四维彩超技术在筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的应用价值分析

目的:探讨四维彩超技术在筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的应用价值。方法:择取我院2012年3月至2014年3月收治的行产前筛查的300例产妇为研究对象,采用四维彩色多普勒超声择取心脏三血管、四腔观、肺动脉分叉、上下腔静脉回流、动脉导管弓、主动脉弓等常规切面,予以胎心各腔血流及胎心率等多项检测,对胎儿是否存在先心病进行综合诊断,并综合胎儿大体解剖状况,与病理诊断及二维超声检查结果进行对比。结果:四维彩超检出率为6.67%,正确率为90.00%;二维超声检出率为6.00%,正确率为83.33%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:四维彩超技术在筛查胎儿先天性心脏病中具有至关重要的应用价值,有助于指导胎儿先天性心脏病早期治疗,保证患儿预后,值得临床借鉴。     

先天性心脏病"双期三步法"筛查诊断流程推广应用初探

摘要 目的：分析"双期三步法"筛查诊断流程在西安咸阳地区新生儿先天性心脏病筛查中的推广与应用价值。方法：选取2021年1月1日-2021年12月31日在医院产检的胎儿和出生的新生儿作为研究对象，收集胎儿期、新生儿期和婴儿期的先心筛查数据，将新生儿分为杂音组、经皮氧饱和度阳性组、双阳性组，评价"双期三步法"筛查方法的使用价值。结果：共对12318例新生儿进行了筛查，筛查阳性497例。确诊126例，实际发病率为10.23‰。在确诊的例先心病患儿中，位于前3位的疾病类型分别为房间隔缺损66例（52.38%），室间隔缺损41例（32.54%），动脉导管未闭11例（8.73%）。杂音组184例，单纯心脏杂音筛查检出率1.49%，灵敏度为82.5%，特异度为99.3%。经皮氧饱和度阳性组147例，单纯经皮氧饱和度阳性筛查检出率1.19%，灵敏度为58.7%，特异度为99.4%。双阳性组166例，两项指标联合筛查检出率1.35%，灵敏度为94.4%，特异度为99.6%。结论："双期三步法"筛查诊断流程特别是心脏听诊和经皮氧饱和度联合筛查有利于早期发现新生儿CHD，值得推广应用。     

秦皇岛地区新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症的筛查及诊断分析

目的:分析秦皇岛地区新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症(congenital hypothyroidism,CH)患儿的筛查和诊断结果,为进一步提高新生儿筛查的管理及提高新生儿生命健康质量提供依据和参考。方法:回顾性分析秦皇岛地区2011年1月至2017年1月共184308例新生儿的CH筛查资料和诊断结果。统计确诊CH患儿的基本情况、体检情况、筛查检验情况、确诊检验情况及治疗随访情况。结果:共筛查184308例新生儿,其中92例为确诊CH患儿,发病率1/2003(0.499‰)。新生儿CH临床非特异性表现复杂多样,多表现为病理性黄疸,占72.8%,经治疗后黄疸消退时间17~48天;其次为前囟大、后囟未闭,占58.7%;少哭、喑哑次之,占51.1%;其他临床表现为消化道症状(腹胀、肠鸣减弱、便秘、脐疝)、特殊面容、粘液水肿等。CH患儿筛查检验促甲状腺激素(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone),TSH重度升高者占52.2%,中度升高者为26.1%,轻度升高者为21.7%。CH患儿绝大部分表现为TSH升高和甲状腺激素(thyroxine,T4)降低。经口服左旋甲状腺素钠片治疗2周后,患儿症状改善,并根据三碘甲状腺氨酸(Triiodothyronine,T3)、T4、TSH检测结果调整剂量,恢复后每三个月复查一次。36~48个月随访,患儿身高、体重基本达到正常参照标准。结论:秦皇岛地区新生儿CH发病率较全国水平(1/3120)稍高,需加强CH患儿非特异性临床表现的健康教育工作,通过新生儿CH筛查做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗,提高新生儿的生命健康。     

《柳叶刀》:新生儿先天性心脏病筛查研究

新生儿先天性心脏病(简称"先心病")是严重危害儿童和人口健康的常见疾病,已经成为我国最常见的出生缺陷。并且,在国际范围内,该病筛查的时机、方法、标准等都尚未明确。国际顶尖医学期刊《柳叶刀》日前在线刊登了复旦大学附属儿科医院黄国英教授领衔的课题组关于新生儿先天性心脏病筛查的研究成果。这是目前为止全球范围内样本量最大的研究,筛查了129523名新生儿,首次在发展中国家证明了开展新生儿先心病筛查的可行性和可靠性,也为在全球范围内进一步推广开展新生儿先心病筛查     

妊娠合并心脏病812例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠合并不同种类心脏病患者的母儿预后.方法:对我院2002年3月至2012年5月间收治的812例妊娠合并心脏病患者的有关临床资料进行回顾分析.结果:1).研究的470例妊娠合并先心病患者平均年龄为30.0±4.7岁,101例妊娠合并风心病患者平均年龄为30.1+ 4.8岁,241例妊娠合并其它心脏病患者平均年龄为29.1+ 4.5岁.470例妊娠合并先心病患者初产妇为425例,101例妊娠合并风心病患者初产妇为74例,241例妊娠合并其它心脏病患者初产妇为200例.三组患者的心脏病史相比较,差异有统计学意义;三组并发症相比较,差异无统计学意义.2).妊娠合并先心病和风心病从2002年到2012年每年的发病均呈递增的趋势;妊娠合并其它心脏病的发病高峰在2007年至2010年.3).妊娠合并先心病组同妊娠合并风心痛组及妊娠合并其它心脏病组的新生儿不良结局的比较结果中,新生儿死亡及早产比较,差异有统计学意义.窒息、低体重儿、脐绕颈、胎儿窘迫的比较,差异无统计学意义.4).在母亲妊娠结局方面,三组的剖宫产、胎盘残留、产褥病率及脐带异常相比较,差异均无统计学意义.心律失常及其它并发症比较,P＜0.001,差异有统计学意义.结论:对于妊娠合并不同心脏病患者的母儿预后的影响有待更多研究,加强孕前心脏病史的管理可以显著改善母儿预后,临床上应重视合并心脏病孕妇的孕前咨询、产前检查和孕期保健,强调对其妊娠期、分娩期、产褥期进行多学科、规范化管理,割宫产是较为安全的分娩方式.     

小儿风湿热及风湿性心脏病的临床特点分析

目的:探讨小儿风湿热以及风湿性心脏病的临床特点,为今后的临床诊断提供理论指导。方法:回顾性分析我院2014年1月~2014年4月所收治的80例因风湿热治风湿性心脏病患儿的临床资料,根据患儿的症状将其平均分成观察组和对照组,每组40例,并分析比较两组患儿的临床体征及实验室指标。结果:观察组中心肌炎28例,发病率为70.0%,高于对照组的27.5%;对照组中多发性关节炎合并心脏炎、心脏衰竭、关节痛发病率分别为42.5%、25.0和82.5%,高于观察组的25.0%、17.5%和52.5%,两组间各差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:应该加强对于不典型性小儿风湿热的诊断力度,重视小儿风湿热以及风湿性心脏病的治疗。     

先天性心脏病患儿相关危险因素及营养风险筛查的研究

目的:研究先天性心脏病(CHD)患儿相关危险因素及营养风险筛查情况,为临床诊治CHD患儿提供理论参考。方法:选取2014年1月-2019年12月成都医学院附属第一医院收治的CHD患儿150例作为研究组,另取同期于该院接受体检的健康儿童150例作为对照组。分别对比两组研究对象父母的年龄、胎数、产检次数、烟草暴露情况、负性生活事件情况以及产妇营养不良情况,多因素Logistic回归分析CHD患儿相关危险因素;同时,采用营养风险筛查工具对两组研究对象进行营养风险筛查。结果:研究组患儿疾病分布占比从高到低的顺序分别为房间隔缺损(29.33%)、动脉导管未闭(24.67%)、室间隔缺损(20.67%)、法洛四联症(8.00%)以及房室间隔缺损(6.67%)。研究组父亲年龄≥50岁、母亲年龄≥35岁、多胞胎、产检次数9次、烟草暴露、负性生活事件以及产妇营养不良人数占比均高于对照组(P0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析可得,父亲年龄≥50岁、母亲年龄≥35岁、多胞胎、产检次数9次以及烟草暴露均是CHD患儿的独立危险因素(P0.05)。研究组患儿低度风险人数占比低于对照组,而重度风险人数占比高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组中度风险人数占比比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:CHD患儿的影响因素包括父亲年龄≥50岁、母亲年龄≥35岁、多胞胎、产检次数9次以及烟草暴露,且患儿营养风险较高,值得临床重视。     

武汉市1060 例新生儿眼病筛查结果分析

目的:分析武汉市1060例新生儿眼病筛查结果,探讨新生儿眼病筛查的临床意义。方法:选择2014年1月至2014年12月在我院出生的1060例新生儿为研究对象,进行眼前节和眼底检查,并对检查结果进行分析。结果:1060例新生儿中发现眼前节异常者103例(9.72%),其中结膜下出血43例(4.06%),先天性泪囊炎44例(4.15%),先天性白内障5例(0.47%),先天性青光眼4例(0.38%),瞳孔异位7例(0.66%);眼底病变53例(5.00%),其中视网膜病变32例(3.02%),永存玻璃体动脉14例(1.32%),眼底出血4例(0.38%),脉络膜缺损3例(0.28%)。结论:新生儿眼病患病率较高。在新生儿出生后开展及时的眼部检查可以尽早发现新生儿眼病,有利于针对性治疗,进而降低后续眼部重症疾病的发生。     

随机、平行对照评价陶瓷膜室间隔缺损封堵器安全性和有效性

目的:随机、平行对照的临床试验验证先健科技(深圳)有限公司生产的TM陶瓷膜VSD封堵器治疗室间隔缺损的安全性及有效性。方法:根据试验的要求入选术前确诊为室间隔缺损的病人42例,随机分为实验组(A组)和对照组(B组),每组各21例,对A组病人植入CeraTM陶瓷膜VSD封堵器,对B组病人植入普通镍钛合金VSD封堵器,在超声心动图下或X线下观察室间隔缺损大小、位置、形态、类型,选择合适的封堵伞,经输送系统置入封堵器闭合VSD,分别于术前、术后24小时、术后30天、90天及术后180天进行随访,主要随访内容包括临床症状和体征、超声心动图、心电图、胸片、24小时动态心电图检查等。比较这两组患者的即刻手术成功率以及随访过程中终点事件发生率的不同。结果:试验组和对照组的成功率均为100%,残余分流率分别为0和4.8%,试验组的并发症发生率与对照组未见明显差异(P0.005)。结论:试验组与对照组安全性与疗效相当,应用国产陶瓷封堵器是安全、有效的。但由于该项技术是一项新技术,临床试验样本量较少,其安全性和疗效特别是中远期疗效仍需进一步观察。     

黑龙江省非综合性耳聋基因位点的研究

目的:分析黑龙江地区新生儿耳聋易感基因的携带情况。方法:选取2014年6月至2015年3月在我院出生、义诊以及门诊筛查的新生儿1036例,采取EDTA抗凝静脉全血,提取基因组DNA进行PCR,利用直接测序法检测非综合性耳聋常见突变基因GJB2、SLC26A4及线粒体12S rRNA。结果:1036例新生儿中,64例筛查阳性,阳性检出率6.18%。其中GJB2 235del C 26例,35del G 3例,109GA 5例,176-191del16 4例,299-300delAT 9例,SLC26A4IVS7-2 14例,SLC2168 3例,12S rRNA突变2例。其中有家族史的新生儿63例,携带耳聋基因的患儿17例,阳性检出率为27.0%。结论:GJB2 235del C和SLC26A4 IVS7-2为本省的高发致病位点,对新生儿进行耳聋基因筛查,亦或对年轻夫妇进行孕前检查,部分耳聋可早期发现,制定相应的干预措施,可预防或降低耳聋的发生。     

Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease in Xinjiang Multi-Ethnic Region of China

Background

The prevalence and risk factors of congenital heart disease among Xinjiang, northwestern part of China is currently unknown.

Methods

This multiple-ethnic, community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and distribution of congenital heart disease (CHD) in Xinjiang, northwestern part of China. Four major ethnics, Uygur, Han, Kazak, and Hui children in this region were investigated during February 2010 and May 2012.

Results

A total of 14,530 children (0–18 yr) were examined. Of these children, 240 (boys, 43.8%, and girls, 56.3%) were identified with CHD, giving an overall prevalence of 16.5‰ (17.7‰ in Uygur, 6.9‰ in Han, 11.4‰ in Kazak, and 38.1‰ in Hui Chinese, respectively). Ventricular septal defect (VSD, 29.2%), atrial septal defect (ASD, 20.8%), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA, 13.7%), acleistocardia (13.7%), Bicuspid aortic valve (7.9%), pulmonary valve stenosis (5.4%), and tetralogy of fallot (TOF, 4.2%) were common cyanotic and cyanotic defects observed. Compared to non-CHD children, children with CHD had a higher percentage of history of abortion, CHD history of family, consanguinity and premature birth (all P<0.05). In CHD children, 24% of mothers caught a cold, 10% had a febrile illness and 6.7% received antibiotic treatment during the first trimester of pregnancy, that were higher than non-CHD group (all P<0.05).

Conclusion

The overall prevalence of CHD in four ethnic children at ages 0–18 yr in Xinjiang was 16.5‰. VSD, ASD and TOF were the most common acyanotic and cyanotic congenital heart defects, respectively. This study also identified some modifiable risk factors that may contribute to the incidence of CHD among the 4 ethnic groups.     

Molecular signatures of cardiac defects in down syndrome lymphoblastoid cell lines suggest altered ciliome and hedgehog pathways

Forty percent of people with Down syndrome exhibit heart defects, most often an atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) and less frequently a ventricular septal defect (VSD) or atrial septal defect (ASD). Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were established from lymphocytes of individuals with trisomy 21, the chromosomal abnormality causing Down syndrome. Gene expression profiles generated from DNA microarrays of LCLs from individuals without heart defects (CHD(-); n?=?22) were compared with those of LCLs from patients with cardiac malformations (CHD(+); n?=?21). After quantile normalization, principal component analysis revealed that AVSD carriers could be distinguished from a combined group of ASD or VSD (ASD+VSD) carriers. From 9,758 expressed genes, we identified 889 and 1,016 genes differentially expressed between CHD(-) and AVSD and CHD(-) and ASD+VSD, respectively, with only 119 genes in common. A specific chromosomal enrichment was found in each group of affected genes. Among the differentially expressed genes, more than 65% are expressed in human or mouse fetal heart tissues (GEO dataset). Additional LCLs from new groups of AVSD and ASD+VSD patients were analyzed by quantitative PCR; observed expression ratios were similar to microarray results. Analysis of GO categories revealed enrichment of genes from pathways regulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis in patients with AVSD and of genes involved in semaphorin-plexin-driven cardiogenesis and the formation of cytoplasmic microtubules in patients with ASD-VSD. A pathway-oriented search revealed enrichment in the ciliome for both groups and a specific enrichment in Hedgehog and Jak-stat pathways among ASD+VSD patients. These genes or related pathways are therefore potentially involved in normal cardiogenesis as well as in cardiac malformations observed in individuals with trisomy 21.     

Paternal Age and Offspring Congenital Heart Defects: A National Cohort Study

Paternal age has been associated with offspring congenital heart defects (CHDs), which might be caused by increased mutations in the germ cell line because of cumulated cell replications. Empirical evidences, however, remain inconclusive. Furthermore, it is unknown whether all subtypes of CHDs are affected by paternal age. We aimed to explore the relationship between paternal age and the risk of offspring CHDs and its five common subtypes using national register data in Denmark. A total of 1 893 899 singletons born in Denmark from 1977 to 2008 were included in this national-based cohort study. Cox’s proportion hazards model with robust sandwich estimate option was used to estimate the hazards ratio (95% confidence interval) for the associations between paternal age and all CHDs, as well as subtypes of CHDs (patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), tetralogy of fallot (TOF) and coarctation of the aorta (CoA)). We did not observe an overall association between paternal age and offspring CHDs. However, compared to the paternal age of 25–29 years, paternal age of older than 45 years was associated with a 69% increased risk of PDA (HR45+ = 1.69, 95%CI:1.17–2.43). We observed similar results when subanalyses were restricted to children born to mothers of 27–30 years old. After taking into consideration of maternal age, our data suggested that advanced paternal age was associated with an increased prevalence of one subtype of offspring congenital heart defects (CHDs), namely patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).     

Replication of the 4p16 Susceptibility Locus in Congenital Heart Disease in Han Chinese Populations

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common form of congenital human birth anomalies and a leading cause of perinatal and infant mortality. Some studies including our published genome-wide association study (GWAS) of CHD have indicated that genetic variants may contribute to the risk of CHD. Recently, Cordell et al. published a GWAS of multiple CHD phenotypes in European Caucasians and identified 3 susceptibility loci (rs870142, rs16835979 and rs6824295) for ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) at chromosome 4p16. However, whether these loci at 4p16 confer the predisposition to CHD in Chinese population is unclear. In the current study, we first analyzed the associations between these 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 4p16 and CHD risk by using our existing genome-wide scan data and found all of the 3 SNPs showed significant associations with ASD in the same direction as that observed in Cordell’s study, but not with other subtypes- ventricular septal defect (VSD) and ASD combined VSD. As these 3 SNPs were in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) in Chinese population, we selected one SNP with the lowest P value in our GWAS scan (rs16835979) to perform a replication study with additional 1,709 CHD cases with multiple phenotypes and 1,962 controls. The significant association was also observed only within the ASD subgroup, which was heterogeneous from other disease groups. In combined GWAS and replication samples, the minor allele of rs16835979 remained significant association with the risk of ASD (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.08–1.38, P = 0.001). Our findings suggest that susceptibility loci of ASD identified from Cordell’s European GWAS are generalizable to Chinese population, and such investigation may provide new insights into the roles of genetic variants in the etiology of different CHD phenotypes.     

Beyond Critical Congenital Heart Disease: Newborn Screening Using Pulse Oximetry for Neonatal Sepsis and Respiratory Diseases in a Middle-Income Country

Background

Studies on pulse oximetry screening for neonatal sepsis and respiratory disease in a middle-income country are lacking. Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) using pulse oximetry is an effective and life-saving strategy in developed countries. While most studies have reported false-positive results during CCHD screening, they have not elaborated on the detected disease types. We studied the effectiveness and outcomes of pulse oximetry newborn screening for non-cardiac hypoxemic diseases such as neonatal sepsis, respiratory diseases, and CCHD in a middle-income country.

Methods and Findings

In a pilot study performed at the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Malaysia, all apparently healthy term newborns, delivered at UMMC were screened pre-discharge using pulse oximetry. Echocardiography was performed for newborns that had positive screening results on two separate occasions, 1-h apart. Newborns with normal echocardiograms were evaluated and treated for other non-cardiac diseases. Fifteen of 5247 term newborns had positive screening results. The median age at screening was 20 h. Thirteen newborns (0.24%) had significant non-cardiac diseases: sepsis (n = 2) and respiratory diseases (n = 11) that required hospitalization and treatment. The remaining two newborns with normal antenatal ultrasonograms had positive screening test and confirmed to have CCHD. Another 18 newborns with negative screening test were later admitted for treatment of sepsis (n = 16) and penumonia (n = 2). All newborns were treated and alive at the end of the study. The sensitivity and specificity of pulse oximetry screening for non-cardiac diseases were 42% and 99.9% respectively, and 100% and 99.7% for CCHD, respectively.

Conclusions

Routine pulse oximetry screening test was effective in identifying newborns with CCHD and other hypoxemia illnesses, which may led to potential life-threatening condition. This study showed that the expanded use of pulse oximetry has immediate implications for low- and middle-income countries contemplating strategies to reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity.

Abbreviations

ASD, atrial septal defect; CCHD, critical congenital heart disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CXR, chest radiographs; NDI, neurodevelopment impairment; PPHN, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PFO, patent foramen ovale; TGA, transposition of great artery; TTN, transient tachypnoea of the newborn; VSD, ventricular septal defect.     

产前超声在中孕期胎儿严重先天性心脏病筛查中的应用

目的:探究产前超声检查在中孕期胎儿严重先天性心脏病(CHD)筛查中的应用。方法:选择2012年1月至2014年1月在我院妇产科进行产前常规超声检查的孕妇12076例,年龄22-41岁,平均(28.6±8.3)岁,孕周20-36周,平均(25.2±6.7)周。将符合纳入排除标准的孕妇8953例作为研究对象,其中初产妇6023例,经产妇2930例。对纳入研究的孕妇行彩色多普勒超声检查,并对妊娠结局进行追踪,将确诊情况与筛查结果进行比较分析。结果:产前彩色多普勒超声诊断出胎儿CHD38例,经尸检或新生儿彩色多普勒超声检查均确诊为CHD,对胎儿期未筛查出CHD的孕妇进行新生儿彩色多普勒超声检查,确诊4例,产前超声检查胎儿CHD检出率为90.48%(38/42),检出准确率100%(38/38)。结论:彩色多普勒超声筛查孕中期胎儿CHD,灵敏度和特异性高,安全无创伤,操作简便快速,值得推广为产前筛查的首选方法。     

A66G and C524T polymorphisms of the methionine synthase reductase gene are associated with congenital heart defects in the Chinese Han population

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common birth defects; genes involved in homocysteine/folate metabolism may play important roles in CHDs. Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) is one of the key regulatory enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway of homocysteine. We investigated whether two polymorphisms (A66G and C524T) of the MTRR gene are associated with CHDs. A total of 599 children with CHDs and 672 healthy children were included; the polymorphisms were detected by PCR and RFLP analysis. Significant differences in the distributions of A66G and C524T alleles were observed between CHD cases and controls, and slightly increased risks of CHD were associated with 66GG and 524CT genotypes (odds ratios = 1.545 and 1.419, respectively). The genotype frequencies of 524CT in the VSD subgroup, 66GG and 524CT in the PDA subgroup were significantly different from those of controls. In addition, the combined 66AA/524CT, 66AG/524CT and 66GG/524CT in CHDs had odds ratios = 1.589, 1.422 and 1.934, respectively. Increased risks were also observed in 66AA/524CT and 66GG/524CT for ASD, 66AG/524CT for VSD, as well as 66GG/524CT for PDA. In conclusion, MTRR A66G and C524T polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of CHDs.