呼吸缺陷型耐糖耐高温酒精酵母菌种的筛选

采用紫外诱变和2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)鉴别性培养基,从市售酒精活性酵母粉中分离出13株呼吸缺陷型突变株.通过进一步筛选,最终筛选出一株呼吸缺陷型耐糖、耐高温的高效酒精酵母菌株,编号为T11.该菌株菌落表面湿润,乳白色,小且圆;细胞椭圆形(2.5～5.0μ×3.75～6.25μ),出芽繁殖,在25%(W/V)葡萄糖发酵液,起始pH 5.5,40℃条件下发酵,酒精发酵产酒精率和糖利用率分别可达45.54%和98.01%.     

三种食用植物酵素中酵母菌的分离鉴定及耐受性试验

从自然发酵的火龙果酵素、青梅酵素和葡萄酵素中筛选酵母菌,对筛选到的菌株进行鉴定及耐受性试验。从两种火龙果酵素中筛选到3株菌:P_1、P_2和P_3,从青梅酵素中筛选到2株菌:PM_1和PM_2,从葡萄酵素中筛选到2株菌:G_1和G_2;分子生物学鉴定结果显示:P_3、PM_1、PM_2和G_2为鲁氏接合酵母,P_1为酿酒酵母,P_2和G_1为丘陵假丝酵母。耐受性试验结果表明:筛选出的菌株在起始pH为2. 5、3. 0、3. 5以及初始葡萄糖含量为300、400、600、750 g/L的培养基上均可生长,其中P_2、PM_1和G_1在培养基起始pH为2. 0时可生长;P_2在培养基起始pH为1. 5时可生长;筛选出的菌株均具有耐低pH和耐高糖的特性。     

1株产菊粉酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

筛选分离可以分解菊芋中菊糖的菌株。采用平板稀释法从土样中筛选出能够分解菊芋中菊糖的菌株,并从中得到1株酶活较高的真菌A-15,经菌落观察及采用18S rRNA基因测序鉴定,研究不同因素对菌株菊粉酶活力的影响。通过对分离得到的菌株形态观察及分子鉴定后,确定菌株A-15为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。通过正交试验优化菌株A-15的发酵条件分析结果显示,菌株A-15产菊粉酶最优条件:最佳氮源为酵母膏,氮源量1.0%,氯化钠0.5%,磷酸氢二钾0.3%,菊芋汁定容,初始pH 6,培养温度30℃,摇瓶发酵6 d。结果表明菌株A-15具有很好地降解菊芋中菊糖的性能。     

颉颃放线菌XA-1菌株分子鉴定及生物学特性研究

通过对从辽宁沈阳土壤中筛选获得的颉颃放线菌XA-1菌株的16S rKNA基因序列测定,发现XA-1菌株与橘色糖丝菌(Saccharothrix tangerinus)同源性达99.65%,亲缘关系最近,综合其生物学特性,可以确定放线菌XA-1菌株的分类地位属于橘色糖丝菌.该菌株在多种培养基上均能生长,但菌落颜色和性状不同.在PDA培养基上,菌落表面干燥,坚实多皱.孢子呈橘橙色粉末状,椭圆形,大小0.5～1.0μm.该菌株生长的温度范围为15～37℃,pH为5-10.该菌发酵液对供试的13种植物病原真菌均有较强的抑菌作用,是一株颉颃作用明显的放线菌.     

一株抗锰土壤芽胞杆菌的分离鉴定与生物学活性分析

从山东崅屿采集的黄棕壤中分离得到一株具有抗Mn(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅱ)氧化双重活性的芽胞杆菌,其最高Mn(Ⅱ)耐受浓度达到130mmol/L,对Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化活性为3.3μmol/(L·d)。通过个体形态与培养特征观测、生理生化反应、G+Cmol%测定和16SrDNA序列比对分析等鉴定,确定该菌株为巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),命名为MB283。该菌株在添加Mn(Ⅱ)(10mmol/L)条件下比不添加Mn(Ⅱ)表现出相对较快的生长速率。采用高温培养并结合0.01%SDS处理,从MB283菌株筛选到一株发生内生质粒消除的突变株MB287,具有与野生菌株类似的锰耐受活性,且对Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化活性与野生菌株相比无明显改变,表明野生菌株MB283中与锰抗性和锰氧化相关的基因可能是定位于该菌的染色体上。     

竹红菌素产生菌的筛选与鉴定

通过多点采集、反复筛选,从野生竹黄子实体中筛选出1株产北醌类光敏色素的真菌。通过对菌株的个体形态特征、菌落形态特征进行观察,结合其显微结构特征最终鉴定为竹黄菌（Shiraia bambuscola)。     

一株利用内醚糖产类胡萝卜素菌株的分离及鉴定

【目的】筛选一株能高效利用内醚糖的菌株,该菌株能以内醚糖为碳源产类胡萝卜素,以实现对生物质的有效利用。【方法】以纤维素生物质热解产物内醚糖为唯一碳源,筛选得到的真菌ZS1菌株。通过rDNA ITS基因序列分析,构建进化树,并结合菌落形态特征确定菌株系统发育学地位。通过高效液相色谱分析其利用内醚糖的能力,利用分光光度法检测类胡萝卜素含量。【结果】实验表明筛选得到的真菌ZS1对内醚糖有很好的同化能力,培养4 d后内醚糖的利用率为67.0%,经ITS测序和菌落形态特征鉴定该菌为红冬孢酵母菌(CGMCC No:6365)。优化培养条件后,内醚糖的利用率在5 d内达98.7%,菌体中类胡萝卜素含量为427.1μg/g(干重)。以内醚糖为碳源得到的类胡萝卜素量为460.4μg/g(内醚糖)。【结论】筛选得到的红冬孢酵母菌Rhodosporidium Kantochvilovae,能有效地利用内醚糖并产类胡萝卜素。     

液态生产胞外漆酶大型真菌高产菌株筛选x

依照真菌漆酶催化特定作用底物进行氧化还原反应结果的特性,设计了一个采用愈创木酚和α-萘酚作为酶反应显色判别依据和产酶菌株筛选的限制性驯化剂,同时结合选用木质素作为产酶诱导强化因子的筛选分析模版,对保藏和外购的常见大型担子菌和食用真菌进行产酶性能分析。结果发现,这些菌株均不能有效地生产漆酶或酶活性很低,以该模版作为初筛手段从杨树林等野生菌菇生长地中分离得到15株产酶野生微生物,经反复筛选得到3株酶活性较高的大型真菌株A21、X18和Y11,其胞外漆酶活力分别为255.9、248.7和277.3U.ml-1,具有可观的产业化生产开发应用潜力。     

酵母还原乙酰乙酸乙酯制备（S）-3-羟基丁酸乙酯的研究

研究了五种酵母催化乙酰乙酸乙酯生成(S)-3-羟基丁酸乙酯的能力,筛选出催化性能较好的菌株酿酒酵母,并以该酵母为出发菌株进行紫外诱变筛选出催化性能更优良的菌株 LY7;另外还对菌株 LY7 催化乙酰乙酸乙酯生成(S)-3-羟基丁酸乙酯的反应特性进行了研究。研究表明：采用 200g／L蔗糖作为碳源,初始乙酰乙酸乙酯浓度为 O.25mol/L,初始细胞浓度为 150g／L,反应温度为36℃时所得产物得率和对映体过剩值最高。     

葡萄藤叶青贮中乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

为了筛选出性状优良的乳酸菌菌株,本试验以实验室纯培养方式从葡萄藤叶自然发酵的青贮中分离鉴定乳酸菌。经过菌落形态、细胞形态、生理生化鉴定和16S r DNA基因序列以及系统发育树的分析,从葡萄藤叶青贮中分离出5株乳酸菌,其中菌株P-1. 2和P-2. 2为戊糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus pentosus),菌株P-1. 7为戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus),菌株P-2. 1为粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium),菌株P-2. 3为短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)。测定产酸速率和生长速率,发现菌株P-2. 1的产酸能力和生长性能最好。     

花生四烯酸产生菌高山被孢霉的高糖驯化研究

【目的】提高花生四烯酸(Arachidonic acid,ARA)产量,克服ARA产生菌高山被孢霉(Mortierella alpina)在长期的保存及使用过程中易受到外界条件影响发生退化,从而导致菌种耗糖量降低、影响菌种摄入营养的能力和不利于工业化生产的缺点。【方法】首先采用固体培养基驯化,将菌种逐级涂布于梯度高糖PDA平板(含糖量分别为2%、5%、7%、10%和15%)培养,挑选经固体驯化后能耐受10%高糖浓度平板的菌种,转接到两种含不同氮源的梯度高糖(含糖量分别为3%、4%、5%和6%)液体培养基中进行驯化,最后对驯化后的菌种进行2 L发酵罐放大实验。【结果】当培养基中以酵母粉为氮源时,驯化后菌体的最高耗糖量由3 g/(L.d)提高到12 g/(L.d);当培养基中以玉米浆为氮源时,驯化后菌体的最高耗糖量由7 g/(L.d)提高到12 g/(L.d)。摇瓶驯化实验结果表明以玉米浆为氮源驯化的菌种发酵效果较好,发酵罐实验结果显示菌体生物量为50 g/L,总油脂为18 g/L,目的产物ARA产量为8 g/L。相比未驯化之前的发酵结果,生物量和总油脂含量提高了近3倍,ARA产量提高了近4倍。【结论】经过高糖驯化,菌种的耗糖能力得到提高,生物量、总油脂及ARA的产量也都有所增加,从而可以使菌种在保存和使用过程中不易退化,保持稳定。     

协同诱变法选育虾青素高产优良酵母菌株

以红法夫酵母(Phaffia rhodozyma)野生型菌株GH1为研究对象,选育虾青素高产优良酵母菌株,并初步研究其生长特性。对野生型菌株GH1用紫外线(UV)和亚硝基胍(NTG)协同诱变,用抗霉素A筛选,选育出虾青素高产突变菌株GH1-7.1。突变菌株GH1-7.1的虾青素最高产量达1200μg/gDCW,比野生菌株GH1的虾青素最高产量271μg/gDCW高出4倍,并且生长加快,达到最高生物量和最高虾青素产量的时间比野生菌株缩短了24h;野生菌株GH1的最适生长温度为20℃,高于28℃则不生长,而突变菌株GH1-7.1的最适生长温度为28～30℃,比野生菌株GH1提高8～10℃。首次采用协同诱变的方法成功选育了虾青素高产酵母菌株,并且生长周期短,最适的生长温度提高,是适宜南方高温环境发酵工程应用的优良菌株。     

Isolation and characterization of ethanol tolerant yeast strains

Yeast strains are commonly associated with sugar rich environments. Various fruit samples were selected as source for isolating yeast cells. The isolated cultures were identified at Genus level by colony morphology, biochemical characteristics and cell morphological characters. An attempt has been made to check the viability of yeast cells under different concentrations of ethanol. Ethanol tolerance of each strain was studied by allowing the yeast to grow in liquid YEPD (Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose) medium having different concentrations of ethanol. A total of fifteen yeast strains isolated from different samples were used for the study. Seven strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae obtained from different fruit sources were screened for ethanol tolerance. The results obtained in this study show a range of tolerance levels between 7%-12% in all the stains. Further, the cluster analysis based on 22 RAPD (Random Amplified polymorphic DNA) bands revealed polymorphisms in these seven Saccharomyces strains.     

Isolation, screening and characterization of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional fermented food

100 lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from traditional fermented foods (yoghurt, milk cream, sour dough and milk) were screened for bacteriocin production. Twenty six strains producing a nisin-like bacteriocin were selected. Most of these isolates gave only a narrow inhibitory spectrum, although one showed a broad inhibitory spectrum against the indicator strains tested, this strain was determined as Lactococcus lactis. The influence of several parameters on the fermentative production of nisin by Lactococcus lactis was studied. Production of nisin was optimal at 30 degrees C and in the pH range 5.5-6.3. The effect of different sulphur and nitrogen sources on Lactococcus lactis growth and nisin production was studied. Magnesium sulfate and manganese sulfate were found to be the best sulphur sources while triammonium citrate was the best inorganic nitrogen source and meat extract, peptone and yeast extract were the best organic nitrogen source for nisin production.     

Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the IDH1 subunit of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is composed of two nonidentical subunits, designated IDH1 and IDH2. The gene encoding IDH2 was previously cloned and sequenced (Cupp, J.R., and McAlister-Henn, L. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 22199-22205), and in this paper we describe the isolation of a yeast genomic clone containing the IDH1 gene. A fragment of the IDH1 gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction method utilizing degenerate oligonucleotides based on tryptic peptide sequences of the purified subunit; this fragment was used to isolate a full length IDH1 clone. The nucleotide sequence of the IDH1 coding region was determined and encodes a 360-residue polypeptide including an 11-residue mitochondrial targeting presequence. Amino acid sequence comparison between IDH1 and IDH2 reveals a 42% sequence identity, and both IDH1 and IDH2 show approximately 32% identity to Escherichia coli NAD(P)(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. To examine the function of the IDH1 subunit and to determine the metabolic role of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase the IDH1 gene was disrupted in a wild type haploid yeast strain and in a haploid strain lacking IDH2. The IDH1 disruption strains expressed no detectable IDH1 as determined by Western blot analysis, and these strains were found to lack NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase activity indicating that IDH1 is essential for a functional enzyme. Over-expression of IDH1 in a strain containing IDH2 restored wild type activity but did not result in increased levels of activity, suggesting that both IDH1 and IDH2 are required for a functional enzyme. Growth phenotype analysis of the IDH1 disruption strains revealed that they grew at a reduced rate on the nonfermentable carbon sources examined (glycerol, lactate, and acetate), consistent with NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase performing a critical role in oxidative function of the citric acid cycle. In addition, the IDH1 disruption strains grew at wild type rates in the absence of glutamate, indicating that these strains are not glutamate auxotrophs.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">MPK1</Emphasis> gene is required for filamentous growth induced by isoamyl alcohol in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis> strains from the alcoholic fermentation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the MPK1 (SLT2) gene deletion upon filamentous growth induced by isoamyl alcohol (IAA) in two haploid industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using oligonucleotides especially designed for a laboratory S. cerevisiae strain. The gene deletion was performed by replacing part of the open reading frames from the target gene with the KanMX gene. The recombinant strains were selected by their resistance to G418, and after deletion confirmation by polymerase chain reaction, they were cultivated in a yeast extract peptone dextrose medium + 0.5% IAA to evaluate the filamentous growth in comparison to wild strains. Mpk1 derivatives were obtained for both industrial yeasts showing the feasibility of the oligonucleotides especially designed for a laboratory strain (Σ1278b) by Martinez-Anaya et al. (In yeast, the pseudohyphal phenotype induced by isoamyl alcohol results from the operation of the morphogenesis checkpoint. J Cell Sci 116:3423–3431, 2003). The filamentation rate in these derivatives was significantly lower for both strains, as induced by IAA. This drastic reduction in the filamentation ability in the deleted strains suggests that the gene MPK1 is required for IAA-induced filamentation response. The growth curves of wild and derivative strains did not differ substantially. It is not known yet whether the switch to filamentous growth affects the fermentative characteristics of the yeast or other physiological traits. A genetically modified strain for nonfilamentous growth would be useful for these studies, and the gene MPK1 could be a target gene. The feasibility of designed oligonucleotides for this deletion in industrial yeast strains is shown.     

β-Galactosidase production by the psychrotolerant yeast Guehomyces pullulans 17-1 isolated from sea sediment in Antarctica and lactose hydrolysis

A psychrotolerant yeast Guehomyces pullulans 17-1 was isolated from sea sediment in Antarctica. It was found that it could yield both extracellular and cell-bound β-galactosidase. After optimization of the medium and cultivation conditions, it was found that the yeast strain produced over 17.2 U mL⁻¹ of β-galactosidase activity within 120 h at the flask level while the yeast strain produced over 25.3 U mL⁻¹ of β-galactosidase activity within 144 h during the 2-L fermentation. This is the highest β-galactosidase activity produced by the wild type yeast strains reported so far. However, the optimal pH and temperature for the crude β-galactosidase were 4.0 and 50 °C, respectively. Lactose could be converted into glucose and galactose and a large amount of reducing sugar could be released from milk under catalysis of the yeast culture.     

丙酮酸野生酵母菌的筛选及其生理生化特性研究

利用各种方法从来自苏锡地区的多种样品中广泛分离出200种野生酵母,然后借助纸上层析,获得13株具有纯丙酮酸生产能力的菌株.对其中2株的生理生化特性展开了进一步研究,初步认为其中1株性状类似南极洲假丝酵母(Candida antarctica),另1株属光滑球拟酵母(Torulopsis glabrata).     

Divergence in wine characteristics produced by wild and domesticated strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the primary species used by wine makers to convert sugar into alcohol during wine fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is found in vineyards, but is also found in association with oak trees and other natural sources. Although wild strains of S. cerevisiae as well as other Saccharomyces species are also capable of wine fermentation, a genetically distinct group of S. cerevisiae strains is primarily used to produce wine, consistent with the idea that wine making strains have been domesticated for wine production. In this study, we demonstrate that humans can distinguish between wines produced using wine strains and wild strains of S. cerevisiae as well as its sibling species, Saccharomyces paradoxus. Wine strains produced wine with fruity and floral characteristics, whereas wild strains produced wine with earthy and sulfurous characteristics. The differences that we observe between wine and wild strains provides further evidence that wine strains have evolved phenotypes that are distinct from their wild ancestors and relevant to their use in wine production.     

假单胞菌株K9510产肌酐酰氨基水解酶的条件

肌酐酰氨基水解酶是酶法分析血清肌酐浓度的关键酶。本实验室从空气中分离到能分解肌酐的菌株K9510,K9511和K9512,其中K9510菌株初步分类鉴定为假单胞菌（Pseudomonas sp.)。菌株产酶条件优化研究结果表明：菌株在底物或底物类化物的诱导下产酶;混合金属离子溶液对菌株产酶有促进作用,菌株产肌酐酰氨基水解酶是适培养基组成为：肌酐9克,酵母提取物1．5g,麦芽汁0．9g,NH4Cl0.5g,定容1L。适量混合金属离子溶液,用0．1mol/L pH5.5磷酸缓冲液配制.。在250mL三角瓶中装50mL培养基,在250r/min的旋转摇床上35度振荡培养33h,在此条件下菌株产酶量可达1．0u/mL发酵液。