荧光假单胞菌M18 rpoD克隆及其对抗生素合成的影响

荧光假单胞菌M18对多种植物病原真菌具有显著的抑制作用。荧光假单胞菌(Pseuclomones fluo-rescens)M18能同时合成吩嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)和藤黄绿菌素(P1t)两种抗生素。从M18的基因组中克隆了rpoD基因,其相应的氨基酸序列与荧光假单胞菌CHAO中RpoD蛋白的氨基酸序列完全相同。利用基因重组技术和大肠杆菌-荧光假单胞菌穿梭质粒,pME6032,将rpoD置于强启动子Ptac的控制下,导入M18菌株。发现经重组质粒转化的M18,与对照相比,培养基中PCA和Plt开始累积的时间分别提前4h和8h,积累量提高1倍和6倍.     

荧光假单胞菌M18rpoD克隆及其对抗生素合成的影响

荧光假单胞菌M18对多种植物病原真菌具有显著的抑制作用。荧光假单胞菌(Pseuclomones fluorescens)M18能同时合成吩嗪1羧酸（PCA）和藤黄绿菌素(Plt) 两种抗生素。从M18的基因组中克隆了rpoD基因,其相应的氨基酸序列与荧光假单胞菌CHAO中RpoD蛋白的氨基酸序列完全相同。利用基因重组技术和大肠杆菌荧光假单胞菌穿梭质粒pME6032,将rpoD置于强启动子Ptac的控制下,导入M18菌株。发现经重组质粒转化的M18,与对照相比,培养基中PCA和Plt开始累积的时间分别提前4h和8h,积累量提高1倍和6倍。     

抗生素2,4二乙酰基间苯三酚作为荧光假单胞菌2P24菌株生防功能因子的实证分析

荧光假单胞杆菌2P24菌株分离自小麦全蚀病自然衰退土壤,它是酚类抗生素2,4二乙酰基间苯三酚（2,4DAPG）的高产菌,对多种土传病害具有较好的防治能力。利用同源重组构建2,4DAPG合成基因的定位突变体,并对突变体进行基因互补,通过检测突变菌株和恢复突变菌株抗生素产量和生防效果确定2,4DAPG在菌株2P24生防功能中的作用。实验中,定位突变体丧失产生抗生素和拮抗病原菌的能力,而恢复突变体的抗生素产量和拮抗能力均恢复至野生菌水平。在对番茄青枯病的防病试验中,2,4DAPG突变体的防效低且下降快,而恢复突变体的生防能力与野生菌相当,且效果稳定。由此可确定2,4DAPG是菌株2P24防治番茄青枯病的主要因子,在防效上起关键作用。     

铜绿假单胞菌M18 rsmY突变株的构建及其对PCA和Plt的区别性调控

【目的】在假单胞菌中,小RNA(sRNA)参与初级和次级代谢产物、多种毒素因子以及菌群传感系统的调控,通过在植物根际促生铜绿假单胞菌M18中研究RsmY对吩嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)和藤黄绿菌素(Plt)两种抗生素的调控作用,深入了解假单胞菌中次级代谢的途径并为构建高产抗生素工程菌株提供了一定的理论基础。【方法】运用同源重组技术,构建了铜绿假单胞菌M18株的rsmY突变菌株M18RY,通过基因过表达、lacZ报告基因融合分析实验,进一步验证了RsmY对抗生素合成基因的调控作用。【结果】比较野生型M18和突变株M18RY中PCA和Plt在同一培养条件下的生物合成量,突变菌株M18RY中PCA的产量显著增加,为野生型菌株的5倍左右,而Plt的产量降为野生型的1/8。LacZ报告基因融合分析进一步证明了RsmY对PCA的负调控作用主要是通过phz2基因簇来实现的。【结论】结果表明,rsmY基因区别性调控PCA和Plt的生物合成。     

细菌群体感应参与铜绿假单胞菌胞内聚羟基脂肪酸酯合成的调控

群体感应是细菌根据细胞密度变化调控基因表达的一种调节机制。铜绿假单胞菌中QS系统由lasI和rhlI合成的信号分子3OC12-HSL和C4-HSL以及各自的受体蛋白LasR、RhlR组成,它们以级联方式调控多个基因表达。【目的】研究细菌群体感应(QS)对聚羟基脂肪酸酯合成的调控。【方法】利用铜绿假单胞菌PAO1及其QS突变株为材料通过气相色谱、荧光定量PCR在生理和分子水平上研究QS对聚羟基脂肪酸酯合成的调控。【结果】QS信号分子合成抑制剂阿奇霉素处理铜绿假单胞菌PAO1和QS突变株导致胞内PHA积累量显著减少;铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中C4-HSL合成酶基因rhlI缺失突变株PAO210胞内PHA积累量与野生型无差别;而3OC12-HSL合成酶基因lasI缺失突变株PAO55、3OC12-HSL受体合成酶基因lasR缺失突变株PAO56以及lasI/lasR双缺失突变株PAO57胞内PHA含量与野生型相比明显减少;lasI和lasR的突变株体内PHA合成酶基因phaC1的表达量显著降低,信号分子3OC12-HSL回补实验使phaC1的表达量可恢复到野生株水平,但只可部分恢复lasI缺失导致的胞内PHA合成。【结论】由此推测,铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统中lasI/lasR系统参与胞内聚羟基脂肪酸酯合成的调控。     

荧光假单胞菌抗生性代谢产物合成相关基因的研究现状

荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)是一种重要的植物根际促生菌,它能够产生藤黄绿脓菌素、2,4-二乙酰基藤黄酚、硝吡咯菌素、吩嗪-1-羧酸等抗生性次级代谢产物,可抑制多种病原物,在农作物土传病害的生物防治研究中具有重要意义.总结了荧光假单胞菌中已确立的抗生性次级代谢产物的合成机制,重点阐述了相关基因的结构、功能,以及利用生物工程技术对荧光假单胞菌进行遗传操作的最新进展,同时对荧光假单胞菌在生物防治中的应用和其作为生防菌剂的前景进行了展望.     

荧光假单胞菌M18的rpoS基因克隆及其功能分析

从荧光假单胞菌 (Pseudomonasfluorescentsp .)M1 8基因组中克隆了RNA聚合酶的稳定期σs 因子编码基因rpoS ,推测其氨基酸序列与铜绿假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌和恶臭假单胞菌的同源性分别为 99 1 %、87 35 %和87 8%。利用体外定点插入突变和同源重组技术 ,构建了M1 8的rpoS突变株M1 8R- 。对突变株M1 8R- 合成抗生素吩嗪 1 羧酸 (PCA)和藤黄绿菌素 (Plt)的动力学分析结果表明 ,在KB或PPM培养基中 ,突变株合成PCA的能力比野生型分别提高了 2 5或 5 78倍 ,但Plt的积累量不受影响。与野生型相比 ,突变株对碳源饥饿的耐性下降。同时 ,在碳源饥饿条件下对过氧化氢、乙醇和和氯化钠等环境胁迫的交叉保护性减小 ,存活率显著降低     

假单胞菌M18 relA 突变株的构建及其对吩嗪-1-羧酸合成的调控

假单胞菌M18是一株能同时合成吩嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)和藤黄绿菌素两种抗生素的植物根际分离细菌。RelA催化合成的效应分子ppGpp能介导细菌因营养饥饿引起的应激反应。以M18菌株染色体DNA为模板,PCR扩增获得relA基因,通过庆大霉素抗性片段插入失活与同源重组技术,构建假单胞菌M18的relA突变菌株M18RAG。在PPM培养基中进行PCA发酵分析,发现突变菌株M18RAG的PCA产量显著升高,约为野生型菌株的1.5-2倍。relA基因反式互补实验以及phzA′-′lacZ翻译融合测定结果,均进一步证明了RelA对PCA生物合成及其基因表达具有抑制作用。     

基于核糖体基因序列快速鉴定产脂肪酶微生物

利用含罗丹明B的橄榄油检测平板从中国各省市油污土壤中分离、筛选产脂肪酶微生物菌株,扩增细菌的核糖体基因16S rDNA序列和真菌的ITS2序列,分析核糖体基因簇DNA,并结合形态学特征从而对产脂肪酶菌株进行分子生物学鉴定.核糖体基因16S rDNA序列分析及系统发育分析表明,分离得到的产脂肪酶细菌分别属于枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes)、洋葱伯克霍尔德氏(Burkholderia cepacia)、琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobater jurii)、嗜麦芽窄食单孢菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)和荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.);真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS2)序列及同源性分析表明产脂肪酶真菌分别属于黑曲酶(Aspergillus niger)、白地酶(Galactomyces geotrichum)、解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)、丝孢酵母(Trichosporon guehoae)和假丝酵母(Candida sp.).研究结果表明,核糖体基因簇的DNA分析技术为从自然界分离、鉴定产脂肪酶菌种提供了一种快速有效的手段,为产脂肪酶微生物资源开发利用奠定了技术基础.     

假单胞菌M18调控基因ppbR的克隆及功能研究

假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)M18是促进植物生长的根际细菌,能产生吩嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)和藤黄绿菌素(Plt)两种不同的抗生素.根据生物信息学分析,铜绿假单胞菌PA2572基因编码蛋白可能是一个双元调控系统的应答调节子.本研究从假单胞菌M18基因组中扩增出PA2572同源基因片段ppbR,利用体外定点插入突变和同源重组技术构建了M18的ppbR突变株M18P.研究结果表明,突变株M18P在泳动能力和群集运动能力上有显著的下降.突变株合成PCA的能力比野生型有显著的下降,在发酵液中PCA积累量仅为野生型的50%.在KMB培养基中,突变株Plt的积累量和野生型没有显著的差异.     

Biocontrol of avocado dematophora root rot by antagonistic Pseudomonas fluorescens PCL1606 correlates with the production of 2-hexyl 5-propyl resorcinol

A collection of 905 bacterial isolates from the rhizospheres of healthy avocado trees was obtained and screened for antagonistic activity against Dematophora necatrix, the cause of avocado Dematophora root rot (also called white root rot). A set of eight strains was selected on the basis of growth inhibitory activity against D. necatrix and several other important soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. After typing of these strains, they were classified as belonging to Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas putida. The eight antagonistic Pseudomonas spp. were analyzed for their secretion of hydrogen cyanide, hydrolytic enzymes, and antifungal metabolites. P. chlororaphis strains produced the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and phenazine-1-carboxamide. Upon testing the biocontrol ability of these strains in a newly developed avocado-D. necatrix test system and in a tomato-F oxysporum test system, it became apparent that P. fluorescens PCL1606 exhibited the highest biocontrol ability. The major antifungal activity produced by strain P. fluorescens PCL1606 did not correspond to any of the major classes of antifungal antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas biocontrol strains. This compound was purified and subsequently identified as 2-hexyl 5-propyl resorcinol (HPR). To study the role of HPR in biocontrol activity, two Tn5 mutants of P. fluorescens PCL1606 impaired in antagonistic activity were selected. These mutants were shown to impair HRP production and showed a decrease in biocontrol activity. As far as we know, this is the first report of a Pseudomonas biocontrol strain that produces HPR in which the production of this compound correlates with its biocontrol activity.     

Involvement of gacS and rpoS in enhancement of the plant growth-promoting capabilities of Enterobacter cloacae CAL2 and UW4

The plant growth-promoting bacteria Enterobacter cloacae CAL2 and UW4 were genetically transformed with a multicopy plasmid containing an rpoS or gacS gene from Pseudomonas fluorescens. The transformed strains were compared with the nontransformed strains for growth, indoleacetic acid (IAA) production, antibiotic production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, siderophore production, cell morphology, and the ability to promote canola root elongation. All transformed strains had a longer lag phase, were slower in reaching stationary phase, and attained a higher cell density than the nontransformed strains. Transformation resulted in cells that were significantly shorter than the nontransformed cells. The transformed strains also produced significantly more IAA than the nontransformed strains. Introduction of rpoS or gacS from Pseudomonas fluorescens was associated with a reduction in the production of both antibiotics, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and mono-acetylphloroglucinol, produced by Enterobacter cloacae CAL2. With Enterobacter cloacae CAL2, plasmid-borne rpoS, but not gacS, increased the level of ACC deaminase activity, while introduction of rpoS in Enterobacter cloacae UW4 caused a decrease in ACC deaminase activity. Neither gacS nor rpoS significantly affected the level of siderophores synthesized by either bacterial strain. Overproduction of either GacA or RpoS in Enterobacter cloacae CAL2 resulted in a significant increase in the root lengths of canola seedlings when seeds were treated with the bacteria, and overproduction of RpoS caused an increase in canola shoot as well as root lengths.     

Population Structure and Diversity of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid Producing Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. from Dryland Cereal Fields of Central Washington State (USA)

Certain strains of the rhizosphere bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens contain the phenazine biosynthesis operon (phzABCDEFG) and produce redox-active phenazine antibiotics that suppress a wide variety of soilborne plant pathogens. In 2007 and 2008, we isolated 412 phenazine-producing (Phz(+)) fluorescent Pseudomonas strains from roots of dryland wheat and barley grown in the low-precipitation region (<350 mm annual precipitation) of central Washington State. Based on results of BOX-PCR genomic fingerprinting analysis, these isolates, as well as the model biocontrol Phz(+) strain P. fluorescens 2-79, were assigned to 31 distinct genotypes separated into four clusters. All of the isolates exhibited high 16S rDNA sequence similarity to members of the P. fluorescens species complex including Pseudomonas orientalis, Pseudomonas gessardii, Pseudomonas libanensis, and Pseudomonas synxantha. Further recA-based sequence analyses revealed that the majority of new Phz(+) isolates (386 of 413) form a clade distinctly separated from P. fluorescens 2-79. Analysis of phzF alleles, however, revealed that the majority of those isolates (280 of 386) carried phenazine biosynthesis genes similar to those of P. fluorescens 2-79. phzF-based analyses also revealed that phenazine genes were under purifying selection and showed evidence of intracluster recombination. Phenotypic analyses using Biolog substrate utilization and observations of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid production showed considerable variability amongst members of all four clusters. Biodiversity indices indicated significant differences in diversity and evenness between the sampled sites. In summary, this study revealed a genotypically and phenotypically diverse group of phenazine producers with a population structure not seen before in indigenous rhizosphere-inhabiting Phz(+) Pseudomonas spp.     

Detection of antibiotic-related genes from bacterial biocontrol agents with polymerase chain reaction

Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23, Pseudomonas spp. strain DF41, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BS6 consistently inhibit infection of canola petals by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in both greenhouse and field experiments. Bacillus thuringiensis BS8, Bacillus cereus L, and Bacillus mycoides S have shown significant inhibition against S. sclerotiorum on plate assays. The presence of antibiotic biosynthetic or self-resistance genes in these strains was investigated with polymerase chain reaction and, in one case, Southern blotting. Thirty primers were used to amplify (i) antibiotic biosythetic genes encoding phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, pyoluteorin, and pyrrolnitrin, and (ii) the zwittermicin A self-resistance gene. Our findings revealed that the fungal antagonist P. chlororaphis PA23 contains biosynthetic genes for phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and pyrrolnitrin. Moreover, production of these compounds was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography. Pseudomonas spp. DF41 and B. amyloliquefaciens BS6 do not appear to harbour genes for any of the antibiotics tested. Bacillus thuringiensis BS8, B. cereus L, and B. mycoides S contain the zwittermicin A self-resistance gene. This is the first report of zmaR in B. mycoides.     

Biological control of rice bacterial blight by plant-associated bacteria producing 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol

Certain plant-associated strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. are known to produce the antimicrobial antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG). It has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antihelminthic properties and has played a significant role in the biological control of tobacco, wheat, and sugar beet diseases. It has never been reported from India and has not been implicated in the biological suppression of a major disease of the rice crop. Here, we report that a subpopulation of 27 strains of plant-associated Pseudomonas fluorescens screened in a batch of 278 strains of fluorescent pseudomonads produced DAPG. The DAPG production was detected by a PCR-based screening method that used primers Phl2a and Phl2b and amplified a 745-bp fragment characteristic of DAPG. HPLC, 1H NMR, and IR analyses provided further evidence for its production. We report also that this compound inhibited the growth of the devastating rice bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in laboratory assays and suppressed rice bacterial blight up to 59%-64% in net-house and field experiments. Tn5 mutants defective in DAPG production (Phl-) of P. fluorescens PTB 9 were much less effective in their suppression of rice bacterial blight.     

Identification of differences in genome content among phlD-positive Pseudomonas fluorescens strains by using PCR-based subtractive hybridization

Certain 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens colonize roots and suppress soilborne diseases more effectively than others from which they are otherwise phenotypically almost indistinguishable. We recovered DNA fragments present in the superior colonizer P. fluorescens Q8r1-96 but not in the less rhizosphere-competent strain Q2-87. Of the open reading frames in 32 independent Q8r1-96-specific clones, 1 was similar to colicin M from Escherichia coli, 3 resembled known regulatory proteins, and 28 had no significant match with sequences of known function. Seven clones hybridized preferentially to DNA from strains with superior rhizosphere competence, and sequences in two others were highly expressed in vitro and in the rhizosphere.     

Comparative study of 7 fluorescent pseudomonad clinical isolates

There is some debate about the potential survival of Pseudomonas fluorescens at temperatures above 37 degrees C and its consequences for infectious potential, owing to the heterogeneity of clinical strains. Seven clinical strains growing at 37 degrees C or more were submitted for polyphasic identification; 2 were identified as Pseudomonas mosselii and 4 were precisely characterized as P. fluorescens bv. I or II. The binding indexes on glial cells of the strains identified as P. fluorescens bv. I and P. mosselii were compared with that of a reference psychrotrophic strain, P. fluorescens MF37 (bv. V). Clinical P. fluorescens had a similar adherence potential range than strain MF37. Conversely, the binding indexes for P. mosselii strains were 3 times greater than that for strain MF37. These data, and those obtained by comparing the cytotoxic activities of P. fluorescens clinical strains, suggest the existence of different virulence mechanisms, leading either to a low infectious form or to a microorganism with cytotoxic activity in the same range as that of P. mosselii or even Pseudomonas aeruginosa.     

Effect of transferring 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase genes into Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 and its gacA derivative CHA96 on their growth-promoting and disease-suppressive capacities

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0, a root colonizing bacterium, has a broad spectrum of biocontrol activity against plant diseases. However, strain CHA0 is unable to utilize 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of plant ethylene, as a sole source of nitrogen. This suggests that CHA0 does not contain the enzyme ACC deaminase, which cleaves ACC to ammonia and alpha-ketobutyrate, and was previously shown to promote root elongation of plant seedlings treated with bacteria containing this enzyme. An ACC deaminase gene, together with its regulatory region, was transferred into P. fluorescens strains CHA0 and CHA96, a global regulatory gacA mutant of CHA0. ACC deaminase activity was expressed in both CHA0 and CHA96. Transformed strains with ACC deaminase activity increased root length of canola plants under gnotobiotic conditions, whereas strains without this activity had no effect. Introduction of ACC deaminase genes into strain CHA0 improved its ability to protect cucumber against Pythium damping-off, and potato tubers against Erwinia soft rot in small hermetically sealed containers. In contrast, ACC deaminase activity had no significant effect on the ability of CHA0 to protect tomato against Fusarium crown and root rot, and potato tubers against soft rot in large hermetically sealed containers. These results suggest that (i) ACC deaminase activity may have lowered the level of plant ethylene thereby increasing root length; (ii) the role of stress-generated plant ethylene in susceptibility or resistance depends on the host-pathogen system, and on the experimental conditions used; and (iii) the constructed strains could be developed as biosensors for the role of ethylene in plant diseases.     

Engineering Pseudomonas fluorescens for biodegradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene

Using the genes encoding the 2,4-dinitrotoluene degradation pathway enzymes, the nonpathogenic psychrotolerant rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17400 was genetically modified for degradation of this priority pollutant. First, a recombinant strain designated MP was constructed by conjugative transfer from Burkholderia sp. strain DNT of the pJS1 megaplasmid, which contains the dnt genes for 2,4-dinitrotoluene degradation. This strain was able to grow on 2,4-dinitrotoluene as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy at levels equivalent to those of Burkholderia sp. strain DNT. Nevertheless, loss of the 2,4-dinitrotoluene degradative phenotype was observed for strains carrying pJS1. The introduction of dnt genes into the P.fluorescens ATCC 17400 chromosome, using a suicide chromosomal integration Tn5-based delivery plasmid system, generated a degrading strain that was stable for a long time, which was designated RE. This strain was able to use 2,4-dinitrotoluene as a sole nitrogen source and to completely degrade this compound as a cosubstrate. Furthermore, P. fluorescens RE, but not Burkholderia sp. strain DNT, was capable of degrading 2,4-dinitrotoluene at temperatures as low as 10 degrees C. Finally, the presence of P. fluorescens RE in soils containing levels of 2,4-dinitrotoluene lethal to plants significantly decreased the toxic effects of this nitro compound on Arabidopsis thaliana growth. Using synthetic medium culture, P. fluorescens RE was found to be nontoxic for A.thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum, whereas under these conditions Burkholderia sp. strain DNT inhibited A.thaliana seed germination and was lethal to plants. These features reinforce the advantageous environmental robustness of P. fluorescens RE compared with Burkholderia sp. strain DNT.     

油松菌根促生细菌——荧光假单胞菌的分离与鉴定

为了探讨菌根促生细菌荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)与菌根真菌的互作关系,本实验从油松菌根上分离得到36株在紫外灯下产荧光的细菌菌株,以荧光假单胞菌9702作为标准菌株,对分离菌株进行显微观察、生物学鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,结果确定HDY-8、HDY-9、HDY-20、HDY-35共 4株菌株为荧光假单胞菌,并分别命名为P.fluorescens HDY-8、P.fluorescens HDY-9、P.fluorescens HDY-20、P.fluorescens HDY-35.用这4株细菌菌株分别与外生菌根真菌(ECMF)粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus bovinus)、褐环粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)和褐黄牛肝菌(Boletus luridus)进行纯培养互作研究.结果表明,只有P.fluorescens HDY-20对3种外生菌根真菌有不同程度的促生作用,并对S.luteus促进效果最好,S.bovinus次之,B.luridus最差;P.fluorescens HDY-20促进S.bovinus、S.luteus和B.luridus菌丝生长的最佳浓度分别为2.4×109 cfu/mL、0.8×109～2.4×109 cfu/mL和0.8×109 cfu/mL,与对照相比S.bovinus和S.luteus的生物量达到极显著差异(P<0.01),B.luridus的达到显著差异(P<0.05),且分别比对照增加6.5%、9.1%和4.3%.