Genetic relationships among salamanders of the genus Hynobius (Amphibia, Caudata) from Korea and southwestern Japan

We performed allozyme analysis for three Korean (Hynobius leechii, H. quelpaertensis, and H. yangi) and three Japanese (H. nebulosus, H. tsuensis, and H. dunni) salamanders to clarify their interspecific relationships using H. naevius as an outgroup. The genetic distances (Nei's D) within ingroup species ranged from 0.11 to 0.78 with a mean of 0.33. In the NJ and CONTML trees, monophyly of the ingroup was not supported and Korean H. quelpaertensis and H. leechii diverged first from the remaining species, which together formed a weakly supported clade. Korean H. yangi, long identified as H. leechii, was closer to Japanese H. nebulosus (D=0.108) and H. tsuensis (D=0.138) than to Korean H. leechii (D=0.197) and H. quelpaertensis (D=0.305). Hynobius tsuensis and H. nebulosus were very close (D=0.108) despite their different breeding habits. A geohistorical hypothesis is proposed to explain the divergence of the six species.     

三种小鲵和极北鲵的核型

本文报道了安吉小鲵（Ｈｙｎｏｂｉｕｓａｍｊｉｅｎｓｉｓ）、中国小鲵（Ｈ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）、东北小鲵（Ｈ．ｌｅｅｃｈｉ）（辽宁桓仁）和极北鲵（Ｓａｌａｍａｎｄｒｅｌａｋｅｙｓｅｒｌｉｎｇｉ）（吉林白河）的核型。３种小鲵２ｎ＝５６,染色体按大小和形状分为大、中、小型双臂和小型单臂４组。极北鲵２ｎ＝６２,染色体按大小和形状可分为大、中、小型３组。对东北小鲵辽宁桓仁与辽宁千山标本核型的显著差异结合分类学问题进行了讨论。对３种小鲵核型进行了比较分析,并讨论了中国的小鲵属核型特点。比较了不同地区极北鲵核型的异同,并将其与小鲵属核型进行了比较。     

东北小鲵中枢神经系统形态学与组织学初步研究

本文应用脊椎动物神经标本制作法和HE染色法,对东北小鲵中枢神经系统的外部形态和组织学结构进行了初步研究,描述了东北小鲵神经系统形态和组织学结构的特点,并与无尾两栖类和爬行类相对比,探讨了有尾两栖类的进化地位。结果表明:与无尾两栖类(如蛙)相比,东北小鲵中枢神经系统中,大脑半球较小,结构较为原始,小脑结构简单,是两栖类中较为原始的类群。此外,东北小鲵开始具有了臂神经丛和骶神经丛,但没有爬行类的发达,可作为两栖类向爬行类进化的证据之一。     

Mitochondrial DNA data unveil highly divergent populations within the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hynobius</Emphasis> (Caudata: Hynobiidae) in South Korea

Korean salamanders of the genus Hynobius are currently classified into 3 species, H. leechii, H. quelpaertensis, and H. yangi. To investigate the phylogenetic relationship of these species, we analyzed the partial sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (907 bp) of 197 specimens from 43 regions in South Korea. Of these specimens, 93 were additionally examined with 12S rRNA (799 bp). Based on the partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and 12S rRNA, 89 and 36 haplotypes were defined, respectively, consisting of six subclades (H. leechii, H. quelpaertensis, H. yangi, HC1, HC2, and HC3). Among these subclades, the three subclades (HC1, HC2, and HC3) were clearly separated from the 3 previously reported species in the genus Hynobius. Pairwise sequence divergence between the six subclades ranged from 6.3 to 11.2% in cytochrome b gene and 2.0 to 4.3% in 12S rRNA. These results indicate there may be more divergent populations than the three currently described. Moreover, the estimation of divergence time revealed that the Hynobius species in South Korea diverged during the Miocene epoch, approximately 9 — 5 MYA. In addition, we confirmed the distribution of the three known species (H. leechii, H. quelpaertensis, and H. yangi) and determined the distributions of new, distinct groups (or subclades; HC1, HC1, and HC3). To more accurately establish the taxonomic status and population structure, further genetic, morphological, and ecological studies will be needed.     

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Kori salamander Hynobius yangi (Caudata: Hynobiidae)

The complete mitochondrial genome (JN415127) was sequenced and annotated newly from an individual of Hynobius yangi populations which were collected in Ulju-gun, Korea. The total length of the H. yangi genome is 16,403 bp, with a total base composition of 33.5% A, 32.3% T, 20.5% C, and 13.6% G.     

东北小鲵中枢神经系统形态学与组织学初步研究（图版Ⅵ，上）

本文应用脊椎动物神经标本制作法和HE染色法,对东北小鲵中枢神经系统的外部形态和组织学结构进行了初步研究,描述了东北小鲵神经系统形态和组织学结构的特点,并与无尾两栖类和爬行类相对比,探讨了有尾两栖类的进化地位。结果表明：与无尾两栖类（如蛙）相比,东北小鲵中枢神经系统中,大脑半球较小,结构较为原始,小脑结构简单,是两栖类中较为原始的类群。此外,东北小鲵开始具有了臂神经丛和骶神经丛,但没有爬行类的发达,可作为两柄类向爬行类进化的证据之一。     

阿特拉津和毒死蜱对东北小鲵蝌蚪氧化应激的影响

为了研究阿特拉津和毒死蜱单一及联合暴露对东北小鲵(Hynobius leechii)蝌蚪抗氧化酶活性的影响,实验选择不同浓度、不同时间点阿特拉津和毒死蜱单一及联合暴露对东北小鲵蝌蚪超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)及丙二醛(MDA)的影响。结果表明,随着暴露时间的增加及各处理组浓度的升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性明显降低,丙二醛(MDA)水平明显上升,从而说明阿特拉津和毒死蜱单一及联合暴露会对东北小鲵蝌蚪的抗氧化酶系活性产生影响,进而产生毒理效应。当暴露21 d后,通过恢复实验,发现恢复末期与暴露末期相比,低浓度组和中浓度组上述3种酶活性变化不显著,而高浓度组上述3酶活性均有明显改善。     

钝叶榕果实内繁殖的两种榕小蜂与寄主榕树间的协同进化

 榕树(Ficus)及其传粉榕小蜂(Agaonidae)构成了高度专一的互惠共生体系。榕树的果实(以下简称榕果)内也寄生着一些非传粉小蜂。 绝大多数非传粉小蜂在榕果外把产卵器刺入果壁产卵到果腔内, 只有极少数种类能够进入果腔内产卵。在西双版纳地区, 钝叶榕(Ficus curtipes)上的杨氏榕树金小蜂(Diaziella yangi)类似于传粉者钝叶榕小蜂(Eupristina sp.), 它也是进入榕果内产卵繁殖后代的, 这就为比 较研究榕果内产卵小蜂与寄主榕树间的关系提供了材料。该文从形态学、行为学和生态学角度比较研究了这两种进入榕果内产卵的小蜂与寄主 钝叶榕之间的作用关系, 研究结果显示: 1)杨氏榕树金小蜂与钝叶榕小蜂的雌蜂头部形状存在趋同进化; 2)两种小蜂的产卵器的平均长度都比 雌花花柱长, 因而能把卵产在子房里; 3)钝叶榕小蜂从瘿花出来需要3~5 h, 交配需要17~19 min, 杨氏榕树金小蜂从瘿花出来只需18~20 min, 交配时间为20~30 s; 4)在自然群落中, 大约90%的雌花期榕果里都只进一只杨氏榕树金小蜂和一只钝叶榕小蜂, 杨氏榕树金小蜂能通过传粉来 增加榕树种子数量, 但对钝叶榕小蜂种群的繁衍造成了极显著的负面影响; 5)两种小蜂于同一时期进入榕果内繁殖, 子代同期成熟羽化, 发育 期与榕树雄花的发育期同步。研究表明: 进入榕果内繁殖的两种小蜂与寄主榕树之间存在着协同进化关系, 杨氏榕树金小蜂为榕树有效地传粉, 这可能是一个由寄生者向互惠方向进化的实例。     

A new species of salamander of the genus Hynobius from Central Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Urodela)

We describe a small salamander from south Central Honshu, Japan, as a new species, Hynobius katoi. The genetic distances between this species and several named species, including sympatric H. kimurae, derived from allozyme data from a starch gel electrophoresis, proved to be sufficiently large to differentiate it at a specific rank. Distribution of this species is confined to the montane regions of Shizuoka and Nagano Prefectures, on the Akaishi Mountains of the Chubu District, central Japan. It is regarded as a member of the naevius group of Hynobius, characterized by small number of large, pigmentless ova. The species differs from the other species of the naevius group by the combination of relatively small body size, nearly spotless body, relatively few vomerine teeth forming moderately shallow series, and unique electrophoretic pattern of isozymes.     

Taxonomic status of a salamander species allied to Hynobius naevius and a reevaluation of Hynobius naevius yatsui (Amphibia, Caudata)

A Japanese small salamander, Hynobius naevius (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838), has recently proven to include two species (larger [A] and smaller [B]) that are reproductively isolated and are genetically and morphologically distinct from each other. Of these two species, Species A is considered to correspond to true H. naevius. To determine the name of Species B, we investigated five specimens stored at Kyushu University and concluded from the locality and date of collection that they represent syntypes of H. n. yatsui Oyama, 1947. Results of morphological comparisons indicated that the syntypes are identical with Species B. Because this species is distinct from Hynobius naevius at the species level, subspecies H. n. yatsui is elevated to full species rank as H. yatsui. To avoid taxonomic confusion, we designated one male among the syntypes as the lectotype and redescribed the species.     

药用两栖动物资源及对辽宁省的调查

目的通过研究论述两栖动物药用价值及辽宁省的资源调查,为资源保护和可持续利用提供依据。方法根据多年来的野外调查,结合已有研究文献进行总结分析。结果辽宁省的药用两栖动物资源丰富,多达11种。11种药用两栖动物占该省所有两栖动物的68.7%,其中东北小鲵、中华蟾蜍、东北林蛙和黑斑蛙的分布广泛、种群数量大,东北林蛙已成为该省主要的野生动物产业。结论两栖动物具有重要的药用价值,是传统中医药的重要组成部分,应加强保护、监测、栖息地恢复和可持续利用管理与研究。     

气候变化对黄土高原及邻近地区稀有种枯蝉分布的潜在影响(英文)

【目的】未来数十年的气候变化预计会是造成很多物种生境丧失的一个重要因素。对适应能力相对脆弱的地方性物种,预测气候变化对其生境的影响将对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。【方法】本文基于最大熵模型,对珍稀蝉科中国特有种枯蝉Subpsaltria yangi在当前和未来气候条件下的生境适宜度进行了评估。【结果】结果表明,枯蝉主要局限分布于黄土高原及邻近地区。预计至2050年,即使在温和的气候变化情景下,枯蝉的生境面积也会明显减少。影响枯蝉栖息地分布的关键因素为年平均气温、最冷月的最低气温、最冷季的平均气温和最潮湿月份的降水量。枯蝉现存种群栖息地应当受到保护,甘肃天水和陕西延安地区应作为枯蝉分布的核心区予以保护,以应对气候变化对其生境带来的影响。【结论】本研究获得的枯蝉适宜生境分布图可以为该稀有物种的新种群发现、现生种群分布地土地规划管理以及有效的自然保护区设立提供重要信息。     

中国小鲵的核型

中国小鲵(Hynobius chinensis)被描述于116年前,我国学者于2005年在模式产地湖北宜昌再次采到标本,至此该物种的有效性得以确认。以2007年采于模式产地的中国小鲵胚胎为材料,采用Giemsa染色方法,对中国小鲵的核型进行了分析。结果表明,中国小鲵的二倍体染色体数为56,28对染色体按大小和形状可以分为4组:第一组,包括Nos.1～9,由大型m,sm,st染色体组成;第二组为中型双臂染色体组,由Nos.10～13组成,包含m,sm染色体;第三组,包括Nos.14～18,由小型m染色体组成;第四组,包括Nos.19～28,由小型t染色体组成。与小鲵属其他物种相比,中国小鲵核型与具染色体数为2n=56的类群核型大致相同,差异出现在染色体分组和相应染色体着丝点类型上。     

中国粘菌蚊属Sciophila研究（双翅目：菌蚊科）

中国粘菌蚊属Ｓｃｉｏｐｈｉｌａ研究（双翅目：菌蚊科）吴鸿（浙江农业大学植保系,浙江省杭州市３１００２９）粘菌蚊属ＳｃｉｏｐｈｉｌａＭｅｉｇｅｎ,全北区已知７９种,其中古北区３９种,新北区５４种;东洋区已知５种。中国东北曾记载过１种。本研究对中国的粘菌...     

Systematic Relationships of Hynobius okiensis among Japanese Salamanders (Amphibia: Caudata)

We conducted an electrophoretic survey to examine systematic relationships of a lotic-breeding salamander Hynobius okiensis endemic to Dogo Island of the Oki Islands, Japan, with several lentic and lotic-breeding Japanese species. Genetically H. okiensis with 2n=56 chromosomes was closer to the lentic-breeding H. nebulosus group (H. nebulosus and H. dunni) with the same chromosome number than to the lotic-breeding H. naevius group (H. naevius and H. kimurae) and H. boulengeri with 58 chromosomes. Chromosome number reduction from 58 to 56, possibly accompanied with a change in breeding environment from streams to still waters, is estimated to have first occurred in the nebulosus group of Hynobius. A reversal only in breeding habits then seems to have followed in steep, montane environments of the small island of Dogo, resulting in the speciation of H. okiensis.     

雌花期榕小蜂进入榕果的行为及其活动时间

在西双版纳,钝叶榕传粉榕小蜂Eupristina sp.和杨氏榕树金小蜂Diaziella yangi均在雌花期进入钝叶榕果内繁殖和传粉,比较研究它们进入榕果的行为和活动时间。结果显示:在搜寻苞片处进蜂口时,2种榕小蜂的种内均出现打斗行为,并且杨氏榕树金小蜂的打斗更为激烈,但种间没有打斗行为发生,杨氏榕树金小蜂总是等待钝叶榕传粉榕小蜂先期进入榕果,然后才跟随着进入。在搜寻和进入苞片口通道阶段,钝叶榕传粉榕小蜂均比杨氏榕树金小蜂花费较长时间;而在果腔内产卵、传粉的时间,2种榕小蜂均最多不超过3d。相似的进蜂过程和活动时间,可能是2种榕小蜂与寄主榕树长期协同进化的结果。     

THREE NEW SPECIES OF AMPHINEMURA (PLECOPTERA: NEMOURIDAE) FROM TIBET, CHNA

Abstract Three new species from Tibet are described: Amphinemura yangi, A. lii and A. tibetensis. Their relationships with the relative species are discussed. A key to the species of the genus Amphinemura from Tibet is presented. The types are deposited in the Insect Collection of China Agricultural University.     

西藏倍叉属(襀翅目:叉科)三新种(英文)

记述我国西藏倍叉属Amphinemura 3新种 :杨氏倍叉Amphinemurayangisp .nov .(模式产地 :鲁郎 )、李氏倍叉Amphinemuraliisp .nov .(模式产地 :米林 )、西藏倍叉Amphinemuratibetensissp .nov .(模式产地 :波密 )。杨氏倍叉A .yangisp .nov .与a .wittmeriZwick&Sivec近似 ,但肛侧突中叶末端小而缘且有 3— 5个粗刺 ;李氏倍叉A .liisp .nov .与A .lebeziSivec近似 ,但肛侧突内叶不对称 ;西藏倍叉A .tibetensissp .nov .与江苏倍A .kiangsiensis(Wu)近似 ,但内叶短于中叶且末端呈 2瓣状。模式标本存中国农业大学昆虫标本馆。     

中国西南部小鲵属的遗传分化

运用同工酶电泳和DNA测序技术,我们研究了中国东南部两种小鲵的遗传多样性。同工酶数据显示义乌小鲵和安吉小鲵之间存在中等水平的种间差异。而线粒体DNA序列数据则显示两种之间存在较高水平的种间差异。安吉小鲵种群存在明显的近亲繁殖现象;义乌小鲵种群间存在明显的分化。舟山群岛上义乌小鲵种群明显有别于大陆种群。     

迟眼蕈蚊属二新种（双翅目：眼蕈蚊科）

迟眼蕈蚊属二新种（双翅目：眼蕈蚊科）杨春清,谭琦中国医学科学院药用植物研究所,北京市海淀区１０００９４上海市农业科学院食用菌研究所,上海市２０１１０６文中记述了双翅目眼章蚊科迟眼学蚊属的２个新种。所有模本存北京农业大学昆虫标本馆。１．集昆迟眼宣蚊Ｂｒ...