嗜热毛壳菌热稳定脂肪酶基因(lm)的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达(英文)

研究从嗜热毛壳菌Chaetomium thermophilum中克隆了一个新的脂肪酶基因(lm)。其中DNA序列包含一个由870个碱基构成的开放阅读框,编码289个氨基酸,含有4个内含子,没有信号肽序列。序列提交Gen Bank,登录号为GU338248。将该基因在毕赤酵母中表达。在甲醇的诱导下,重组蛋白得到了高效表达,第6天的表达量最高,蛋白达到0.428mg/m L,菌物学报酶活力为19.77U/mg。SDS-PAGE检测该蛋白的分子量为35k Da。该脂肪酶的最适反应温度为60℃,具有热稳定性,在40–80℃热稳定,80℃处理60min仍有65%的相对酶活。该酶最适反应p H值为10.0,在p H 9.0–12.0酶活相对稳定。该酶具有较好的热稳定性和耐碱性,具有良好的工业应用价值。     

嗜热子囊菌原变种Thermoascus aurantiacus var.aurantiacus热稳定几丁质酶的克隆表达及活性研究

研究通过RT-PCR和Tail-PCR技术从嗜热子囊菌原变种Thermoascus aurantiacus var.aurantiacus中克隆了一个几丁质酶同源基因。该基因全长1,253bp,包含一个由1,197个碱基构成的开放阅读框,编码398个氨基酸。序列比对分析表明,该基因编码蛋白属于糖苷水解酶18家族的几丁质酶。利用基因重组的方法构建酵母分泌型表达载体,并转化毕赤酵母。在甲醇的诱导下,重组蛋白得到了高效表达,第6天的表达量最高,达到0.433g/L,酶活力为28.96U/mg,同时对表达的几丁质酶进行了纯化,SDS-PAGE检测该蛋白的分子量为43.9kDa。该几丁质酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH值为8.0,70℃处理30min仍有45%的相对酶活,具有较好的热稳定性及工业应用价值。     

疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌脂肪酶基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌Thermomyces lanuginosus可产生具有重要工业生产价值的脂肪酶。根据已报道的相应序列设计特异引物,综合运用PCR、RT-PCR技术克隆到脂肪酶基因的全长DNA和cDNA序列。其中DNA序列长1071bp,包含876bp的开放阅读框以及3段内含子;cDNA序列长885bp。结构基因编码蛋白包含292个氨基酸,前17个氨基酸构成信号肽。序列提交GenBank,登录号分别为EU022703和EU370914。将脂肪酶基因cDNA序列的开放阅读框克隆到酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K中,转化毕赤酵母GS115得到重组子且实现了分泌表达。将重组子诱导产酶,在培养温度30℃、甲醇添加量1%的情况下,小规模发酵量达0.93mg/mL,其分泌表达的最高酶活为7.2U/mL。重组酶最适反应温度和pH分别是60℃和8.0。表达蛋白在60℃保温1h后仍有完全酶活,具有较高的热稳定性。     

嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶基因的表达与重组酶的性质

克隆嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌WY-34普鲁兰酶基因并在大肠杆菌中进行表达,对重组酶进行纯化和酶学性质研究,根据枯草芽孢杆菌的普鲁兰酶蛋白序列,设计PCR引物对WY-34的普鲁兰酶基因进行克隆及异源表达.对表达蛋白的最适pH、pH稳定性及最适温度、温度稳定性等特性进行研究,并测定重组普鲁兰酶的底物特异性.将普鲁兰酶基因pluA克隆及分析序列后,发现基因长度为2.2 kb,编码718个氨基酸,在大肠杆菌中异源表达.通过Ni-IDA亲和层析一步纯化得到比活力为93.2 U/mg的纯酶,SDS-PAGE和凝胶层析测定的分子量分别为76.2 kD和74.3 kD.酶学性质研究表明,该酶的最适温度为40℃,在温度不高于45℃条件下稳定;最适pH为6.0,同一温度下pH 6.0-9.0范围内处理30 min可以保持80％以上的酶活力,此酶对普鲁兰糖有很强的底物特异性.此重组普鲁兰酶的酶学性质表明此酶具有一定的工业化应用价值.     

南极深海沉积物宏基因组DNA中低温脂肪酶基因的克隆、表达及性质分析

从南极普利兹湾深海900米深的沉积物中提取获得宏基因组DNA,并通过设计引物,从中克隆到全长为948bp的低温脂肪酶(lip3)开放阅读框完整序列,该基因编码一个由315个氨基酸残基组成、预计分子质量为34.557ku酶蛋白(Lip3);氨基酸序列上的GFGNS(GXGXS)和G-N-S-M-G(GXSXG)在许多脂肪酶中有很高的保守性,它们是水解机制所必需的序列,也是丝氨酸水解酶中最保守的序列.构建了lip3基因重组表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中获得表达,采用镍离子亲和层析柱对表达的酶蛋白Lip3进行纯化,得到约35ku蛋白条带,酶学性质的分析表明,该酶的最适作用温度为25℃,在0℃时表现为最高活力的22%,最适pH值为8.0,对热敏感,35℃热处理60min剩余酶活为10%,以硝基苯棕榈酸酯为底物,Lip3的酶促反应常数Km值随着反应温度的升高而升高,是典型的低温酶.     

嗜热糖化酶基因在重组黑曲霉工程菌中的表达及酶学性质初步研究

为了提高糖化酶的耐热性能,降低淀粉糖化发酵工艺的生产成本,构建了同源整合载体pEasy-glaAdir以及pEasyssg,将黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)的糖化酶基因(glaA)灭活,并将硫磺矿硫化叶菌(Sulfolobus solfataricus)的嗜热糖化酶基因(ssg)插入到黑曲霉基因组中,筛选得到表达嗜热糖化酶的重组黑曲霉工程菌(A.nigerWW1)。重组菌的发酵结果显示,嗜热糖化酶在黑曲霉中得到了分泌表达,发酵液酶活达到3 030 U/mL。重组嗜热糖化酶的最适反应温度为90℃,最适pH为6.0,该酶具有较高的热稳定性,在80℃时的半衰期在60 min以上,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌羧酸酯酶的异源表达及酶学性质研究

运用生物信息学技术从嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus stearothermophilus) CICC 20156中克隆获得羧酸酯酶基因,构建黑曲霉和毕氏酵母表达质粒,将重组质粒分别转化毕氏酵母GS115和黑曲霉pyrG基因缺陷株M54．SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测显示：携带His标记的外源蛋白在转化真菌宿主中均获得了高效分泌性表达,毕氏酵母和黑曲霉表达的外源蛋白分子质量均约为29 ku,蛋白质浓度分别为30.7 mg/L和15.3 mg/L．生物学活性测定表明,毕氏酵母与黑曲霉表达的羧酸酯酶单位蛋白酶活分别为22 671 U/mg和21 438 U/mg．酶学性质研究显示,两种表达系统表达的重组羧酸酯酶的酶学特性基本一致,它们在40～70℃范围内均显示较好的酶活性,最适反应温度为60℃．70℃处理30 min,毕氏酵母和黑曲霉表达重组羧酸酯酶残余酶活分别为 76.7%和67.6%,显示出良好的热稳定性．在pH 6.5～8.5的范围内显示较高酶活性,最适pH为8.0．上述研究首次实现了具有良好热稳定性的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌羧酸酯酶在黑曲霉和毕氏酵母中高效异源分泌性表达,其中毕氏酵母羧酸酯酶的产量要高于黑曲霉的酶产量,但考虑到重组黑曲霉表达外源性蛋白无需使用任何诱导剂,黑曲霉菌表达热稳定性羧酸酯酶可能具有更好的应用前景．     

芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶基因的克隆及表达

从新疆极端干燥环境土壤样品中筛选到具有高β-甘露聚糖酶活性的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.MX).运用PCR技术从该菌基因组中克隆得到β-甘露聚糖酶基因,连接到表达载体pET-28a上.在大肠杆菌BL21中高效表达的基因产物经亲和层析纯化,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分析显示该蛋白的相对分子质量为41 kD.酶学性质分析表明该酶在25～95℃,pH3.0～9.6范围内均具有酶活.最适作用温度55℃和pH值5.0,酶比活力为4 572 U/mg.在最适pH 5.0,高温85℃和95℃分别处理10min后,该酶相对酶活力仍保持51%和34%,显示β-甘露聚糖酶具有较好的耐酸性和热稳定性.     

链霉菌zxy19木聚糖酶酶学性质及酶基因克隆

采用平板筛选法,从红树林放线菌中筛选到一株有较强木聚糖酶活的菌株zxy19,其16SrDNA序列与Streptomyces sampsonii的同源性仅为96%.该菌株木聚糖酶活为852.41 IU/mL,酶反应最适pH值为7,最适反应温度为60℃.用针对木聚糖酶基因保守结构域的一对简并引物扩增到该酶基因部分序列,进而通过反向PCR扩增到了完整的酶基因,对该基因序列分析结果表明此木聚糖酶基因属于糖基水解酶家族11的成员,酶蛋白氨基酸序列与已报道序列同源性最高为79%(Streptomyces lividans xylanase B).构建了该酶重组表达质粒pET-28a-xyl 696,经过IPTG诱导实现了该酶蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中的异源表达,且通过镍柱纯化后的表达产物具有生物学活性.     

嗜热真菌Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定几丁质酶基因的cDNA克隆及表达

根据Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定几丁质酶Chit的N-端氨基酸序列和同源保守序列设计简并引物,通过RT-PCR及快速扩增cDNA末端(RACE)的方法,克隆了该几丁质酶的编码基因chit,全长cDNA为1500bp,包含一个由442个氨基酸组成的开放阅读框。该基因已在GenBank中注册,登录号为DQ092332。将成熟肽几丁质酶Chit阅读框与酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,构建重组质粒pPIC9K/chit,转化毕赤酵母GS115,在甲醇的诱导下,成功地分泌出具生物活性的几丁质酶,诱导6d后酶活性达2.261U/mL,酶蛋白表达量为0.36mg/mL。该酶的最适反应温度和pH值分别为60℃和5.5,该酶在50℃以下稳定;65℃的半衰期为40min。     

A graphical method for finding maximin efficiency designs

We consider the problem of designing an experiment when there are two competing optimality criteria. Designs that maximize the minimum efficiencies under the two criteria are proposed along with a graphical method for finding these maximin designs.     

Capturing the essence of a metabolic network: A flux balance analysis approach

As genome-scale metabolic reconstructions emerge, tools to manage their size and complexity will be increasingly important. Flux balance analysis (FBA) is a constraint-based approach widely used to study the metabolic capabilities of cellular or subcellular systems. FBA problems are highly underdetermined and many different phenotypes can satisfy any set of constraints through which the metabolic system is represented.Two of the main concerns in FBA are exploring the space of solutions for a given metabolic network and finding a specific phenotype which is representative for a given task such as maximal growth rate. Here, we introduce a recursive algorithm suitable for overcoming both of these concerns. The method proposed is able to find the alternate optimal patterns of active reactions of an FBA problem and identify the minimal subnetwork able to perform a specific task as optimally as the whole.Our method represents an alternative to and an extension of other approaches conceived for exploring the space of solutions of an FBA problem. It may also be particularly helpful in defining a scaffold of reactions upon which to build up a dynamic model, when the important pathways of the system have not yet been well-defined.     

Optimal nonsingular control of fed-batch fermentation

Presented is a new simple method for multidimensional optimization of fed-batch fermentations based on the use of the orthogonal collocation technique. Considered is the problem of determination of optimal programs for fermentor temperature, substrate concentration in feed, feeding profile, and process duration. By reformulation of the state and control variables is obtained a nonsingular form of the optimization problem which has considerable advantage over the singular case since a complicated procedure for determination of switching times for feeding is avoided. The approximation of the state variables by Lagrange polynomials enables simple incorporation of split boundary conditions in the approximation, and the use of orthogonal collocations provides stability for integration of state and costate variables. The interpolation points are selected to obtain highest accuracy for approximation of the objective functional by the Radau-Lobatto formula. The control variables are determined by optimization of the Hamiltonian at the collocation points with the DFP method. Constraints are imposed on state and control variables.The method is applied for a homogeneous model of fermentation with volume, substrate, biomass, and product concentrations as the state variables. Computer study shows considerable simplicity of the method, its high accuracy for low order of approximation, and efficient convergence.     

Optimal growth strategies when mortality and production rates are size-dependent

Summary Pontryagin's maximum principle from optimal control theory is used to find the optimal allocation of energy between growth and reproduction when lifespan may be finite and the trade-off between growth and reproduction is linear. Analyses of the optimal allocation problem to date have generally yielded bang-bang solutions, i.e. determinate growth: life-histories in which growth is followed by reproduction, with no intermediate phase of simultaneous reproduction and growth. Here we show that an intermediate strategy (indeterminate growth) can be selected for if the rates of production and mortality either both increase or both decrease with increasing body size, this arises as a singular solution to the problem. Our conclusion is that indeterminate growth is optimal in more cases than was previously realized. The relevance of our results to natural situations is discussed.     

When does it pay to invest in a patch? The evolution of intentional niche construction

Humans modify their environments in ways that significantly transform the earth's ecosystems. 1 - 3 Recent research suggests that such niche‐constructing behaviors are not passive human responses to environmental variation, but instead should be seen as active and intentional management of the environment. 4 - 10 Although such research is useful in highlighting the interactive dynamics between humans and their natural world, the niche‐construction framework, as currently applied, fails to explain why people would decide to modify their environments in the first place. 11 - 13 To help resolve this problem, we use a model of technological intensification 14 , 15 to analyze the cost‐benefit trade‐offs associated with niche construction as a form of patch investment. We use this model to assess the costs and benefits of three paradigmatic cases of intentional niche construction in Western North America: the application of fire in acorn groves, the manufacture of fishing weirs, and the adoption of maize agriculture. Intensification models predict that investing in patch modification (niche construction) only provides a net benefit when the amount of resources needed crosses a critical threshold that makes the initial investment worthwhile. From this, it follows that low‐cost investments, such as burning in oak groves, should be quite common, while more costly investments, such as maize agriculture, should be less common and depend on the alternatives available in the local environment. We examine how patterns of mobility, 16 risk management, 17 territoriality, 12 and private property 18 also co‐evolve with the costs and benefits of niche construction. This approach illustrates that explaining niche‐constructing behavior requires understanding the economic trade‐offs involved in patch investment. Integrating concepts from niche construction and technological intensification models within a behavioral ecological framework provides insights into the coevolution and active feedback between adaptive behaviors and environmental change across human history.     

村镇土地资源利用优化结构模式研究

土地资源是自然资源的一个重要组成部分 ,也是人类赖以生存的物质基础 ,充分合理地利用自然资源 ,因地制宜地实行专业生产 ,多种经营 ,使农、林、牧、副、渔各业生产因地而异地发展 ,逐步实现区域化、专业化、社会化和商品化 ,对于我们这样一个人口密度大的国家是非常重要的。尤其是随着改革开放、经济建设不断深入发展 ,一些新的社会问题随之产生。在农村乡镇 ,由于缺乏合理规划 ,宅基地和集体基建大量占用良田 ,劳力外流 ,土地资源利用不合理 ,农林牧结构不协调 ,造成耕地减少、质量下降 ,生态环境恶化。在这种情况下 ,对村镇土地资源利用…     

生长期-定时一年生植物群体光合产物的最优分配策略的理论分析

本工作建立了一个一年生植物群体的生长模型,利用以梯度法为基础的离散系统最优控制的计算方法,计算并分析了一年生植物群体光合产物的营养器官间分配的最优策略,以及这一策略对植物群体最大生长速率和消光系数的依赖关系。用Pontryagin最小值原理和奇异最优控制的条件证明了光合产物的最优分配方法是:在营养和生殖生长并行阶段,群体叶片的死亡量恰好等于新形成量,植物干重随时间线性增加。     

古尼拟青霉麦角甾醇高产液体培养条件及提取工艺的优化

以古尼拟青霉生物量和麦角甾醇含量为指标,对古尼拟青霉的高产麦角甾醇培养条件及麦角甾醇提取工艺进行了优化。正交试验结果表明,高产麦角甾醇的最适液体培养基为蔗糖4%,麸皮2%,KH2PO4 0.025%和NaCl 0.05%;响应面实验结果表明,麦角甾醇最佳提取工艺为：提取溶剂浓度为80%乙醇,液料比为200:1,提取时间为65min。     

元宝枫蛋白酶的分离纯化及其生化性质

采用有机溶剂沉淀和柱层析方法,从元宝枫(Acer truncatum Bunge)叶片中提取并纯化了叶蛋白酶.该蛋白酶的比活性为1 408.04 U·mg-1,纯化倍数50.77.以酪蛋白为底物时,该蛋白酶最适pH 7.5,最适温度60℃;该蛋白酶在pH 5.0～pH 10.0范围内以及在60℃以下较为稳定.该酶的活力能被半胱氨酸和EDTA激活,但受HgCl2抑制,具有巯基蛋白酶的特性.