组织培养诱导外源染色体发生结构变异及其在小麦易位系创制中的利用

组织培养诱导外源染色体发生结构变异及其在小麦易位系创制中的利用@李洪杰$中国科学院遗传研究所植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室!北京100101@贾旭$中国科学院遗传研究所植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室!北京100101@楚成才$中国科学院植物研究所!北京100093小麦;;染色体;;结构变异;;易位系     

ph1b基因对簇毛麦遗传物质导入普通小麦的影响

ph1b基因对簇毛麦遗传物质导入普通小麦的影响@陈静$中国科学院成都生物研究所!成都610041ph1b基因;;小麦;;簇毛麦     

利用分子细胞遗传学方法向小麦中转移和富积优异外源基因

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化学杀雄剂导致小麦雄性不育分子机制的初步研究

化学杀雄剂导致小麦雄性不育分子机制的初步研究@张爱民$中国农业大学植物遗传育种系!北京100094,China小麦;;杀雄剂;;雄性不育;;分子机制     

多枝赖草DNA导入小麦引起重要农艺性状变化及相应的分子证据

多枝赖草DNA导入小麦引起重要农艺性状变化及相应的分子证据@李维琪$中国科学院新疆化学研究所!乌鲁木齐830000小麦;;多枝赖草DNA;;农艺性状     

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过去50年中中国小麦品种在Glu-A1,Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点上等位基因的变化@张学勇$中国农业科学院品种资源研究所!北京100081,China@董玉琛$中国农业科学院品种资源研究所!北京100081,China小麦;;基因     

小麦品种复壮30中与抗白粉病基因连锁的一个RAPD标记

小麦品种复壮30中与抗白粉病基因连锁的一个RAPD标记@王立新$北京市农业科学院植物细胞工程实验室!北京100089小麦;;抗白粉病;;基因;;RAPD标记     

细菌视紫红质分支光循环研究的新起点——蓝膜

细菌视紫红质分支光循环研究的新起点——蓝膜@张国艳$中国科学院化学研究所分子科学中心!北京100080 @李宝芳$中国科学院化学研究所分子科学中心!北京100080 @江龙$中国科学院化学研究所分子科学中心!北京100080~~     

认识和改良中国小麦蛋白质量的遗传基础:策略与现有的研究

认识和改良中国小麦蛋白质量的遗传基础:策略与现有的研究@王道文$中国科学院遗传研究所植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室!北京100101@曲乐庆$中国科学院遗传研究所植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室!北京100101@贾旭$中国科学院遗传研究所植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室!北京100101@张相岐$中国科学院遗传研究所植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室!北京100101@万永芳$中国科学院遗传研究所植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室!北京100101@李振声$中国科学院遗传研究所植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室!北京100101小麦;;蛋白…     

小麦分子与细胞遗传学研讨会论文摘要（2000年4月22—28日）——培育磷高效小麦品种的遗传学与生理学基础

小麦分子与细胞遗传学研讨会论文摘要2000年4月22～28日 培育磷高效小麦品种的遗传学与生理学基础@李振声$中国科学院遗传研究所植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室!北京100101磷高效;;小麦;;生理基础     

Functional analysis of the ver gene using antisense transgenic wheat

The function of ver203 , a gene related to vernalization in winter wheat, was investigated by expression of a complementary DNA as an antisense RNA in transgenic plants. A verc203:gus fusion‐expression plasmid was constructed in pBI221, which contains a CaMV (cauliflower mosaic virus) 35S‐promoter, a gus gene and a nos terminator. The construct was then introduced into the plant by the pollen‐tube pathway. The results showed that heading was strongly inhibited in 6 of 326 vernalized antisense transgenic winter wheat plants, until both the vernalized control winter wheat and sense transgenic plants ripened. The hybridization analysis of DNA, amplification of the insert DNA sequences with PCR, northern blot analysis with double‐ and single‐stranded probes, and detection of GUS activity by X‐gluc assay gave strong positive results. This suggests that the VER203 protein plays an important role in controlling heading and flower development in winter wheat.     

Existence of homologous sequences corresponding to cDNA of the ver gene in diverse higher plant species

INTRODUCT1ONIn the vast majority of higher plalls, a transitionfrom vegetative growth to reproductive developmentis strongly influenced by a set of environmental fac-tors, such as photoperiod, temperatu-re etc. Bothwinter trait and biennia1 plants require a period of1ow temperature fOr switching from vegetative to re-productive growth, and this process is known as ver-na1ization. Several physiological and genetic inves-tigations showed that the vrngenes control the ver-nalization traits of…     

利用反义RNA技术分析春化相关基因VER17在冬小麦花发育过程中的功能

为了研究小麦春化相关基因VER17的功能,应用反义RNA技术,将VER17基因的反义片段构建到载体pBI121上,通过花粉管通道法获取转基因小麦.对T0代转基因植株GUS染色以及PCR等分子鉴定,得到14株含反义VERJ7基因片段的阳性转基因植株.对T0代和T1代的表型观察结果显示,VER17反义转基因植株开花时间延迟,并且穗的顶部和基部小花出现明显的退化.表明春化相关基因VER17在小麦发育过程中可能起到促进植物开花以及穗顶端和基部花发育的作用,减少小花退化,同时对雄蕊的发育也有影响.     

Vernalization-induced changes of the DNA methylation pattern in winter wheat.

Vernalization is a cold treatment that induces or accelerates flowering and insures that temperate-zone plants will not flower until after winter. There is evidence that vernalization results in DNA demethylation that induces flowering. Differences in DNA methylation can be determined using methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Methylation-sensitive AFLPs utilize restriction enzyme isoschizomers that are differentially sensitive to methylation, producing polymorphisms related to methylation differences as opposed to sequence differences. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) have been developed for spring vs. winter habit in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and allow for the study of a single vernalization locus. In this study, differences in the methylation pattern were determined for spring and winter NILs, as well as for unvernalized and vernalized individuals. Winter wheat was more highly methylated than spring wheat and methylation-related AFLPs were produced between winter and spring wheat. Changes in the methylation pattern were observed at the end of vernalization, one week after the end of vernalization, and four weeks after the end of vernalization of winter wheat. However, the most methylation differences were observed one week after removal of winter wheat from cold treatment. Our data suggest that there is not only a vernalization-induced demethylation related to flower induction, but there is also a more general and non-specific demethylation of sequences unrelated to flowering. Two methylation-related AFLPs induced by vernalization were shared among all of the winter NILs.     

Experiencing winter for spring flowering: A molecular epigenetic perspective on vernalization

Many over-wintering plants, through vernalization, overcome a block to flowering and thus acquire competence to flower in the following spring after experiencing prolonged cold exposure or winter cold. The vernalization pathways in different angiosperm lineages appear to have convergently evolved to adapt to temperate climates. Molecular and epigenetic mechanisms for vernalization regulation have been well studied in the crucifer model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.Here, we review recent progresses on the vernalization pathway in Arabidopsis. In addition, we summarize current molecular and genetic understandings of vernalization regulation in temperate grasses including wheat and Brachypodium, two monocots from Pooideae, followed by a brief discussion on divergence of the vernalization pathways between Brassicaceae and Pooideae.     

Vernalization-induced flowering in wheat is mediated by a lectin-like gene VER2

A vernalization-related gene VER2 was isolated from winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) using a differential screening approach. The deduced VER2 is a lectin-like protein of 300 amino acids, which contains the presence of a jacalin-like GWG domain. RNA in situ hybridization results demonstrated that VER2 gene expression is restricted to the marginal meristems of immature leaves in vernalized wheat seedlings. No hybridization signal was detected in the epidermal tissue and vascular bundles. However, "devernalization" resulted in the silencing of VER2 gene activity. The gene expression pattern of VER2 induced by jasmonate was similar to that induced by vernalization. Antisense inhibition of VER2 in transgenic wheat showed that heading and maturation time were delayed up to 6 weeks compared with non-transformed wheat and the pBI121empty-vector-transformed wheat. Tissue degeneration at the top of the spike was also noticed in the antisense inhibited transgenic wheat. These results suggest that VER2 plays an important role in vernalization signaling and spike development in winter wheat.     

Wheat SOC1 functions independently of WAP1/VRN1, an integrator of vernalization and photoperiod flowering promotion pathways

Heading time in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is determined by three characters – vernalization requirement, photoperiodic sensitivity and narrow-sense earliness (earliness per se) – which are involved in the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. The wheat APETALA1 ( AP1 )-like MADS-box gene, wheat AP1 ( WAP1 , identical with VRN1 ), has been identified as an integrator of vernalization and photoperiod flowering promotion pathways. A MADS-box gene, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 ( SOC1 ) is an integrator of flowering pathways in Arabidopsis . In this study, we isolated a wheat ortholog of SOC1 , wheat SOC1 ( WSOC1 ), and investigated its relationship to WAP1 in the flowering pathway. WSOC1 is expressed in young spikes but preferentially expressed in leaves. Expression starts before the phase transition and is maintained during the reproductive growth phase. Overexpression of WSOC1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants caused early flowering under short-day conditions, suggesting that WSOC1 functions as a flowering activator in Arabidopsis . WSOC1 expression is affected neither by vernalization nor photoperiod, whereas it is induced by gibberellin at the seedling stage. Furthermore, WSOC1 is expressed in transgenic wheat plants in which WAP1 expression is cosuppressed. These findings indicate that WSOC1 acts in a pathway different from the WAP1 -related vernalization and photoperiod pathways.     

The function of the flowering time gene AGL20 is conserved in Crucifers

The MADS box gene, AGAMOUS-LIKE 20 (AGL20), integrates environmental and endogenous flowering signals in Arabidopsis thaliana. In order to determine if its role is conserved in other plants, we isolated AGL20 orthologs from Brassica campestris, Cardamine flexuosa and Draba nemorosa. The putative amino acid sequences of the orthologs were 94 to 97% identical. We analyzed the flowering phenotype and expression level of the AGL20 ortholog in C. flexuosa, a long day plant that does not respond to vernalization. CaAGL20 was more highly expressed in long days than short days and its expression did not change in response to vernalization, indicating that its expression is correlated with flowering time, as in Arabidopsis. When the Brassica AGL20 ortholog was constitutively expressed in sense and antisense orientations using the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, some of the sense transgenic plants flowered extremely early and some of the antisense plants exhibited delayed flowering. These results suggest that the role of AGL20 is conserved in Crucifers.     

Vernalization,a Switch in Initiation of Flowering,Promotes Differentiation and Development of Spikelet in Winter Wheat

Vernalization is a decisive physiological process for heading, flowering and graining of biennial plants. Variable duration of low-temperature treatment has effects on lateral morphogenesis, such as spike initiation, floral development and graining rate in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The investigation data showed that the duration of vernalization treatment was a decisive factor for the initiation of spike relevant to the time of initiation; the longer the duration at low temperature, the earlier the spike initiation in winter wheat. In the process of the spike differentiation, relatively lower temperature and longer differential time benefited for spike differentiation. Under laboratory condition, a low-temperature treatment for 45 d was optial for flower differentiation and graining in winter wheat. It is novelly recognized that vernalization treatment is essential for development of both spikes and spikelets, besides for promoting initiation of differentiation in winter wheat.     

Characterization of three VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3-like (VIL) homologs in wild wheat, Aegilops tauschii Coss

Control of flowering time is an adaptive trait of plants for different growth habitats. A vernalization requirement is a major genetic component determining wheat flowering time. Arabidopsis VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3) and VIN3-like 1 (VIL1) play critical roles in the vernalization pathway of flowering, and three wheat VIL homologs are upregulated by vernalization in einkorn wheat. To study the relationship between vernalization and wheat VIL homologs in Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome progenitor of common wheat, we isolated three cDNAs orthologous to the einkorn wheat VIL genes. The three Ae. tauschii VIL genes showed many single nucleotide polymorphisms including non-synonymous substitutions relative to the einkorn orthologs. In addition, high rates of non-synonymous and synonymous substitutions were revealed by intraspecific variation analysis of the AetVIL sequences, suggesting adaptive evolution at the AetVIL loci. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was conducted to examine the time course of expression of the VIL genes during vernalization. Of the three AetVIL genes, AetVIL2 was upregulated after one week of low-temperature treatment, and its expression pattern was distinct for winter and spring habit accessions. These observations strongly suggest that AetVIL2 is associated with the vernalization-responsive pathway in Ae. tauschii.