正交试验法分析环境因子对苦草生长的影响

苦草(Vallisneria natans),是我国长江中下游淡水水体中常见的沉水植物种类。通过室内模拟正交试验的方法,研究不同光照强度、温度和总氮浓度(3光照×3温度×3总氮浓度)对苦草生长的影响。结果表明:(1)苦草在5320lx光照强度、10℃、2—4mg/L水体总氮浓度的条件下生长良好。实验所设100%(12000lx)和50%(5320lx)光照条件下苦草均可正常生长;但对于30℃的高温胁迫耐受性较差;苦草在总氮浓度为4mg/L的水体中各生长指标达到最大值,2mg/L或8mg/L的总氮浓度均会抑制其生长。(2)5320lx的光照强度和10℃的温度对苦草光合色素的合成较为有利;而单纯总氮浓度的变化对苦草光合色素的合成影响不大。(3)苦草的生理活性在高于12000lx或低于1025lx的光强、高于30℃的温度以及8mg/L的总氮浓度下均会受到一定程度的抑制。(4)方差分析结果显示,苦草生长发育的过程中,光照强度和温度是主效环境因子;上述3个环境因子对苦草光合色素的合成均有极显著的影响,并且光强与温度的交互作用对其也有显著影响;光照强度、温度以及这两个环境因子的交互作用为影响苦草生理活性的主效因子。苦草作为不能形成冠层的基生叶莲座型沉水植物,对光强要求不高,对低温的耐受性较好,但较不耐高营养盐浓度,因此,在得到一定修复的富营养化水体中,可以作为秋、冬季水生植物恢复和重建的关键物种。     

光照、温度和氮对竹叶眼子菜生长的影响

实验选择长江中下游常见沉水植物竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus Mig.),利用正交试验设计,通过室内静态模拟实验研究3种主要环境因子光照强度、温度、总氮浓度及其互作对竹叶眼子菜分苗生长的影响。结果表明:光照强度和温度为影响竹叶眼子菜生长的主效环境因子,且它们的交互作用对竹叶眼子菜生长有较为显著的影响;在2～8mg·L^-1的总氮浓度下,竹叶眼子菜均可以正常生长。观察结果可知,竹叶眼子菜在5320～12000lx光照强度、30℃、4～8mg·L^-1水体总氮浓度的条件下生长良好,竹叶眼子菜生长虽然对光照强度的要求较高,但其叶往往集中在水体表面形成冠层,能在透明度较低的水体中生长,加上对高温及高营养盐的耐受性较好,故推测竹叶眼子菜可作为夏季富营养化水体中恢复和重建沉水植被的先锋工具种。     

不同光照强度和底质营养对三种沉水植物的影响

沉水植物的生长不但与光照强度的关系密切, 也受底质营养的影响, 因此研究光照强度和底质营养两种环境因子的共同作用对沉水植物的影响尤为重要。本文选择轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、苦草(Vallisneria natans L.)和大茨藻(Najasmarina L.)3 种沉水植物为研究对象, 设置3 种光照强度(高、中、低)和2 种底质营养(高、低)处理, 通过测定植物生长指标(生物量和叶绿素)及水质指标(水体溶氧量和pH)的变化反映光照强度与底质营养对三类沉水植物生长的影响。结果表明: (1)高底质营养处理促进了三种沉水植物的生长, 生物量、叶绿素含量、水体溶氧量和pH 均高于低底质营养处理组。(2)高底质营养处理组中, 轮叶黑藻在中光照强度处理下其生物量最高为4.87 g, 苦草在低光照强度处理下生物量最高为3.13 g, 大茨藻在高光照强度处理下生物量最高为4.71 g, 相应的叶绿素含量和水体溶氧量也都达到了最大值。因此根据修复湿地环境中的光照和底质条件, 因地适宜的选择沉水植物必须研究各种沉水植物不同的生态影响因子。     

衰亡期黑藻与生长期菹草交替生长对水体磷迁移的影响

为利用冷暖种交替控制水体磷污染、抑制水体富营养化,揭示湖泊演化规律和机理。研究设置单季植物组(黑藻组、菹草组)和交替生长组(黑藻组+菹草组)进行实验。交替生长组在黑藻衰亡期种植菹草,监测各组上覆水和底泥中各形态磷含量的变化,计算黑藻衰亡释放磷及菹草生长吸收磷的总量,同时测定环境因子指标。分析沉水植物交替生长(黑藻+菹草)过程对衰亡期沉水植物(黑藻组)释放磷所带来的二次污染的消减作用,并分析环境因子变化与磷含量之间的关系。实验结果表明:黑藻+菹草组显著(P<0.05)降低了上覆水中总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性活性磷(SRP)的浓度;显著(P<0.05)降低了间隙水中DTP和SRP的浓度。底泥TP含量黑藻组呈上升趋势,黑藻+菹草和菹草组呈下降趋势。在采用菹草生物量期望2倍于衰亡植物黑藻生物量的模拟实验条件下,每实验组沉水植物黑藻衰亡分解所释放的磷为1.51 g,沉水植物菹草生长所富集吸收的磷为1.83 g。因此,菹草具备消减黑藻所释放磷的能力,可作为冷暖种交替控制水体富营养化的备选物种。实验组磷的迁移方向分别为:黑藻组磷迁移最终方向为底泥,黑藻+菹草组和菹草组磷的迁移方向为植物。黑藻+菹草组通过提高环境中DO和ORP,使得水相中磷向沉积物相中迁移,从而使得水相中各形态磷浓度保持在相对较低的水平。     

3种沉水植物去除水体中氮磷能力研究

研究了3种沉水植物对不同质量浓度富营养化水体的净化能力,结果表明,轮叶黑藻、金鱼藻和狐尾藻对水体中的氮、磷都有很好的净化效果,对总氮去除能力从大到小依次为轮叶黑藻>金鱼藻>狐尾藻,对总磷去除能力从大到小依次为轮叶黑藻>狐尾藻>金鱼藻。实验表明,沉水植物是富营养化水体水生态系统重建的关键,在水体生态修复中,轮叶黑藻是一种很好的水体净化沉水植物。     

五种沉水植物对富营养化水体的净化效果

为达到净化水质的目的,采用移栽沉水植物控制富营养化水体中营养盐含量和浮游藻类生物量。本研究在夏季藻类密度较高的富营养化水体中移栽5种长江中下游流域常见沉水植物,比较不同沉水植物去除营养盐和控制藻类总量的能力。研究结果:5种沉水植物对水体总氮含量去除率的大小顺序为:竹叶眼子菜>黑藻>苦草>微齿眼子菜>菹草,对总磷去除率大小顺序为:竹叶眼子菜>黑藻>微齿眼子菜>苦草>菹草;竹叶眼子菜控制水体中藻类总量的效果最佳,苦草、微齿眼子菜及菹草次之,黑藻对水体总磷和浮游植物的去除效果均极显著(p≤0.01),而对总氮含量的作用影响不明显(p=0.209)。综合营养盐吸收作用和藻类控制效果来看,竹叶眼子菜在整个实验过程中生长状态良好并达到较为稳定的净化作用,是夏季治理浅型富营养化静水水体的理想物种之一。     

水体无机碳条件对常见沉水植物生长和生理的影响

为了解水华引起的水体无机碳变化对沉水植物生长的影响,对8种沉水植物:金鱼藻、穗花狐尾藻、篦齿眼子菜、光叶眼子菜、微齿眼子菜、伊乐藻、菹草和黑藻在不同无机碳浓度下的生物量、株高、叶绿素以及光合和呼吸速率进行了比较研究.结果表明8种沉水植物均能利用HCO3-作为光合无机碳源,在1.5 mmoL/L外源HCO3-浓度下能促进金鱼藻、菹草和伊乐藻的生长,提高其光合速率;在2.5 mmol/L外源HCO3-浓度下能促进狐尾藻、光叶眼子菜、黑藻、微齿眼子菜和蓖齿眼子菜的生长,提高其光合速率.在CO32-为优势碳源时,8种沉水植物表现出不同的适应性,发现微齿眼子菜、篦齿眼子菜和黑藻在整个实验范围内生长未受抑制,且在不同浓度下表现生长和光合速率的促进,说明这三种沉水植物对[HCO3-]/[CO32-]比值和pH具有较广适应范围.而当CO32-成为优势碳源时,金鱼藻和伊乐藻的生长受到抑制,狐尾藻、菹草和光叶眼子菜均死亡,表明[HCO3-]/[CO32-]比值和pH是这5种沉水植物生长的重要限制因子.     

聚苯乙烯微塑料对黑藻生长及生理生化特征的影响

为探讨淡水环境中微塑料的污染对沉水植物产生的生理生化影响,选择典型沉水植物黑藻为供试材料,以粒径3 μm的聚苯乙烯微塑料颗粒(PS-MPs)为外源胁迫污染物,通过添加不同浓度的PS-MPs(5、10、30、50、100 mg·L^-1)设置不同暴露组及对照组,测定沉水植物的株高、生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、光合荧光参数及荧光成像的变化特征。结果表明: 50～100 mg·L^-1PS-MPs下黑藻的株高显著下降;较低浓度下(如5 mg·L^-1)黑藻的鲜重显著升高,但随着PS-MPs暴露浓度进一步增加,黑藻鲜重降低,干重无显著变化。黑藻叶绿素总量、叶绿素a和叶绿素a/b均随PS-MPs浓度的增加呈显著下降趋势,叶绿素b无明显变化。PS-MPs处理下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均随胁迫浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,叶绿素荧光参数(F_o、F_m、F_v/F_m)均呈下降趋势,而稳态下的PSⅡ反应中心关闭程度(1-Q_p-Lss)总体呈上升趋势,这可能与PS-MPs抑制黑藻PSⅡ反应中心有关。黑藻的荧光成像强度随PS-MPs浓度的增加而降低,在PS-MPs浓度为10 mg·L^-1及以下时,黑藻叶片表现出正常的光合活性;当PS-MPs为30 mg·L^-1及以上时,叶片边缘的光合强度小于茎秆及其周边,叶片呈现发黄、残叶等现象。推测黑藻基本能适应低浓度PS-MPs(0～30 mg·L^-1)的污染水域,而在PS-MPs高于30 mg·L^-1的污染水域中其生长和光合作用将受到抑制。     

互花米草与芦苇光合色素含量对淹水措施的响应

以上海崇明东滩入侵植物互花米草与本地种芦苇为研究对象,研究持续淹水胁迫对两种植物光合色素含量的影响.结果表明：互花米草与芦苇叶片的光合色素基本组成与含量不同,对持续淹水的响应也不同.在持续淹水胁迫下,互花米草叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素含量降低,叶绿素a／b、类胡萝卜素／叶绿素值提高;芦苇各色素含量升高,叶绿素a／b、类胡萝卜素/叶绿素值基本保持稳定.解除持续淹水胁迫后,互花米草各色素含量逐渐升高,叶绿素a／b、类胡萝卜素／叶绿素值降低,并逐渐接近对照水平;而芦苇各色素含量显著高于对照.两种植物均表现出一定的补偿效应,但芦苇比互花米草更能适应同等程度的持续淹水胁迫.应用持续淹水措施治理互花米草时,可采用本地种芦苇作为治理后湿地恢复的替代植物.     

Cr6+、Cr3+胁迫对黑藻生理生化影响的比较研究

以沉水植物黑藻 (Hydrillaverticillata(L .f.)Royle)为实验材料 ,通过模拟水体Cr6+ 、Cr3 + 污染环境 ,比较研究了两种价态铬对黑藻叶的毒害影响。结果表明 :随着Cr6+ 、Cr3 + 浓度的加大 ,超氧阴离子 (O 2)产生速率、丙二醛 (MDA)、可溶性蛋白含量皆呈先升后降趋势。Cr6+ 、Cr3 + 浓度过高时 ,三种抗氧化酶 (SOD、POD、CAT)活性比例失衡 ,且Cr6+ 处理组的O 2 产生速率、MDA含量高于Cr3 + 处理组 ,叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素a/b值低于Cr3 + 处理组 ,显示出Cr6+ 的毒性远大于Cr3 + 。     

影响北京地区湿地沉水植物群落组成的主要水环境因子

为了揭示影响沉水植物群落组成的水环境因子,包括水体的水文过程和理化特性,分析用特定沉水植物或群落作为检测水环境的直接指示物的可能性,选取北京地区的淡水湿地9处,采用系统取样法进行野外调查.每条样带记录沉水植物的鲜质量和湿地水文参数(流速和水深);同时取水样检测其理化参数:透明度、水温、电导率、pH值、氧化还原位、总氮、总磷、化学需氧量.对环境因子和沉水植物生物量进行DCCA排序,再运用双向分类矩阵,最终将14种沉水植物分为10个类群.结合群落水环境参数综合分析,影响植物群落组成的因子是流速、总氮含量、化学需氧量、电导率、氧化还原电位,其中流速的作用非常显著.不同沉水植物群落分类组对环境因子有明显的指示意义,狐尾藻+菹草群落是水体严重富营养化的表现,而北京水毛茛群落的出现是水质较好的表现.

Abstract：

In order to reveal the hydro-environmental factors affecting the community composition of wetland submerged plants, and to approach the possibility of using certain submerged plant species or communities as the direct indicators in detecting hydro-environment, a field investiga-tion was conducted on nine freshwater wetlands in Beijing. The plant fresh mass, wetland hydro-logical parameters (flow rate and water depth), and water physical and chemical parameters (transparency, temperature, conductivity, pH, redox potential, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand) were measured, and DCCA ordination was made. Based on the ordination, and by using two-way classification matrix, the fourteen wetland submerged plant spe-cies in Beijing were classified into ten groups. According to the comprehensive analysis on the measured variables, the factors affecting the community composition of the wetland submerged plants were flow rate, total nitrogen concentration, chemical oxygen demand, conductivity, and redox potential, among which, flow rate was the key. Different submerged plant communities had indicative significanees for the wetland hydro-environment. For example, the occurrence of Myri-ophyllum spicatum + Potamongeton crispus community was an indicator for severe eutrophication, while that of Batrachium pekinens community could be regarded as an indicator of better water quality.     

太湖藻型富营养化对水生高等植物的影响及植被的恢复

太湖的五里湖是典型的藻型富营养化湖泊,水质污染严重,水生高等植物消失。在该湖的物理生态工程围区内外,用盆吊繁殖试验、壮芽直播试验及人工水生植物群落套种栽培试验,研究藻型富营养化湖泊中影响水生高等植物生长、繁殖的主要水环境因子。结果表明,水体透明度是制约沉水植物和浮叶植物幼苗成活及生长的主要因子。在水体透明度较低、水下光照不足时,沉水植物生长受水下光照的影响大于浮叶植物,水下光照严重不足时,沉水植物的幼苗大量死亡。１９９５～１９９７年,在围区内成功地组建了包括漂浮植物、浮叶植物及沉水植物的１５个不同的水生高等植物群落。恢复和重建的水生高等植物群落能够有效地净化富营养化水体。     

Maximum growing depth of macrophytes in Loch Leven,Scotland, United Kingdom,in relation to historical changes in estimated phosphorus loading

Eutrophication is common in shallow lakes in lowland areas. In their natural state, most shallow lakes would have clear water and a thriving aquatic plant community. However, eutrophication often causes turbid water, high algal productivity, and low species diversity and abundance of submerged macrophytes. A key indicator of the ecological state of lake ecosystems is the maximum growing depth (MGD) of aquatic plants. However, few studies have yet quantified the relationship between changes in external phosphorus (P) input to a lake and associated variation in MGD. This study examines the relationship between these variables in Loch Leven, a shallow, eutrophic loch in Scotland, UK. A baseline MGD value from 1905 and a series of more recent MGD values collected between 1972 and 2006 are compared with estimated P loads over a period of eutrophication and recovery. The results suggest a close relationship between changes in MGD of macrophytes and changes in the external P load to the loch. Variation in MGD reflected the ‘light history’ that submerged macrophytes had been exposed to over the 5-year period prior to sampling, rather than responding to short term, within year, variations in water clarity. This suggests that changes in macrophyte MGD may be a good indicator of overall, long term, changes in water quality that occur during the eutrophication and restoration of shallow lakes.     

Underwater light attenuation inhibits native submerged plants and facilitates the invasive co-occurring plant Cabomba caroliniana

Aim

Decreasing in the diversity and distribution of native submerged plants have been widely observed in recent decades. Global underwater darkening, which is mainly caused by radiation dimming and a decrease in transparency due to, e.g. eutrophication, has emerged as a general trend that strongly hampers the growth of submerged plants in lakes by decreasing the light available for photosynthesis. However, few studies have attempted to compare the responses of native and invasive submerged plants to underwater darkening. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of light attenuation on the growth and photosynthesis traits of native and invasive submerged plants.

Location

East China.

Method

Through field investigations and a mesocosm experiment, the responses of functional traits of two representative native [water thyme (Hydrilla verticillata), Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)] and one invasive [Carolina fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana)] plant species to various environmental factors, notably to underwater light attenuation, were studied.

Results

Underwater photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) exerted a substantial effect on the relative coverage and abundance of the three studied submerged plants in their natural freshwater habitats. Invasive C. caroliniana showed relatively superior growth (total biomass and relative growth rate) and photosynthesis traits (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II F_v/F_m, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content and the ratio of Chl a and b contents) compared to the two native plants under low underwater PAR conditions. In contrast, under high underwater PAR conditions, C. caroliniana showed the opposite response.

Main Conclusions

Light attenuation inhibits the growth of native submerged plants but facilitates the growth of invasive plant species. Restoration of freshwater lakes by reducing deterioration from underwater darkening (for instance, by reducing of external nutrients loading) may therefore constrain the growth and spread of the invasive C. caroliniana.     

高邮湖沉水植物分布格局及其与水环境因子的关系

2016年对高邮湖沉水植物分布进行了采样调查, 并应用冗余分析法对沉水植物分布格局及其与主要环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明, 高邮湖现有沉水植物种类分布稀少, 其中春夏季菹草(Potamogeton crispus)是高邮湖沉水植物中绝对优势种, 其分布几乎遍及全湖, 穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)和篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)仅在个别点位少量分布。不同季节湖泊氮含量均可维持在Ⅲ类水标准, 而磷含量严重超标。相关分析发现, 沉水植物分布和透明度呈正相关, 与总磷、氨氮浓度显著负相关。Monte Carlo检验结果表明, 总磷和透明度是影响高邮湖沉水植物分布的主要环境因子。实验结果为进一步探讨高邮湖沉水植物资源的利用和保护提供依据。     

The loss of submerged plants with eutrophication I. Experimental design, water chemistry, aquatic plant and phytoplankton biomass in experiments carried out in ponds in the Norfolk Broadland

SUMMARY. 1 During eutrophication of shallow lakes, communities of submerged plants are often replaced by dense phytoplankton populations, but the mechanism by which this occurs is obscure though often assumed to involve shading. 2. This paper introduces a series investigating this change and describes a system of experimental ponds which were variously fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus, had fish added or removed, and had their submerged aquatic plants cleared or left intact. 3. Fertilization with phosphate and ammonium nitrate in quantities effectively greater than those in a series of lakes in the adjacent Norfolk Broads, which have lost their submerged plants, did not displace the plant populations. 4. Total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations in the water did not increase much with increasing loading in the presence of submerged plants but did so if the plants were manually cleared. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations were kept low, despite large additions in both plant dominated and manually cleared ponds. 5. In the absence of fish there were modest increases in chlorophyll a concentrations with phosphorus loading in the presence or absence of submerged plants. The concentrations achieved, however, were much lower than anticipated probably because of grazing by large-bodied Cladocera. 6. Ponds dominated by plants continued to have low phytoplankton populations even when fish were stocked. Low fish survival in these ponds permitted grazing zooplankters to flourish. In ponds cleared of plants, however, there were significant relationships between cholorophyll a concentration with Daphnia biomass (inverse) and log stock of potentially zooplanktivorous fish (positive). There was a significant relationship between chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentrations in the plant and cleared ponds in 1982 but only in the plant ponds in 1983. In all cases the phytoplankton communities were dominated by small, often flagellated, organisms.     

长湖水生维管束植物群落研究

长湖位于湖北省荆州地区,面积133.2km~2是江汉湖群中较大的淡水湖。湖中分布有40种水生维管束植物、12个群丛,湖中植被呈不规则环带状分布,并可划分为湿生、挺水、浮叶和沉水四个植物带。水生植被生物量随水深的增加而减少。     

沉水植物功能性状研究的思考

植物的功能性状是指植物体具有的与生长、存活和繁殖紧密相关的一系列核心植物属性,这些性状通常有非常重要的生态学意义。目前,基于植物功能性状的研究已经快速扩展到生态学研究的众多领域。沉水植物是一类与水环境关系密切的生态类群,对浅水湖泊生态系统的结构和功能有重要的意义。之前对功能性状研究主要集中在陆生木本植物,尚无对沉水植物（沉水草本）功能性状的综述。本研究根据沉水草本与陆生植物功能性状的差异,基于陆生植物功能性状研究中的几个重要问题对现有沉水草本植物功能性状的研究进行归纳和梳理。最后对未来沉水植物功能性状的研究方向进行了展望,提出在当前全球气候变化背景下,功能性状研究也可用于指导淡水生态系统的修复。