mg／L,生防田y=2．0948x＋0．1568,205．11mg／L。锐劲特对两地稻田蜘蛛的毒力均大于甲胺磷,因此水稻生产中要合理使用农药,或与其他杀虫剂混配使用以达到最大限度的保护天敌。     

Bt与锐劲特混用防治水稻二化螟的效果评价

Bt与锐劲特混用对水稻二化螟有较显著的防治效果。每 667m2 用Bt2 5g加锐劲特 1 5mL ,防治第 1 ,3代二化螟 ,适期在 2～ 3龄幼虫盛期 ,一般情况下 1次施药即能控制全代二化螟的危害     

滇中稻区稻水象甲的卵巢发育及防治

【目的】开展稻水象甲卵巢发育、扩散能力和防治药剂的筛选研究,为云南稻水象甲的防治提供依据。【方法】对成虫采用卵巢解剖法,确定卵巢的发育进度和产卵期;采用田间系统调查法和染色法明确扩散范围;采用浸叶法对常用杀虫剂进行室内筛选。【结果】2009年4月下旬至5月上旬秧苗期,稻水象甲Ⅱ级卵巢达100%,Ⅲ级卵巢的平均抱卵量为8粒·头~(-1),最大抱卵量为23粒·头~(-1)。秧田返栽田的幼虫、成虫虫口密度明显高于大田,秧田返栽田的幼虫虫量是大田的4.82倍,第一代成虫是大田的6.50倍。烯啶虫胺、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、三唑磷、锐劲特对稻水象甲成虫防效在96.11%以上。【结论】滇中稻水象甲自然传播的范围小,随稻秧移栽是稻水象甲的主要传播方式,秧苗揭膜1周后至移栽前是化学防治的关键期,建议选用烯啶虫胺、辛硫磷、三唑磷、锐劲特在此期间开展田间防控。     

锐劲特降解菌株R-2的分离、鉴定及降解特性

从长期受锐劲特污染的农药厂活性污泥中分离到一株锐劲特降解菌株R-2, 根据其生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析, 将该菌株鉴定为Paracoccus sp.。菌株R-2能以锐劲特为唯一碳源生长, 在含有50 mg/L的锐劲特的基础盐培养基中, 3 d的降解率达到85%。菌株R-2降解锐劲特的最适温度为30 °C, 最适pH值为6.0?7.0, 其降解锐劲特的效率与锐劲特初始浓度呈负相关。添加0.1 mmol/L的Zn2+或Fe3+能够显著促进菌株对锐劲特的降解。灭菌与非灭菌土壤降解试验表明, 菌株R-2均可以在10 d内降解63.4%?71.2%的100 μg/g的锐劲特。     

锐劲特在水稻主要害虫总体防治中的应用研究

系列试验证明：锐劲特是水稻害虫多靶标防治中较好的防治药剂,5％锐劲特SC600mL/hm^2对白背飞虱的防效同25％噻嗪酮WP675g/hm^2加80％杀虫单WP750g/hm^2基本一致;对褐飞虱的防效,其速率性及持效性显著居优;对2代二化防治具有较好的效果,杀虫及保穗效果均明显高于杀虫单,差异显著,对稻纵卷叶螟、低龄稻苞虫的防治效果分别为77．52％,97．62％;用量为750mL/hm^2时,对高龄稻苞虫的防治效果为89．00％,可达一药多治的防治效果。     

锐劲特对家蚕毒性的测定

螟虫和稻飞虱是我区水稻生产上的主要害虫,常用甲胺磷和扑虱灵等农药防治,效果虽较好但除虫单一、高毒,对桑蚕危害大。法国罗纳普朗克公司研制生产的锐劲特新农药,在我地杀灭水稻螟虫、稻飞虱等害虫均具有理想防治效果。为了推广使用此农药,我们于1995～1996年用锐劲特农药对家蚕毒性进行了生物测定,现将结果总结如下。回材料与方法回．互供试药剂：5％锐劲特胶悬剂（法国罗纳普朗克公司驻上海办事处提供）;50％甲胺磷乳油偷江菱湖化学厂生产）。1．2供试品种：为“薪杭白云”,2～3龄健康家蚕。1．3试验时间：于1995和1996年的中秋…     

中晚粳稻区褐飞虱防治策略的研究

为了解二代褐飞虱对粳稻的为害损失,确定合理的防治指标和防治策略,为科学使用噻嗪酮、吡虫啉等药剂防治稻飞虱提供依据,作者在武育粳３号上,通过接不同的虫量,并进行笼罩的方法,研究了二代褐飞虱的增殖规律和为害损失及防治指标。并进行了锐劲特防治不同世代褐飞虱策略试验。结果表明,不同水稻生育期,不同虫口密度的褐飞虱的增长速度不一样;在水稻同一生育期,低密度的增殖速度要大于高密度,但总虫量高密度区显著高于低密度区。二代褐飞虱百丛虫量与水稻产量损失呈极显著正相关（ ｒ＝ ０．９５７６**）,关系式为 ｙ＝－ １８．３３０２＋ １０． ２８９２ｌｇｘ（ｘ为 ８月上旬褐飞虱百丛虫量）,防治指标为 １１０－１２０头。因此,在早发年,迁入量较大的年份必须采取“治二压三控四”的策略,１９９６－１９９７年全面推广这一策略,成效显著。     

杀虫剂不同处理对二化螟为害、防治效果及水稻产量的影响

近年来,二化螟发生出现各代均偏重或大发生的新特点。为探索杀虫剂防治二化螟的新策略,采用田间小区试验在早晚稻田中分别研究5%氟虫腈加25%灭.水胺的不同施药时期和次数对二化螟幼虫的为害和防治效果及对水稻产量的影响。在试验地,二化螟第1和第2代发生在早稻田,第3和第4代发生在晚稻田。试验结果表明,在第1和第3代二化螟幼虫孵化高峰施药1次、隔10d再施药1次对早稻田和晚稻田的幼虫防效显著,分别达到了92.4%和92.6%。在早、晚稻田分别发生的第1和第3代2龄幼虫高峰期施药1次、同时在次代孵化高峰期再施药1次,均可显著降低虫伤株率和白穗株率,提高保穗效果,并显著提高单位面积上的水稻产量(3.98%~4.20%)。因此,对第1至第4代二化螟幼虫均进行1次药剂防治是二化螟各代均大发生的新形势下的防治策略。     

Regent Honeyeater Habitat Restoration Project Lurg Hills, Victoria

Summary  The Regent Honeyeater Habitat Restoration Project is a landscape scale community effort to protect and restore all significant remnants of native woodland habitat in the agricultural district of the Lurg hills, Victoria. While focus is placed on the Regent Honeyeater, many other declining birds and mammals also benefit from the restoration project. Over 14 years of sustained effort, the project has involved 115 local landholders (approximately 95% of local farms) and about 17 000 volunteers. Together, they have protected relatively healthy remnants by fencing, planted or direct seeded depleted understoreys and replanted open areas that had been cleared for agriculture. Other restoration activities include ecological thinning of 'pole forests', mistletoe removal, environmental weeding, feral animal control, kangaroo reduction, systematic monitoring of a range of threatened and declining woodland birds, and nest box placement for hollow-dependent mammals. The works have achieved the rapid closing of some high-priority gaps in the local landscape, connecting the Lurg hills project area to other major regional habitats nearby. The oldest tree plantings are now 12 yrs old and 6-m high and the first Ironbarks flowered in 2006. While the Regent Honeyeater has not yet returned in numbers (because the trees have not yet reached optimum flowering age), surveys and nest box monitoring reveal a range of threatened birds and mammals are already using this project's regenerated and reconstructed habitats.     

水稻细菌性穗枯病的病原特性和抗性研究进展

水稻(Oryza sativa)细菌性穗枯病是世界性的重要病害之一, 严重威胁全球范围水稻的高产稳产。虽然该病目前仍被列为我国的检疫性病害, 但近几年的研究表明, 穗枯病随时有在内地蔓延的潜在危险, 因此除了加强检疫工作, 开展针对性的防控技术研发也十分必要。水稻细菌性穗枯病菌在侵染过程中涉及多种毒力因子, 同时, 水稻在与病原菌的长期互作过程中演化出了多种防卫机制, 抗性基因是主要的防卫机制之一。挖掘水稻基因组中抗细菌性穗枯病遗传位点并培育抗病品种是最安全且经济有效的防治途径。该文综述了水稻细菌性穗枯病的病原菌特性、发病特征、发病机制、病害循环和对水稻细菌性穗枯病的抗性研究现状, 以期为挖掘和分离水稻穗枯病抗性位点提供参考。     

花椒潜跳甲生物学特性及防治试验

本文报道了花椒潜跳甲 Podagricomela shirahatai(Chuj)在甘肃舟曲１年发生 ２代,以成虫港入树干基部３～５ｃｍ土层内或砂石缝中越冬,越冬成虫春季出土上树时是防治关键时期,成虫产卵前用５０％增效辛硫磷乳油和４０％氧乐果乳油１２００～１５００倍稀释液在成虫期和幼虫期喷洒叶面,杀虫率在９０％～９８．２％。不发生药害,效果显著。     

连作晚稻稻瘿蚊防治适期研究

试验结果表明．连作晚稻稻瘿蚊大田防治适期在第4代成虫盛发始期至卵盛孵始期之间,保护好大田早期有效分囊．可以提高保产效果。     

A comparison of anther and microspore culture as a breeding tool in Brassica napus

Summary A direct comparison of microspore culture and anther culture was made in Brassica napus using F₁ crosses of Regent (canola) by Golden (rapeseed), and their reciprocals, as well as a hybrid between Reston and a highly embryogenic, canola-quality breeding line (G231) as donor plants. The study confirmed that microspore culture can be ten times more efficient than anther culture for embryo production. Embryo yields from cultures initiated from the Reston x G231 were four-fold greater than those initiated from the Regent x Golden crosses, and significant differences were also detected among cultures initiated from the different Regent x Golden crosses. These results illustrate the influence that donor plant genotype has on embryo production. However, superior embryogenic potential among donor material was not always coincident with superior plant production. The average haploid-todiploid ratio in microspore-derived regenerates was 21 for the population obtained from the Regent x Golden crosses but 11 for the Reston x G231 cross. For both types of material, the frequency of diploids increased upon repeated cycles of explanting. A field study showed that there were no differences between the populations of anther-derived and microspore-derived spontaneous diploid and doubled haploid lines, with respect to the days required for them to flower or to mature. The information is valuable for canola breeding programs considering the use of haploidy.     

A new strategy for the chemical control of fig longicorn, Acalolepta vastator (Newman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), infesting grapevines

Abstract  Difficulties in controlling the grapevine borer pest fig longicorn, Acalolepta vastator , were experienced. Variable results with azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos and methidathion applied as seasonal sprays at 2-weekly or monthly intervals, coupled with inconsistent grower spraying practices, provided unreliable control. Pest resurgence resulted in a range of new chemicals and usage strategies being tested to overcome the problem. After extensive trialling an effective strategy for control of A. vastator was developed. This involved a single application of insecticide at dormancy, and after vineyard pruning, at a much higher rate than that normally registered for crop use. Bifenthrin (Talstar 100 EC) at 1000 mL/100 L, fipronil (Regent 200 SC) at 100 mL/100 L and imidacloprid (Confidor 350 SC) at 200 mL/100 L controlled emerging adults and young. This strategy overcomes a number of problems experienced with the previous chemical application method for this pest.