美盾蚧属一新种记述（同翅目：蚧总科：盾蚧科）

记述美盾蚧属Formosaspis1新种：王朗美盾蚧F.wanglangensis,sp.nov.,模式标本采自四川省平武县王朗自然保护区的箭竹（hyllostachys bambusoides Sieb et Zacc）竹杆和分枝上。鉴别特征是雌成虫臀板背面有8个高度骨化的硬疤,围阴腺5群,每群数量远远多于同属其它种。二龄若虫的中臀叶与第3臀叶之间有缘管腺2对,第3臀叶的上侧有缘管腺3枚。     

中国美盾蚧属一新种(同翅目:蚧总科:盾蚧科)

记述美盾蚧属Formosaspis 1新种：桂林美盾蚧F.guilinensis sp.nov.，模式标本采自广西桂林市七星岩的一种观赏竹(Bambus sp.)的竹杆和分枝上。其鉴别特征是中臀叶发达，突出体末端，两叶间距宽于臀叶基部宽度的1.5倍，其间有2根刚毛；第二对臀叶骨化程度低：第三臀叶可见，末端有齿列。缘管腺2-3个，背管腺特别少且小，腹管腺小而多。二龄若虫中臀叶发达，第二对臀叶顶端双分，第三臀叶缺乏。     

从进口塔吉克斯坦苹果上截获重要害虫橄榄片盾蚧

【目的】明确橄榄片盾蚧的形态特征并编制与近似种的检索表,收集整理橄榄片盾蚧的分布范围、寄主、天敌、生物学特性、经济重要性,为该蚧虫的防控措施提供依据。【方法】通过显微特征的观察和测量进行种类鉴定,研究橄榄片盾蚧的生物学及生态学相关资料。【结果】橄榄片盾蚧雌介壳长0.77 mm左右,雌成虫体长0.55 mm左右,体紫色,臀板黄色,触角瘤小且有一个弯曲的长毛,前气门有4个盘状孔,后气门无,有3对发达的臀叶,中臀叶最大,第二臀叶和第三臀叶相似,第四臀叶呈齿状凸起,围阴腺5群。【结论】橄榄片盾蚧繁殖能力强,寄主种类多,一旦入侵到未发生区,会对当地自然生态系统造成严重的危害。加强检验检疫是防治该虫的主要措施之一,生物、化学防治是治理该虫的重要方法。     

松蜕盾蚧等四种蜕盾蚧分类地位的研究（同翅目：盾蚧科）

将松蜕盾蚧Florinia pinicola Maskell接种于盆栽马尾松上饲养,得到大量标本,通过对这些标本的观察研究,结果发现：臀背边缘管腺的大小．数量以及触角的形态等特征变化很大;研究表明松蜕盾蚧F.pinicola、日本蜕盾蚧F.japonica、柏蜕盾蜕F.externa和霜蜕盾蚧F.prulnosa,实际上是同一个种,即松蜕盾蚧F.pinicola。     

中国根毡蚧属一新种(半翅目,蚧总科,毡蚧科)

记述采自我国山西历山蓝萼香茶菜Isodon glaucocalyx 根部的根毡蚧属1新种,香茶菜根毡蚧Rhizococcus isodoni sp.nov..模式标本保存在北京林业大学昆虫标本室.香茶菜根毡蚧,新种Rhizococcus isodoni sp.nov.(图1～3)雌成虫活体黄褐色,体被白色平滑卵囊.玻片上,雌成虫卵圆形,体长1.23～2.98 mm,宽0.70～2.03 mm.触角6或7节.肛环毛10根.尾瓣内缘光滑无齿,每侧背刺3根,外侧1根长58 ～ 78 μm,宽6～8μm;内侧2根,靠基部的长38～45μm,宽4～5μm;靠端部的长53～ 65 μm,宽3～5μm.尾片存在.喙3节,基、中、端节各有2、1、5对刚毛.足发达,胫节短于跗节,后足基节有大量透明孔.盘腺为五格腺或七格腺,主要分布于体腹面的中区、气门附近和腹部各节.十字孔腺分布于头和前中胸腹面的亚中区和亚缘区.腹杯状管有大小2种,其中小杯状只分布在腹部.背杯状管与腹面大杯状管同大,散布于全背,并在胸、腹部呈横带.微管腺散布于全背和腹面体缘及胸部亚缘区.腹刺圆锥状,在体缘成1纵列.背刺圆锥状,按大小分为3种:大刺长65～75 μm,宽10 ～ 15μm;小刺长25 ～48μm,宽5～9 μm;微刺长6 ～9 μm.其中大、小刺只分布在体缘,成1纵列,腹部Ⅰ～Ⅶ节每节每侧大刺2个,小刺0～2个;微刺散布于全背;腹部第Ⅷ节无肛前刺.新种区别于根毡蚧属其它种类的特征为:1)后足基节有大量透明孔;2)肛环毛10根;3)尾瓣外缘背刺细长.正模♀,山西沁水历山富裕河,海拔1 523m,2012-07-26,南楠采于蓝萼香茶菜根部.副模:6♀♀,同正模;5♀♀,山西沁水历山西峡沟,海拔1 548m,2012-07-23,南楠采于蓝萼香茶菜根部.词源:新种种名源自寄主植物Isodon glaucocalyx的属名.     

枝圆盾蚧属新种记述（同翅目：蚧总科：盾蚧科）

本文记述了枝圆盾蚧属Ｄｉａｓｐｉｄｉｏｔｕｓ Ｃｏｃｋｅｒｅｌｌ一新种,危枝圆盾蚧Ｄｉａｓｐｉｄｉｏｔｕ ｐｅｒｎｉｃｉａｂｉｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,该属是盾蚧科Ｄｉａｓｐｉｄｉｄａｅ中的一个小属。新种的模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国片盾蚧属——新种记述（半翅目：盾蚧科）

记述中国片盾蚧属1新种——蔷薇片盾蚧Parlatoria rosia，sp．nov．。模式标本保存于中国科学院上海植物生理生态研究所昆虫标本馆。     

中国片盾蚧属一新种记述(半翅目:盾蚧科)

记述中国片盾蚧属1新种——勐仑片盾蚧Parlatoria menglunensis,sp.nov．。模式标本保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

中国新栎盾蚧属一新种及二新纪录种(同翅目:蚧总科:盾蚧科)

记述新栎盾蚧属Neoquernaspis Howell et Takagi,1981一新种,即细管新栎盾蚧N.leptosipha sp.nov和2种中国分布新纪录种,即石柯新栎盾蚧N.beshearae Liu et Tippins,1988和尼泊尔新栎盾蚧N.nepalensis (Takagi,1977),并编制了该属中国已知种类检索表,新种模式标本和新纪录标本保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

中国齿盾蚧属一新种(半翅目:蚧总科:盾蚧科)(英文)

记述中国齿盾蚧属Odonaspis Leonardi1新种——龙岩齿盾蚧Odonaspis longyanensis Wang et Feng,sp.nov.,编制了中国齿盾蚧属分种检索表,模式标本保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Fungal Thyroiditis: An Overview

The authors review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal thyroiditis cases previously reported in the medical literature. Aspergillus was by far the most common cause of fungal thyroiditis. Immunocompromised patients, such as those with leukemia, lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, and organ-transplant patients on pharmacological immunosuppression were particularly at risk. Fungal thyroiditis was diagnosed at autopsy as part of disseminated infection in a substantial number of patients without clinical manifestations and laboratory evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Local signs and symptoms of infection were indistinguishable from other infectious thyroiditis and included fever, anterior cervical pain, thyroid enlargement sometimes associated with dysphagia and dysphonia, and clinical and laboratory features of transient hyperthyroidism due to the release of thyroid hormone from follicular cell damage, followed by residual hypothyroidism. Antemortem diagnosis of fungal thyroiditis was made by direct microscopy and culture of a fine-needle aspirate, or/and biopsy in most cases. Since most patients with fungal thyroiditis had disseminated fungal infection with delay in diagnosis and treatment, the overall mortality was high.     

Molecular detection of pathogen DNA in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A review

Ticks play an important role in human and veterinary medicine, in particular due to their ability to transmit a wide spectrum of pathogenic micro-organisms of protozoal, rickettsial, bacterial and viral origin. Pathogens in ticks can be identified by conventional methods such as indirect immuno-fluorescence, isolation in cell culture or by using histological staining techniques. However, the advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has resulted in tremendous improvements in the specific and sensitive detection of pathogen DNA in ticks. In this paper, literature on DNA extraction methods, PCR protocols, primers and probes, which are in use for the successful detection and identification of pathogens in ticks, are critically reviewed. Some recommendations are also given towards the end of tht review.     

Medfly eradication in California:

The impact of malathion-bait sprays (directed against medfly, Ceratitis capitata [Wiedemann]) on an endemic gall midge (Rhopalomyia californica Felt) and its parasitoids was investigated during 1982–83 in the south San Francisco Bay area of northern California. In a heavily sprayed area (Woodside), a population explosion of the midge was detected following 24 applications of malathion bait. The midge population reached levels ca. 90x greater than those observed in an adjacent unsprayed area (Jasper Ridge). In a moderately sprayed area (Portola Valley), the midge population increased as much as 5x that observed in the adjacent unsprayed area (Jasper Ridge), following 12 applications of malathion bait. In laboratory tests, the malathion bait was toxic to both the midge and its parasitoids. The major parasitoids were Torymus koebelei (Huber), Zatropis capitis Burks, Platygaster californica (Ashmead) and Mesopolobus sp. Population increases of the midge following malathion-bait sprays were attributed to destruction of parasitoids and other natural enemies of the midge. If the environmental impact of malathion-bait sprays is related to the number of applications (as suggested in this study), then it would be worthwhile to determine the appropriate bait-spray strategy for a given situation, so as to minimize adverse effects on nontarget species, yet insure suppression or eradication of medfly.

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Résumé L'impact des pièges tratiés au malathion (destinés à Ceratitis capitata Wiedem) sur Rhopalomyia californica Felt et ses parasitoïdes a été examiné en 1982–1983 dans le sud de la zone de la baie de San Francisco en Californie. Dans une zone fortement traitée (Woodside), une explosion de population a été décelée après 24 traitements. La population de R. californica a atteint des niveaux 90 fois supérieurs à ceux observés dans une zone contiguë non traitée (Jasper Ridge). Dans une zone modérément traitée (Portola Valley), avec 12 traitement, la population de R. californica a atteint jusqu'a 5 fois celle de Jasper Ridge. Au laboratoire, le piège à malathion a été toxique tant pour R. californica que pour ses parasitoïdes, dont les principaux étaient: Torymus koebelei (Huber), Zatropis capitis Burks, Platygaster californica(Ashmead) et Mesopolobus sp. L'accroissement de la population de C. capitata après traitement a été attribué à la destruction de parasitoïdes et d'autres ennemis naturels. Si l'effet su l'environnement du traitement est lié au nombre d'interventions (comme le suggère cette étude), alors cela vaudrait la peine de définir une stratégie de traitement appropriée à une situation donnée, de façon à minimiser les effets négatifs sur des espèces non visées, tout en assurant la suppression ou l'éradication de C. capitata.

     

Hexamermis glossinae [Nematoda: Mermithidae] parasitizing tsetse [Diptera: Glossinidae] in Kenya

Glossina pallidipes Austen,G. brevipalpis Newstead andG. austeni Newstead were collected from 5 sites along the south Kenyan coast over a 2 year period. They were dissected and examined for nematodes. Three of the sites yielded tsetse parasitized by juvenile mermithids identified asHexamermis glossinae Poinar et al. Glossina pallidipes andG. brevipalpis are new host records for this parasite, whileG. austeni was captured infrequently and only at a site that failed to yield other parasitized tsetse. Parasite prevalence was low (0.16–0.61 %) and did not differ between male and female hosts. More tsetse than expected by chance harboured nematodes during the long rains season (April–August) than during the short rains (September–November) or dry season (December–March). Early juvenile stages (0.5–2.5 mm long) were recovered mainly from tsetse less than 50 days old, while late juvenile stages (35–85 mm long) were only found in flies older than 30 days. Late stages occurred singly while early ones usually occurred as two or more per host.     

Predation potential of three flatworm species (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

We conducted a field survey for flatworms to select species as potential biological control agents against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae) breeding in artificial containers. Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the daily predation rate, differential predation on each mosquito larval instar, selective predation on either A. aegypti or C. pipiens, and predator tolerance to water from artificial containers. Girardia anceps (Tricladida, Paludicola, Dugesiidae), Mesostoma ehrenbergii and Bothromesostoma cf. evelinae (Rhabdocoela, Typhloplanoida, Typhloplanidae) were found in temporary puddles and permanent pools. In the laboratory, they killed between 52% and 100% of immature mosquitoes coexisting in the same habitat. No preference of flatworms for mosquito preys was detected. Predation rate was related to predator size and instar of preys. Girardia anceps and B. evelinae survived after a dry period and when re-flooding occurred, they laid eggs. Tolerance to water from artificial containers was highest in G. anceps and this species could be a suitable predator to reduce mosquito populations from artificial containers using an inoculative approach.     

Bionomics of a polyphagous predator:Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae)

The main characteristics of the imaginal and preimaginal development and the reproduction ofOrius laevigatus were studied at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Temperature greatly influences the developmental and reproductive biology of this species. The lowest developmental threshold is 10,6°C. Reproduction is greatly reduced at 15°C relative to the higher temperatures tested. O. laevigatus is well adapted to relatively high temperature conditions. The best development and reproduction rates are observed between 20 and 30°C with a theoretical optimum at 26°C.

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Résumé Les principales caractéristiques du développement pré-imaginal et imaginal ainsi que la reproduction d'Orius laevigatus sont étudiées à des températures de 15, 20, 25 et 30°C. La température influence considérablement le développement embryonnaire et post-embryoannaire de cette espèce. Le zéro théorique de développement se situe à 10,5°C. Les capacités reproductrices sont fortement perturbées à des températures inférieures à 15°C. Les résultats montrent queO. laevigatus est une espèce adaptée à des conditions thermiques relativement élevées. C'est entre 20 et 30°C, avec un optimum de 26°C, que s'expriment le mieux les capacités de développement et de reproduction de ce prédateur.

     

Suitability ofScapteriscus moles crickets [Ort.: Gryllotalpidae] as hosts ofEuphasiopteryx depleta [Dipt.: Tachinidae]

Euphasiopteryx depleta (Wied) flies successfully developed in the mole cricketsScapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos andScapteriscus vicinus Scudder, as well as in the short-tailed cricket,Anurogryllus sp., after artificially placing larvae under their pronota. Using this technique, no relation was found between the number of larvae placed on each cricket and the resulting number of puparia obtained from the cricket. In all cases, the number of flies emerging from the puparia was small, with females failing to mature reproductively. AsE. depleta has been reared from field collectedScapteriscus spp., the exact reasons for lack of maturation remain unknown.Anurogryllus sp. can be considered a probable alternate host forE. depleta.      

Colony structure of a bamboo-dwellingTetraponera sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Pseudomyrmecinae) from Malaysia

Summary The colony structure of the bamboo-inhabiting SE-Asian pseudomyrmecine antTetraponera sp. PSW-80 nearattenuata F. Smith was investigated at the Ulu Gombak Field Studies Centre, Selangor, West-Malaysia. Based on the dissection of 54 stem internodes from 12 different culms of the large bambooGigantochloa scortechinii Gamble and on the mapping of three colonies, the following demographic characteristics emerge. The colonies are monogynous but highly polydomous (at least up to 36 internodes and up to 9 stems occupied) and very populous for a pseudomyrmecine not involved in an ant-plant mutualism. One completely censused colony had 6953 adult workers and 2079 alates (adults plus pupae). The single queen suppresses gyne development in her own nest and, to a lesser extent, in other nests within the same stem. The overall numerical sex ratio was 0.961 (females:males), the investment sex ratio, 2.931, i.e., almost exactly the 31 ratio expected for a monogynous outbred hymenopteran in which the colony queen also produces all the male offspring. Brood is distributed to all other nest chambers from the queenright chamber. The symbiotic pseudococcids (Kermicus wroughtoni Newstead) are present in all inhabited internodes, with small early instar individuals prevailing numerically by far over the larger stages. The rieht well secluded honeydew supply within the internode and the efficient architectural protection provided by the internode wall (access usually only through a 2 × 3 mm-hole) allowT. sp. PSW-80 to reach an unusually large colony size without being an aggressive and protective plant mutualist like other members of its subfamily with similar demographic features.