黄土丘陵沟壑区狼牙刺的光合特征及其水分利用效率

~~黄土丘陵沟壑区狼牙刺的光合特征及其水分利用效率@卜崇峰$中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所!北京100101;中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所陕西杨陵712100;中国科学院研究生院,北京100039;中国科学院陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室,北京100101 @刘国彬$中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所!陕西杨陵712100 @赵姚阳$南京大学城市与资源学系!南京210093~~~~[1] JIANG G M (蒋高明) , ZHU G J(朱桂杰). Effects of natural hightemperature and irradiation on photosynthesis and related parameters in three arid sandy shrub…     

伤根对谷子叶片光合速率及其产量的影响

~~伤根对谷子叶片光合速率及其产量的影响@柴世伟$同济大学环境科学与工程学院!上海200092;中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨陵712100 @刘文兆$同济大学环境科学与工程学院!上海200092 @李秧秧$中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所!陕西杨陵712100~~~~[1] LIU W Z (刘文兆) , LI Y Y(李秧秧). Effect of crop root-cutting on grain yield and water use efficiency: a review[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica (西北植物学报)2003,23(8): 1 320- 1 324(in Chinese). [2] YU S L(余松烈…     

OPS玻璃化冷冻对山羊卵母细胞超微结构的影响

OPS玻璃化冷冻对山羊卵母细胞超微结构的影响@刘海军$天津市畜牧兽医研究所! 中国 天津 300112 @张美佳$成都野生濒危动物繁殖与遗传开放实验室! 中国 成都610081 @候蓉$成都野生濒危动物繁殖与遗传开放实验室! 中国 成都610081 @张志和$成都野生濒危动物繁殖与遗传开放实验室! 中国 成都610081 @王基山$成都野生濒危动物繁殖与遗传开放实验室! 中国 成都610081 @兰景超$成都野生濒危动物繁殖与遗传开放实验室! 中国 成都610081 @钱菊汾$西北农林科技大学畜牧兽医学院!, 中国 陕西杨凌712100 @张安…     

欧美药用植物(二)

~~欧美药用植物(二)@冯煦$江苏省中国科学院植物研究所!南京210014 @袁昌齐$江苏省中国科学院植物研究所!南京210014 @王呜$江苏省中国科学院植物研究所!南京210014     

烟草花粉母细胞细胞融合过程中微丝的免疫定位观察

~~烟草花粉母细胞细胞融合过程中微丝的免疫定位观察@杨军$兰州大学细胞生物学研究所!兰州730000;西华师范大学生命科学学院,四川南充637002;西华师范大学珍稀动植物研究所,四川南充637002 @彭正松$兰州大学细胞生物学研究所!兰州730000;西华师范大学生命科学学院,四川南充637002 @李卫$兰州大学细胞生物学研究所!兰州730000 @高欢欢$兰州大学细胞生物学研究所!兰州730000 @郑国锠$兰州大学细胞生物学研究所!兰州730000~~~~[1] ZHENG G CH(郑国錩).Cytormxis[J]. Acta Gen. Sin. (遗传学报) ,1974,1(1) ;117-124(in Ch…     

小麦春化相关基因的分子克隆与功能分析

小麦春化相关基因的分子克隆与功能分析@种康$中国科学院植物研究所!北京100093@许智宏$中国科学院植物研究所!北京100093@谭克辉$中国科学院植物研究所!北京100093小麦;;基因;;分子克隆     

大鼠妊娠早期血清雌、孕激素水平的变化以及屈洛昔芬对妊娠大鼠的抗着床作用

大鼠妊娠早期血清雌、孕激素水平的变化以及屈洛昔芬对妊娠大鼠的抗着床作用@黄勇$中国科学院上海药物研究所药理一室! 中国上海 200031 @冷颖$中国科学院上海药物研究所药理一室! 中国上海 200031 @曹霖$中国科学院上海药物研究所药理一室! 中国上海 200031 @顾芝萍$中国科学院上海药物研究所药理一室! 中国上海 200031     

细菌视紫红质分支光循环研究的新起点——蓝膜

细菌视紫红质分支光循环研究的新起点——蓝膜@张国艳$中国科学院化学研究所分子科学中心!北京100080 @李宝芳$中国科学院化学研究所分子科学中心!北京100080 @江龙$中国科学院化学研究所分子科学中心!北京100080~~     

子午岭林区不同环境土壤微生物生物量与肥力关系研究

子午岭林区不同环境土壤微生物生物量与肥力关系研究＊张成娥陈小莉郑粉莉（中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所陕西杨陵７１２１００）ＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮＳＨＩＰＢＥＴＷＥＥＮＳＯＩＬＭＩＣＲＯＢＩＡＬＢＩＯＭＡＳＳＡＮＤＦＥＲＴＩＬＩＴＹＩＮＤＩＦＦ...     

黄孢原毛平革菌降解机制研究进展

黄孢原毛平革菌降解机制研究进展@唐振兴$浙江工业大学!博13#,浙江杭州310014 @石陆娥$浙江工业大学!博13#,浙江杭州310014 @单剑峰$浙江工业大学!博13#,浙江杭州310014~~~~[1]李慧蓉．白腐真菌的研究进展[J]．环境污染治理技术与设备,1998,4(6)：2-4． [2] Kawai et al . ligin - degrading enzyme from Phanerochacte chrysospfeium Purification Characterization and Catalytic properties of a Unique H2O2-requiring oxygense[J]. Proc. Natl. Aead. Set. USA, 1994,81(2) :280-284. [3] Keyser T K. and Zeik…     

Global monthly water scarcity: blue water footprints versus blue water availability

Freshwater scarcity is a growing concern, placing considerable importance on the accuracy of indicators used to characterize and map water scarcity worldwide. We improve upon past efforts by using estimates of blue water footprints (consumptive use of ground- and surface water flows) rather than water withdrawals, accounting for the flows needed to sustain critical ecological functions and by considering monthly rather than annual values. We analyzed 405 river basins for the period 1996-2005. In 201 basins with 2.67 billion inhabitants there was severe water scarcity during at least one month of the year. The ecological and economic consequences of increasing degrees of water scarcity--as evidenced by the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo), Indus, and Murray-Darling River Basins--can include complete desiccation during dry seasons, decimation of aquatic biodiversity, and substantial economic disruption.     

Soil water availability for plants as quantified by conventional available water, least limiting water range and integral water capacity

There are different approaches to define the soil available water (SAW) for plants. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the SAW values of 12 arable soils from Hamadan province (western Iran) calculated by plant available water (PAW), least limiting water range (LLWR) and integral water capacity (IWC) approaches and to explore their relations with Dexter’s index of soil physical quality (i.e., S-value). Soil water retention and mechanical resistance were determined on the intact samples which were taken from the 5–10 cm layer. For calculation of LLWR and IWC, the van Genuchten-Mualem model was fitted to the observed soil water retention data. Two matric suctions (h) of 100 and 330 cm were used for the field capacity (FC). There were significant differences (P?<?0.01) between the SAW values calculated by PAW₁₀₀, PAW₃₃₀, LLWR₁₀₀, LLWR₃₃₀ and IWC. The highest (i.e., 0.210 cm³ cm^?3) and the lowest (i.e., 0.129 cm³ cm^?3) means of SAW were calculated for the IWC and LLWR₃₃₀, respectively. The upper limit of LLWR₃₃₀ for all of the soils was h of 330 cm, and that of LLWR₁₀₀ (except for one soil that was air-filled porosity of 0.1 cm³ cm^?3) was h of 100 cm. The lower limit of LLWR₃₃₀ and LLWR₁₀₀ for five soils was h of 15,000 cm and for seven soils was mechanical resistance of 2 MPa. The IWC values were smaller than those of LLWR₁₀₀ for two soils, equal to those of LLWR₁₀₀ for three soils and greater than those of LLWR₁₀₀ for the rest. There is, therefore, a tendency to predict more SAW using the IWC approach than with the LLWR approach. This is due to the chosen critical soil limits and gradual changes of soil limitations vs. water content in the IWC calculation procedure. Significant relationships of SAW with bulk density or relative bulk density were found but not with the clay and organic matter contents. Linear relations between IWC and LLWR₁₀₀ or LLWR₃₃₀ were found as: IWC?=??0.0514 + 1.4438LLWR₁₀₀, R ²?=?0.83; and IWC?=??0.0405 + 2.0465LLWR₃₃₀, R ²?=?0.84, respectively (both significant at P?<?0.01). Significant relationships were obtained between the SAW values and S indicating the suitability of the index S to explain the availability of soil water for plants even when complicated approaches like IWC are considered. Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of the choice of the approach to be used and its critical limits in the estimation of the soil available water to plants.     

Role of water transport in origin of water stress

Intensity of transpiration, intensity of water absorption, water saturation deficit (w.s.d.) in different parts of samples and rate of water transport was investigated in samples from leaf tissue of fodder cabbage and banana-tree. In all experiments (at initial w.s.d. 0% and 20%, in samples from upper, middle and lower leaves of fodder cabbage and from leaves of banana-tree) a distinct gradient of w.s.d. in the direction of transport of water was determined, therefore the limiting factor in the water balance was rate of water transport and not rate of water absorption. The lowest amount of water was always transported within transpiring part of sample. When the initial w.s.d. was 0% not only the water transported by tissue from the environment, but also the water of the leaf tissue itself took part in water lost by transpiration and therefore water stress originated in the whole sample. At an initial w.s.d. of 20%, the rate of water absorption was higher than the rate of water transport and therefore the increase of w.s.d. in the transpiring part of the sample was accompanied by a simultaneous decrease of w.s.d. in the transporting part. An increase in the value of w.s.d. in leaf tissue proportionally increased the resistance of water transport in the liquid phase (on the average from 1·7 . 10³ to 6·7 . 10³ atm min cm² g^?1) and also in the gaseous phase (on the average from 2·7 . 10^?2 to 14·0 . 10^?2 min cm^?1). It was proved that insufficient rate of water transport can be responsible for the origin of water stress. At the same time the rate of water transport was influenced by the value of the w.s.d. since every change of w.s.d. in leaf tissue not only the gradient of water potential changed but also the resistance to water transport.     

The turbulent boundary between water science and water management

SUMMARY. 1. It is common to observe friction between limnologists and the managers of water resources. This is often a result of misunderstandings about the cultures within which each works.
2. There are a number of ways that science can contribute to effective management of water resources, but limnologists must appreciate that there are value questions which are not the sole prerogative of science to answer.
3. Managers often misunderstand science and expect it to deliver a truth that is non-arguable. They fail to understand the very process of science demands no such truths, so that assumptions, methods and conclusions can always be challenged.
4. One way to bridge this boundary is to develop the scientific broking role. Another is to do better and more relevant science. Ways of doing both are discussed.     

Relative water content and water potential of tissue 1

Relative water content (RWC) and water potential as measuredwith the pressure chamber were evaluated as indicators of waterstatus of tissue-cultured apple shoots and plantlets (shootswith roots). During the hydration required for RWC measurement,both water content and water potential exhibited the same hydrationkinetics, indicating that 10 h were required for full hydration.Once full hydration was reached, shoot mass remained relativelyconstant. Moisture release characteristics were also constructedand the associated shoot and plantlet water relations parameterswere estimated. Underin vitroconditions, both shoot and plantletwater potential were similar to the water potential of the culturemedium in which they were grown. The moisture release characteristicof shoots and plantlets was consistent with that expected fortypical plant tissues, and gave estimates of maximum modulusof elasticity (6.201.14 MPa), osmotic potential at saturation(–0.85 0.10 MPa), osmotic potential at zero turgor (–1.16 0.14 MPa) and RWC at zero turgor (78 2%) which were similarto values in the literature. Higher values of leaf conductanceand RWC were found in shoots and plantlets placed at 95% RH(21 C) compared to those at 90% RH. Plantlets had higher valuesof both conductance and RWC compared to shoots, suggesting thatinvitroroots are functional in water uptake. Relative water contentwas related to measures of physiological activity such as leafconductance, and it was also easier to measure than water potential.Relative water content is suggested as a sound index of waterstatus in tissue culture plants. Key words: Conductance, microculture, water status, water stress.     

Growth-induced water potentials may mobilize internal water for growth

Abstract. Wphen there is no external source of water, plants can grow by mobilizing internal water from nongrowing tissues. We investigated how this internal water moves by measuring continuously and simultaneously the water potential (ψ_w) of soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) seedlings in the upper, growing stem tissues and the lower, non-growing stem tissues. When external water was available to the roots, the stems grew rapidly and the ψ_w of the growing tissue was continually below that of the nongrowing tissue and the medium around the roots. This indicated that a growth-induced gradient in ψ_w favoured water movement from the external source to the growing cells. When the external source was removed, the ψ_w of the growing tissue remained constant for a time and the ψ_w of the nongrowing tissue decreased somewhat. Growth took place slowly as water was withdrawn from the nongrowing tissue but ψ_w gradients continued to favour water transport to the growing cells. On the other hand, if this internal source was removed by excision, growth ceased abruptly. In this case, the cell walls relaxed and the ψ_w of the growing tissue decreased by about 0.1 MPa instead of remaining constant. The ψ_w of the detached nongrowing tissues remained constant instead of decreasing. This indicates not only that water mobilization required attached nongrowing or slowly growing tissues but also that mobilization affected wall relaxation. Thus, ψ_w differences may mobilize internal water, may explain the continued growth of plants and plant parts removed from external sources of water, and may account for discrepancies in measurements of cell wall properties in growing tissues.     

An ambient water loop system for USP purified water

An ambient loop USP purified water system has been designed and implemented using carbon and ion exchange resin beds, ultraviolet light systems and polishing filters to produce water consistently meeting or exceeding all USP XXIII quality specifications for purified water. The circulation system is constructed of PVDF plastic piping material installed in a continuous fully-drainable loop. The system was sized for a pilot scale fermentation/harvest process at the 1000?l cultivation scale. This system passed all installation and operational qualification testing as well as sixty days of continuous performance qualification testing before entering into an ongoing monitoring regimen. Excursions outside acceptable water quality parameters during this extensive monitoring regimen were minimal. Sanitization of the system, along with bed and filter changes at the time of sanitization, was conducted every 3 to 6 months to insure consistent water quality.