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1.
Diversity of halophilic microorganisms: Environments,phylogeny, physiology,and applications 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Oren A 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2002,28(1):56-63
The phylogenetic diversity of microorganisms living at high salt concentrations is surprising. Halophiles are found in each
of the three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. The metabolic diversity of halophiles is great as well: they include
oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs, aerobic heterotrophs, fermenters, denitrifiers, sulfate reducers, and methanogens. The
diversity of metabolic types encountered decreases with salinity. The upper salinity limit at which each dissimilatory process
takes place is correlated with the amount of energy generated and the energetic cost of osmotic adaptation. Our understanding
of the biodiversity in salt-saturated environments has increased greatly in recent years. Using a combination of culture techniques,
molecular biological methods, and chemotaxonomic studies, we have obtained information on the nature of the halophilic Archaea
as well as the halophilic Bacteria that inhabit saltern crystallizer ponds. Several halophilic microorganisms are being exploited
in biotechnology. In some cases, such as the production of ectoine, the product is directly related to the halophilic behavior
of the producing microorganism. In other cases, such as the extraction of β-carotene from Dunaliella or the potential use of Haloferax species for the production of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate or extracellular polysaccharides, similar products can be obtained
from non-halophiles, but halophilic microorganisms may present advantages over the use of non-halophilic counterparts. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 56–63 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000176
Received 20 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 20 June 2001 相似文献
2.
Highly regulated salinity gradients in solar salt pond concentrating sequences provide an opportunity to investigate in situ salinity impacts on aquatic flora and fauna. The Shark Bay Salt solar ponds at Useless Inlet in Western Australia vary in
salinity from seawater to four times seawater over the pond sequence. We observed a shift from planktonic to benthic primary
productivity as salinity increased. Water column photosynthesis and biomass decreased markedly with increasing salinity, while
benthic productivity increased as cyanobacterial mats developed. Correspondingly, productivity shifted from autotrophy to
heterotrophy in the water column and from heterotrophy to autotrophy in the benthos. Both shifts occurred at intermediate
salinity (S = 110 g kg−1, ρ = 1.087 g cm−3) in the pond sequence, where there was little production by either. Within individual ponds, productivity, algal biomass
and physico-chemical conditions were relatively constant over one year, with only water column photosynthesis significantly
different between seasons, mostly due to greater winter production. Transitions between benthic and planktonic production
and their relative magnitudes appear to be driven mostly by direct responses to salinity stress, but also by changes in nutrient
availability and grazing, which are also influenced by salinity. 相似文献
3.
The relatively low biodiversity and simple hydrodynamics make solar salt ponds ideal sites for ecological studies. We have
studied the ecological gradient of the primary ponds at the Shark Bay Resources solar salt ponds, Western Australia, using
a coupled hydrodynamic ecological numerical model, DYRESM–CAEDYM. Seven ponds representative of the primary system were simulated
with salinity ranging from 45 to 155 ppt. Five groups of organisms were simulated: three phytoplankton, one microbial mat
plankton, and one zooplankton as well as dissolved inorganic and particulate organic nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon. By
extracting the various carbon fluxes from the model, we determined the role that the introduced zooplankton, Artemia sp., plays in grazing the particulate organic carbon (POC) from the water column in the high salinity ponds. We also examined
the nutrient fluxes and stoichiometric ratios of the various organic components for each pond to establish the extent to which
observed patterns in nutrient dynamics are mediated by the presence of Artemia sp. Model results indicated that Artemia sp. grazing was responsible for reduced water column POC in the higher salinity ponds. This resulted in an increase in photosynthetic
available radiation (PAR) reaching the pond floor and consequent increase in microbial mat biomass, thus demonstrating the
dual benefits of Artemia sp. to salt production in improved quality and quantity. In contrast, this study found no direct link between Artemia sp. and observed changes in planktonic algal species composition or nutrient limitation across the salinity gradient of the
ponds.
Guest Editors: J. John & B. Timms
Salt Lake Research: Biodiversity and Conservation—Selected Papers from the 9th Conference of the International Society for
Salt Lake Research 相似文献
4.
Microbial diversity and complexity in hypersaline environments: A preliminary assessment 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The microbial communities in solar salterns and a soda lake have been characterized using two techniques: BIOLOG, to estimate
the metabolic potential, and amplicon length heterogeneity analysis, to estimate the molecular diversity of these communities.
Both techniques demonstrated that the halophilic Bacteria and halophilic Archaea populations in the Eilat, Israel saltern
are dynamic communities with extensive metabolic potentials and changing community structures. Halophilic Bacteria were detected
in Mono Lake and the lower salinity ponds at the Shark Bay saltern in Western Australia, except when the crystallizer samples
were stressed by exposure to Acid Green Dye #9899. At Shark Bay, halophilic Archaea were found only in the crystallizer samples.
These data confirm both the metabolic diversity and the phylogenetic complexity of the microbial communities and assert the
need to develop more versatile media for the cultivation of the diversity of bacteria in hypersaline environments. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 48–55 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000175
Received 20 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 15 June 2001 相似文献
5.
J. Y. Takekawa A. K. Miles D. H. Schoellhamer N. D. Athearn M. K. Saiki W. D. Duffy S. Kleinschmidt G. G. Shellenbarger C. A. Jannusch 《Hydrobiologia》2006,567(1):307-327
Commercial salt evaporation ponds comprise a large proportion of baylands adjacent to the San Francisco Bay, a highly urbanized
estuary. In the past two centuries, more than 79% of the historic tidal wetlands in this estuary have been lost. Resource
management agencies have acquired more than 10 000 ha of commercial salt ponds with plans to undertake one of the largest
wetland restoration projects in North America. However, these plans have created debate about the ecological importance of
salt ponds for migratory bird communities in western North America. Salt ponds are unique mesohaline (5–18 g l−1) to hyperhaline (> 40 g l−1) wetlands, but little is known of their ecological structure or value. Thus, we studied decommissioned salt ponds in the
North Bay of the San Francisco Bay estuary from January 1999 through November 2001. We measured water quality parameters (salinity,
DO, pH, temperature), nutrient concentrations, primary productivity, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds across
a range of salinities from 24 to 264 g l−1. Our studies documented how unique limnological characteristics of salt ponds were related to nutrient levels, primary productivity
rates, invertebrate biomass and taxa richness, prey fish, and avian predator numbers. Salt ponds were shown to have unique
trophic and physical attributes that supported large numbers of migratory birds. Therefore, managers should carefully weigh
the benefits of increasing habitat for native tidal marsh species with the costs of losing these unique hypersaline systems. 相似文献
6.
Energy flow and subsidies associated with the complex life cycle of ambystomatid salamanders in ponds and adjacent forest in southern Illinois 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Breeding adults and metamorphosing larval amphibians transfer energy between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems during
seasonal migrations and emergences, although rarely has this been quantified. We intensively sampled ambystomatid salamander
assemblages (Ambystoma opacum,A. maculatum, and A. tigrinum) in five forested ponds in southern Illinois to quantify energy flow associated with egg deposition, larval production, and
emergence of metamorphosed larvae. Oviposition by female salamanders added 7.0–761.4 g ash-free dry mass (AFDM) year−1 to ponds (up to 5.5 g AFDM m−2 year−1). Larval production ranged from 0.4 to 7.4 g AFDM m−2 year−1 among populations in three ponds that did not dry during larval development, with as much as 7.9 g AFDM m−2 year−1 produced by an entire assemblage. Mean larval biomass during cohort production intervals in these three ponds ranged from
0.1 to 2.3 g AFDM m−2 and annual P/B (production/biomass) ranged from 4 to 21 for individual taxa. Emergent biomass averaged 10% (range=2–35%) of larval production;
larval mortality within ponds accounted for the difference. Hydroperiod and intraguild predation limited larval production
in some ponds, but emerging metamorphs exported an average of 70.0±33.9 g AFDM year−1 (range=21.0–135.2 g AFDM year−1) from ponds to surrounding forest. For the three ponds where larvae survived to metamorphosis, salamander assemblages provided
an average net flux of 349.5±140.8 g AFDM year−1 into pond habitats. Among all ponds, net flux into ponds was highest for the largest pond and decreased for smaller ponds
with higher perimeter to surface area ratios (r
2 =0.94, P<0.05, n=5). These results are important in understanding the multiple functional roles of salamanders and the impact of amphibian
population declines on ecosystems.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
7.
Luisa Gouveia João Sousa Ana Marques Célia Tavares Margarida Giestas 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2009,36(8):1035-1045
The recent exponential growth in industrial aquaculture has led to a huge increase in Artemia biomass production in order to meet increased fish production needs. The present study explores the potential use of salt
gradient solar ponds (SGSPs) for production of Artemia nauplii. An SGSP is a basin of water where solar energy is trapped and collected via an artificially imposed gradient. Three
zones can be identified in an SGSP: upper and lower zones, which are both convective, and a middle zone, which is intended
to be non-convective. The latter acts as a transparent insulation layer and allows for storage of solar energy at the bottom,
where it is available for use. The combination of salt, temperature and high transparency could make SGSPs promising bioreactors
for the production of Artemia nauplii. Using particle image velocymetry (PIV) and Shadowgraph visualisation techniques, the behaviour of Artemia nauplii under critical cultivation parameters (namely, salinity, temperature and light) was monitored to determine movement
velocity, and how movement of Artemia affects the salt gradient. It was observed that Artemia nauplii constantly follow light, irrespective of adverse salinity and/or temperature conditions. However, despite the substantial
displacement of Artemia following the light source, the salt gradient is not disrupted. The suitability of SGSPs as bioreactors for Artemia biomass production was then tested. The results were disappointing, probably due to the lack of sufficient O2 for Artemia survival and growth. Follow-up trials were conducted aimed at using the SGSP as a green and economically attractive energy
source to induce faster hatching of cysts and improved Artemia nauplii growth. The results of these trials, and a case study of Artemia nauplii production using an SGSP, are presented. The authors constructed a Solar Pond device, which they suggest as a novel
way of supplying thermal energy for Artemia biomass production in an aquaculture enterprise. Finally, the authors suggest a method of producing and collecting Artemia biomass, and of heating a fish larval tank, in an ‘ideal’ Solar Pond device, profiting from the low investment costs of using
a decommissioned salt works. 相似文献
8.
The aim of this research was to examine nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in solar salt ponds of varying salinity at Useless
Inlet in Western Australia. These ponds use solar energy to evaporate seawater for the purpose of commercial salt production.
A combination of techniques involving water column nutrient ratios, comparisons of nutrient concentrations to concentration
of magnesium ions and bioassays were used in the investigation. Comparisons of changes in dissolved inorganic nitrogen to
phosphorus ratios and concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients against changes in concentrations of the conservative
cation Mg2+ indicated that phytoplankton biomass was potentially nitrogen limited along the entire pond salinity gradient. Nutrient addition
bioassays indicated that in low salinity ponds, phytoplankton was nitrogen limited but in high salinity ponds, phosphorus
limited. This may be due to isolation of phytoplankton in bioassay bottles from in situ conditions as well as to changes in
phytoplankton species composition between ponds, and the variable availability of inorganic and organic nutrient sources.
The differences in limiting nutrient between methods indicate that phytoplankton cells may be proximally limited by nutrients
that are not theoretically limiting at the pond scale. Dissolved organic nutrients constituted a large proportion of total
nutrients, with concentrations increasing through the pond sequence of increasing salinity. From the change in nutrient concentrations
in bioassay bottles, sufficient dissolved organic nitrogen may be available for phytoplankton uptake in low salinity ponds,
potentially alleviating the dissolved inorganic nitrogen limitation of phytoplankton biomass.
Guest Editors: J. John & B. Timms
Salt Lake Research: Biodiversity and Conservation—Selected Papers from the 9th Conference of the International Society for
Salt Lake Research 相似文献
9.
Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids production by and okara-utilizing potential of thraustochytrids 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
K W Fan F Chen E BG Jones L LP Vrijmoed 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2001,27(4):199-202
Nine thraustochytrid strains isolated from subtropical mangroves were screened for their eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA) production potential in a glucose yeast extract medium. Their ability to utilize okara (soymilk residue) for growth
and EPA and DHA production was also evaluated. EPA yield was low in most strains, while DHA level was high on glucose yeast
extract medium, producing 28.1–41.1% of total fatty acids, for all strains, with the exception of Ulkenia sp. KF13. The DHA yield of Schizochytrium mangrovei strains ranged from 747.7 to 2778.9 mg/l after 52 h of fermentation at 25°C. All strains utilized okara as a substrate for
growth, but DHA yield was lower when compared with fermentation in a glucose yeast extract medium. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 199–202.
Received 11 December 2000/ Accepted in revised form 29 June 2001 相似文献
10.
Vargas-García MC López MJ Elorrieta MA Suárez F Moreno J 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2001,27(1):5-10
The capacity of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid to support exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis was investigated. Carbon source concentration,
nitrogen supplementation, and other nutritional and environmental factors were optimized to obtain maximal EPS recovery. Higher
EPS yields were obtained in nitrogen-free media amended with 20–30 mM 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. In general, modifications in
inorganic salt concentration did not alter EPS production, except in the case of magnesium ions. Increased levels of this
cation were correlated to greater EPS yields. Production was strongly influenced by certain environmental factors. Optimal
values of 34°C, 80 rpm and neutral or slightly basic conditions were selected. Under these conditions, more than 25% of the
carbon source supplied was converted to EPS and the production was improved about 42% in comparison to that observed in the
initial media. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 5–10.
Received 05 November 2000/ Accepted in revised form 30 April 2001 相似文献
11.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) kill insects with the aid of mutualistic bacteria. The nematode–bacteria complex is mass produced for use as biopesticides
using in vivo or in vitro methods, i.e., solid or liquid fermentation. In vivo production (culture in live insect hosts) is low technology, has low startup costs, and resulting nematode quality is high,
yet cost efficiency is low. In vitro solid culture, i.e., growing the nematodes and bacteria on crumbled polyurethane foam, offers an intermediate level of technology
and costs. In vivo production and solid culture may be improved through innovations in mechanization and streamlining. In vitro liquid culture is the most cost-efficient production method but requires the largest startup capital and nematode quality
may be reduced. Liquid culture may be improved through progress in media development, nematode recovery, and bioreactor design.
A variety of formulations is available to facilitate nematode storage and application. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 137–146 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000230
Received 16 August 2001/ Accepted in revised form 10 November 2001 相似文献
12.
Yan Gong Hong-Nong Chou Chi-dao Tu Xi Liu Jiantong Liu Lirong Song 《Journal of applied phycology》2009,21(2):225-231
Arsenic pollution and eutrophication are both prominent issues in the aquaculture ponds of Taiwan. It is important to study
the effects of arsenic on algal growth and toxin production in order to assess the ecological risk of arsenic pollution, or
at least to understand naturally occurring ponds. The sensitivity of algae to arsenate has often been linked to the structural
similarities between arsenate and phosphate. Thus, in this study we examined the effects of arsenate (10−8 to 10−4 M) on Microcystis aeruginosa TY-1 isolated from Taiwan, under two phosphate regimes. The present study showed that M. aeruginosa TY-1 was arsenate tolerant up to 10−4 M, and that this tolerance was not affected by extracellular phosphate. However, it seems that extracellular phosphate contributed
to microcystin production and leakage by M. aeruginosa in response to arsenate. Under normal phosphate conditions, total toxin yields after arsenate treatment followed a typical
inverted U-shape hormesis, with a peak value of 2.25 ± 0.06 mg L−1 in the presence of 10−7 M arsenate, whereas 10−8 to 10−6 M arsenate increased leakage of ∼75% microcystin. Under phosphate starvation, total toxin yields were not affected by arsenate,
while 10−6 and 10−5 M arsenate stimulated microcystin leakage. It is suggested that arsenate may play a role in the process of microcystin biosynthesis
and excretion. Given the arsenic concentrations in aquaculture ponds in Taiwan, arsenate favors survival of toxic M. aeruginosa in such ponds, and arsenate-stimulated microcystin production and leakage may have an impact on the food chain. 相似文献
13.
This paper outlines an investigation on current situation of Spirulina (Arthrospira) industry in Inner Mongolia, an internal region of China with temperate continental climate. More than 20 Spirulina plants have been established in Inner Mongolia since 2001, most of which are located at Wulan Town in the Ordos Plateau.
By the end of 2009, the total annual production of Spirulina in the Ordos Plateau surpassed 700 t (dw), which account for ca. 80% of the total productivity of Inner Mongolia, and ca. 20% of China. Besides abundant solar radiation and enough freshwater favorable for Spirulina production, the three technical strategies contribute to the prosperity and success of Spirulina industry in the region: (1) reducing the cost or investment by overall advantages of rich local natural resources with low
cost for Spirulina production, such as alkaline lakes, coal, electricity, and sandy land; (2) controlling the culture temperature and to avoid
contamination by building plastic greenhouses on raceway ponds, (3) reducing investment by simplifying the construction of
the ponds and the greenhouses. As the result, the growth period of Spirulina has been prolonged from about 120 to about 165 days, the cost of Spirulina has decreased by 25–30%, and the quality of products has been enhanced substantially. Inner Mongolia is expected to become
the largest base for Spirulina production not only in China, but also in the world in the near future. 相似文献
14.
S C Campbell G J Olson T R Clark G McFeters 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2001,26(3):134-139
Chromobacterium violaceum is a cyanogenic (cyanide-producing) microorganism. Cyanide is used on an industrial scale to complex and recover gold from
ores or concentrates of ores bearing the precious metal. A potentially useful approach in gold mining operations could be
to produce cyanide biologically in relatively small quantities at the ore surface. In this study, C. violaceum grown in nutrient broth formed a biofilm and could complex and solubilize 100% of the gold on glass test slides within 4–7
days. Approximately 50% of the cyanide-recoverable gold could be mobilized from a biooxidized sulfidic-ore concentrate. Complexation
of cyanide in solution by gold appeared to have a beneficial effect on cell growth — viable cell counts were nearly two orders
of magnitude greater in the presence of gold-coated slides or biooxidized ore substrates than in their absence. C. violaceum was cyanogenic when grown in alternative feedstocks. When grown in a mineral salt solution supplemented with 13.3% v/v swine
fecal material (SFM), cells exhibited pigmentation and suspended cell concentrations comparable to cultures grown in nutrient
broth. Glycine supplements stimulated production of cyanide in 13.3% v/v SFM. In contrast, glycine was inhibitory when added
at the time of inoculation in the more concentrated SFM, decreasing cell numbers and reducing ultimate bulk-solution cyanide
concentrations. However, aeration and addition of glycine to stationary phase cells grown on 13.3% v/v SFM anaerobically resulted
in rapid production and high concentrations (up to 38 mg l−1) of cyanide. This indicates that biogenesis of cyanide may be supported in remote areas using locally produced and inexpensive
agricultural feedstocks in place of commercial media. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 134–139.
Received 06 June 2000/ Accepted in revised form 30 September 2000 相似文献
15.
Effects of methanol on expression of an anticoagulant hirudin in recombinant Hansenula polymorpha 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A series of batch, fed-batch, and continuous cultures was carried out to analyze the effects of methanol on the fermentation
characteristics of recombinant Hansenula polymorpha for the production of hirudin, an anticoagulant. Hirudin expression efficiencies were greatly influenced by the methanol
concentrations in continuous and fed-batch culture modes. At a steady state of continuous culture, an optimum methanol concentration
of 1.7 g l−1 was determined at a dilution rate of 0.18 h−1 with 1.8 mg l−1 h−1 hirudin productivity. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 58–61.
Received 21 September 2000/ Accepted in revised form 10 June 2001 相似文献
16.
Increased erythritol production in fed-batch cultures of Torula sp. by controlling glucose concentration 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
D-K Oh C-H Cho J-K Lee S-Y Kim 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2001,26(4):248-252
The effect of glucose concentration on erythritol production by Torula sp. was investigated. The maximum volumetric productivity of erythritol was obtained at an initial glucose concentration
of 300 g l−1 in batch culture. The volumetric productivity was maximal at a controlled glucose concentration of 225 g l−1, reducing the lag time of the erythritol production. A fed-batch culture was established with an initial glucose concentration
of 300 g l−1 and with a controlled glucose concentration of 225 g l−1 in medium containing phytic acid as a phosphate source. In this fed-batch culture, a final erythritol production of 192 g
l−1 was obtained from 400 g l−1 glucose in 88 h. This corresponded to a volumetric productivity of 2.26 g l−1 h−1 and a 48% yield. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 248–252.
Received 26 September 2000/ Accepted in revised form 16 January 2001 相似文献
17.
G McMahan W Yeh M N Marshall M Olsen S Sananikone J Y Wu D E Block J S VanderGheynst 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2001,26(3):151-155
Benomyl-resistant (BR) and wild-type (WT) strains of Fusarium lateritium were examined for their tolerance to benomyl on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing benomyl and control of the Eutypa lata in grapevine bioassays. The WT strain grew on PDA containing 1 μg/ml benomyl at 13, 26 and 29°C. The BR strain grew on PDA
containing 10 μg/ml benomyl at 4°C, on PDA containing 100 μg/ml benomyl at 29°C, and on PDA containing 1000 μg/ml benomyl
at 13 and 26°C. The BR strain was also able to colonize grapevine segments and control E. lata in the presence of 1000 μg/ml benomyl. Both strains were amenable to production via liquid fermentation and both achieved 100% control of E. lata in grapevine bioassays. Neither the duration of fermentation nor incubation temperature during grapevine bioassays influenced
the efficacy of either strain against E. lata. The results suggest that application of BR F. lateritium alone or in combination with benomyl may provide good control of E. lata. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 151–155.
Received 22 December 1999/ Accepted in revised form 20 October 2000 相似文献
18.
J. Y. Takekawa A. K. Miles D. C. Tsao-Melcer D. H. Schoellhamer S. Fregien N. D. Athearn 《Hydrobiologia》2009,626(1):155-168
Salt evaporation ponds have existed in San Francisco Bay, California, for more than a century. In the past decade, most of
the salt ponds have been retired from production and purchased for resource conservation with a focus on tidal marsh restoration.
However, large numbers of waterbirds are found in salt ponds, especially during migration and wintering periods. The value
of these hypersaline wetlands for waterbirds is not well understood, including how different avian foraging guilds use invertebrate
prey resources at different salinities and depths. The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary flexibility of waterbirds
by examining the population number and diet of three feeding guilds across a salinity and depth gradient in former salt ponds
of the Napa-Sonoma Marshes. Although total invertebrate biomass and species richness were greater in low than high salinity
salt ponds, waterbirds fed in ponds that ranged from low (20 g l−1) to very high salinities (250 g l−1). American avocets (surface sweeper) foraged in shallow areas at pond edges and consumed a wide range of prey types (8) including
seeds at low salinity, but preferred brine flies at mid salinity (40–80 g l−1). Western sandpipers (prober) focused on exposed edges and shoal habitats and consumed only a few prey types (2–4) at both
low and mid salinities. Suitable depths for foraging were greatest for ruddy ducks (diving benthivore) that consumed a wide
variety of invertebrate taxa (5) at low salinity, but focused on fewer prey (3) at mid salinity. We found few brine shrimp,
common in higher salinity waters, in the digestive tracts of any of these species. Dietary flexibility allows different guilds
to use ponds across a range of salinities, but their foraging extent is limited by available water depths.
Guest Editors: J. John & B. Timms
Salt Lake Research: Biodiversity and Conservation—Selected papers from the 9th Conference of the International Society for
Salt Lake Research 相似文献
19.
Summary. The effect of taurine (Tau) and taurine chloramine (Tau-Cl) on the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers was examined. Cells were stimulated with bacterial
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of either Tau or Tau-Cl. After 24 h culture the cytokine concentrations were measured
in both culture supernatants (secreted) and cell lysates (cell-associated) using ELISA. In LPS-stimulated cells Tau-Cl inhibited
both the secreted and cell-associated IL-1β and IL-6, while exerted dual effect on TNF-α production: raising it slightly at low and reducing at higher concentration. By contrast, Tau had no significant effect on
the cytokine production. These results indicate that Tau-Cl modulates synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and therefore
it may play a role in the initiation and propagation of immune response.
Received November 29, 2001 Accepted January 18, 2002 Published online August 30, 2002
Acknowledgments This research was supported by grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research of Poland (No 4 P05B 01018) and the
Institute of Rheumatology (No I/14). The Institute of Rheumatology is supported by a core grant from the State Committee for
Scientific Research of Poland.
Authors' address: Ewa Kontny, Ph.D., Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Institute of Rheumatology, Spartanska 1, 02-637 Warsaw,
Poland, E-mail: zpatiir@warman.com.pl
Abbreviations: Tau, taurine; Tau-Cl, taurine chloramine; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-6, interleukin 6; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells 相似文献
20.
We studied the seasonal variation in abundance and distribution of shorebirds and chironomid Chironomus salinarius larvae in both traditional and industrial salines in the Odiel marshes, south-west Spain, in 2001. We selected 12 ponds that
were representative of the different phases of the salt production process. The benthic chironomids were sampled in each pond
every 2 months, and the birds were counted weekly. Chironomid larvae were most abundant in spring and autumn, and in the ponds
of lower salinity. The density of larvae averaged 7023 ± 392 m−2 (±SE) over the six sampling events. Shorebirds were always more abundant at high tide than at low tide, and were especially
abundant during the spring and autumn migration periods when up to 20,775 birds were counted. A total of 24 species were recorded,
six of which were present in internationally important numbers. The salines were especially important as foraging and roosting
habitat during migration. The percentage of birds that were feeding in the ponds was positively correlated with the abundance
of chironomid larvae at accessible depths. The number of feeding birds was also higher in ponds with more chironomid larvae
available. Despite more intensive management, industrial salines held higher densities of birds and a similar abundance of
chironomids when compared with traditional salines. 相似文献