粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)β酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅱ同源蛋白功能分析

FabB 和FabF是大肠杆菌(Escherichia. coli)脂肪酸合成的关键酶. 生物信息学分析显示，粪肠球菌基因组中有2个与大肠杆菌fabF同源的基因：fabF1和fabF2，缺少与fabB同源的基因. 用粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)V583总DNA为模板，PCR扩增 fabF1和 fabF2基因， 以pBAD24为载体，构建了重组质粒pHW13(fabF1)和pHW14(fabF2). 体内体外研究显示： fabF1基因能互补大肠杆菌fabB突变， FabF1具有β酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅰ(FabB)活性；fabF2能互补大肠杆菌fabF突变，FabF2 具有β酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅱ(FabF)活性. 同时发现粪肠球菌FabF2不同于大肠杆菌FabF，它还拥有微弱β酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅰ(FabB)活性，可使大肠杆菌fabB突变株产生少量的不饱和脂肪酸. 上述结果表明，FabF类酶 (FabF like enzyme) 同样可以具有β酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅰ(FabB) 活性.     

苜蓿中华根瘤菌fabA和fabB基因功能的鉴定

在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)脂肪酸合成酶体系中,fabA基因编码有双功能的3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水异构酶,其异构产物能被fabB基因编码的3-酮基脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅰ延伸,合成不饱和脂肪酸,该FabA-FabB途径被认为是缺氧条件下不饱和脂肪酸合成的经典途径．生物信息学分析发现,苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)的SmFabA与EcFabA相似性达到60.6%,具有相同的保守活性位点和两个保守的α螺旋结构;SmFabB与EcFabB相似性达到61.1%,具有相同的Cys-His-His活性中心．用携带SmfabA和SmfabB的质粒载体遗传互补大肠杆菌温度敏感突变株CY57和CY242,在添加三氯森(TCL)抑制烯脂酰ACP还原酶活性的条件下,转化子能在42℃恢复生长,且放射性薄层层析能检测到转化子中不饱和脂肪酸棕榈油酸(Δ9C16:1)和十八碳烯酸(Δ11C18:1)的合成．体外重建脂肪酸合成反应表明,SmFabA能催化羟脂酰ACP的脱水反应且能够使反-2-癸烯酰ACP异构化,SmFabB能催化不同链长的脂酰ACP和丙二酸单酰ACP的聚合反应．另外,未得到SmFabA和SmFabB的突变株,表明SmFabA和SmFabB可能是苜蓿中华根瘤菌脂肪酸合成酶系中必不可少的关键蛋白．上述结果证实了苜蓿中华根瘤菌fabA和fabB两个基因在不饱和脂肪酸合成中的功能．     

野油菜黄单胞菌中烯脂酰ACP还原酶的功能鉴定

烯脂酰ACP还原酶是细菌脂肪酸合成的关键酶之一.本研究通过生物信息学分析发现,野油菜黄单胞菌Xanthomonas campestris(Xcc)8004基因组中XC_0119(Xccfab V)注释为反-2-烯脂酰Co A还原酶基因.但其编码产物与铜绿假单胞菌的烯脂酰ACP还原酶Fab V具有较高的同源性,并含有相同的催化活性中心Tyr-(Xaa)8-Lys序列.用携带Xccfab V的质粒载体互补大肠杆菌fab I温度敏感突变株JP1111,转化子能在42℃生长,表明Xccfab V能遗传互补大肠杆菌fab I突变.体外重建脂肪酸合成反应表明,Xcc Fab V能催化不同链长的烯脂酰ACP还原为脂酰ACP,且催化活性不受三氯森抑制.遗传学研究表明,Xccfab V是必需基因,不能获得Xccfab V基因敲除突变株.将携带大肠杆菌fab I的外源质粒导入野生菌后,可敲除染色体上的fab V基因,获得的替换突变株生长特性和脂肪酸组成未发生显著变化,但替换突变株对三氯森敏感.上述结果证实,野油菜黄单胞菌fab V是必需基因,编码烯脂酰ACP还原酶,参与脂肪酸从头合成反应,且Fab V是Xcc对三氯森耐受的根本原因.     

五个3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶同源蛋白的功能鉴定

大肠杆菌的FabB和FabF均具有长链3-酮基脂酰ACP合成酶活性.除参与长链饱和脂酰链的延伸外,FabB还是合成不饱和脂肪酸的关键酶之一,参与不饱和脂酰ACP的从头合成,最终生成顺-9-十六烯脂酰ACP.而FabF只能将顺-9-十六烯脂酰ACP延伸为顺-11-十八烯脂酰ACP,不参与不饱和脂酰ACP的从头合成.有研究表明,粪肠球菌、乳酸乳球菌、丙酮丁醇梭菌和茄科雷尔氏菌等细菌的FabF同源蛋白,具有类似大肠杆菌FabB和FabF的双功能.为证实该现象是否普遍存在,本研究选取了枯草芽孢杆菌BsfabF、中华苜蓿根瘤菌SmfabF、霍乱弧菌VcfabF、铜绿假单胞菌PafabF1和PafabF2 5个同源基因进行功能鉴定,体外酶学分析表明,5个FabF同源蛋白均具有长链3-酮基脂酰ACP合成酶活性,异体互补大肠杆菌CL28的脂肪酸组分分析显示,SmfabF、VcfabF、PafabF1和PafabF2具有3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅱ(FabF)活性,遗传互补大肠杆菌温度敏感突变株CY242和CY244的研究显示,仅有PafabF2编码的蛋白拥有3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅰ(FabB)活性,能互补大肠杆菌fabB的突变.这表明不是所有的FabF同源蛋白均具有3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ的双重活性.     

粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)β酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅱ同源蛋白功能分析

FabB和FabF是大肠杆菌(Escherichia.coli)脂肪酸合成的关键酶.生物信息学分析显示,粪肠球菌基因组中有2个与大肠杆菌fabF同源的基因:fabF1和fabF2,缺少与fabB同源的基因.用粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)V583总DNA为模板,PCR扩增fabF1和fabF2基因,以pBAD24为载体,构建了重组质粒pHW13(fabF1)和pHW14(fabF2).体内体外研究显示:fabF1基因能互补大肠杆菌fabB突变,FabF1具有β酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅰ(FabB)活性;fabF2能互补大肠杆菌fabF突变,FabF2具有β酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅱ(FabF)活性.同时发现粪肠球菌FabF2不同于大肠杆菌FabF,它还拥有微弱β酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅰ(FabB)活性,可使大肠杆菌fabB突变株产生少量的不饱和脂肪酸.上述结果表明,FabF类酶(FabF like enzyme)同样可以具有β酮脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅰ(FabB)活性.     

大肠杆菌3-酮基脂酰ACP还原酶110位天冬酰胺突变后的结构与功能

3-酮基脂酰ACP还原酶催化3-酮基脂酰ACP还原为3-羟基脂酰ACP,是细菌脂肪酸合成反应的关键酶之一.为了明确该酶中110位的保守天冬酰胺残基在酶催化活性和酶结构中的作用,本研究采用基因定点突变和蛋白质表达纯化技术,获得了大肠杆菌3-酮基脂酰ACP还原酶FabG的两个突变蛋白：FabG N110Q和FabG N110L.圆二色谱结果显示,天冬酰胺残基的突变改变了FabG的空间结构,使突变蛋白的α螺旋结构明显增加.以3-酮脂酰ACP为底物的酶活性测定表明,突变蛋白的酶活性均有下降,但残存的酶活性达到了FabG的75%以上.突变蛋白FabG N110Q和FabG N110L具有3-酮基脂酰ACP还原酶的活性,能在体外重建细菌脂肪酸合成反应.对fabG温度敏感突变株的遗传互补分析表明,FabG蛋白110位天冬酰胺突变为谷氨酰胺或亮氨酸后,在一定的条件下仍能互补大肠杆菌的生长.本研究结果提示,FabG 110位的天冬酰胺残基不是参与3-酮基脂酰ACP还原酶催化反应的必需氨基酸,它只是作为结构氨基酸,在维持FabG的空间结构的稳定性方面起作用.     

基于藜麦转录组的脂肪酸生物合成途径解析

藜麦营养丰富,油脂含量高,脂肪酸组成理想,是油脂提取物的潜在资源。植物油脂主要以三酰甘油的形式储存在作物种子和果实等器官中,其合成受到环境和基因水平的调控,涉及质体、内质网和油体等多个细胞器。该文基于藜麦转录组数据,对藜麦油脂合成相关的脂肪酸生物合成途径基因进行挖掘,并对基因表达模式进行分析。结果表明:在藜麦中,与脂肪酸生物合成相关的基因序列共87条,涉及乙酰CoA羧化酶和β-酮脂酰ACP合成酶等关键酶,其中编码长链酰基辅酶A合成酶基因和β-酮脂酰ACP还原酶数目最多。通过基因表达模式分析发现,与脂肪酸生物合成相关的基因在种子表达中呈现整体上调模式,可能与种子中油脂形成和积累密切相关。对藜麦乙酰CoA羧化酶亚基编码基因进行分析发现,accD基因在不同组织间无差异表达,表明在藜麦中accD编码的β-CT亚基可能不是影响乙酰CoA羧化酶发挥作用的限制因子。藜麦KASⅡ含有保守结构域,与其他组织相比,编码基因QcFb15、QcFb45和QcFb75在种子中均存在上调表达,参与藜麦脂肪酸碳链延伸及油脂形成。对藜麦脂肪酸生物合成途径相关基因的挖掘,为藜麦油脂合成和积累的研究提供了理论基础,对高油脂藜麦品种选育等后续研究也具有重要启示作用。     

乳酸乳球菌fabZ1和fabZ2基因功能的鉴定

大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)是Ⅱ型脂肪酸合成系统的模式生物,3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水异构酶(FabA)是不饱和脂肪酸合成中的关键酶.生物信息学分析表明,乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)的基因组中没有标注为3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水异构酶的基因,但有两个标注为3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水酶基因LlfabZ1和LlfabZ2,其编码的蛋白质与EcFabZ的相似性分别为41%和45.1%,且都具有3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水酶两个保守的α螺旋结构.用携带LlfabZ1和LlfabZ2的质粒载体遗传互补大肠杆菌fabA温度敏感突变株CY57,在42℃下不能恢复生长,但无细胞抽提物的结果显示LlFabZ1能够使反-2-癸烯酰ACP异构成顺-3-癸烯酰ACP,而LlFabZ2则不能.互补大肠杆菌fabZ突变株HW7显示,在诱导的条件下,含有LlfabZ2的转化子能够恢复生长,而LlfabZ1则不能.体外重建脂肪酸合成反应及蛋白质活性测定表明,LlFabZ1具有3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水异构酶功能,而LlFabZ2只具有3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水酶功能.另外,未得到LlfabZ1和LlfabZ2的突变株,表明LlFabZ1和LlFabZ2可能是乳酸乳球菌脂肪酸合成酶系中的必不可少的关键蛋白.上述结果证实了乳酸乳球菌fabZ1和fabZ2两个基因在脂肪酸合成中的功能.     

类胡萝卜素在耐辐射奇球菌辐射抗性中的作用

为研究耐辐射奇球菌(Deinococcus radiodurans)中类胡萝卜素的生化合成基因及其在该细菌抗辐射机制中的生物学作用,通过有机溶剂提取及LC-MS技术分析了D. radiodurans所产类胡萝卜素物质的主要组分,运用PCR及基因同源重组技术,对该菌中类胡萝卜素生化合成途径的八氢番茄红素合成酶(phytoene synthase,crtB)及八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(phytoene desaturase,crtI)基因进行了缺失突变,通过表型观察及HPLC定量分析突变株所产类胡萝卜素的组分变化确证突变株构建成功．野生株及crtB 与crtI基因缺失突变株对电离辐射和H₂O₂的敏感性差异比较分析显示,和野生株相比,两种突变株对不同剂量电离辐射和不同浓度H₂O₂的敏感性更强．crtB及crtI基因功能研究表明,这两个关键性合成基因的缺失,导致突变株不能催化合成类胡萝卜素生化合成途径中的重要中间体——番茄红素及一系列下游产物．通过λ原噬菌体紫外线诱导系统、电子自旋共振 (ESR)及DMPO自旋捕集技术,分别在体内和体外评价了其类胡萝卜素的抗氧化能力．结果表明,两种类胡萝卜素对超氧阴离子(O₂^·)及羟自由基(·OH)均表现出较强的清除作用．上述研究结果为探究D. radiodurans的类胡萝卜素合成基因和生物学功能,及类胡萝卜素在D. radiodurans抗辐射机制中的作用提供了新的直接实验证据．     

野油菜黄单胞菌中3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水酶功能研究

细菌采用II型脂肪酸系统合成脂肪酸,其中3-羟脂酰ACP脱水酶催化唯一的脱水反应,是细菌生长的关键酶之一.野油菜黄单胞菌(Xcc)引起几乎所有十字花科植物的黑腐病,在全球范围内造成广泛的经济损失.为研究Xcc中3-羟脂酰ACP脱水酶,本研究利用大肠杆菌3-羟脂酰ACP脱水酶FabZ序列同源比对时,发现其与XC_2876 (XcfabZ)编码蛋白具有同源性,序列一致性达到46.1%,同时还具有保守的α螺旋结构和活性位点.将XcfabZ异体遗传互补大肠杆菌fabZ(EcfabZ)条件突变株HW7,结果显示添加IPTG能恢复突变株的生长,初步表明XcFabZ具有3-羟脂酰ACP脱水酶活性.而体外活性分析显示,XcFabZ能在脂肪酸合成的起始反应和延伸反应中发挥3-羟脂酰ACP脱水酶活性作用.本研究不能直接获得XcfabZ基因敲除突变株,但将携带EcfabZ或XcfabZ的表达质粒导入后,获得基因替换突变株,证明XcfabZ是必需基因. EcfabZ替换突变株的脂肪酸组成与野生菌有差异,对逆境条件(高盐、低pH、H_2O_2和SDS)的耐受性显著下降,运动性也显著降低,但XcfabZ替换突变株恢复到野生菌水平,表明XcFabZ与EcFabZ虽然都具有3-羟脂酰ACP脱水酶活性,但在细胞中生理功能可能有一些差别.     

The enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductases FabI and FabL from Bacillus subtilis

Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] (ACP) reductase is a key enzyme in type II fatty-acid synthases that catalyzes the last step in each elongation cycle. The FabI component of Bacillus subtilis (bsFabI) was identified in the genomic data base by homology to the Escherichia coli protein. bsFabI was cloned and purified and exhibited properties similar to those of E. coli FabI, including a marked preference for NADH over NADPH as a cofactor. Overexpression of the B. subtilis fabI gene complemented the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype of an E. coli fabI mutant. Triclosan was a slow-binding inhibitor of bsFabI and formed a stable bsFabI.NAD(+). triclosan ternary complex. Analysis of the B. subtilis genomic data base revealed a second open reading frame (ygaA) that was predicted to encode a protein with a relatively low overall similarity to FabI, but contained the Tyr-Xaa(6)-Lys enoyl-ACP reductase catalytic architecture. The purified YgaA protein catalyzed the NADPH-dependent reduction of trans-2-enoyl thioesters of both N-acetylcysteamine and ACP. YgaA was reversibly inhibited by triclosan, but did not form the stable ternary complex characteristic of the FabI proteins. Expression of YgaA complemented the fabI(ts) defect in E. coli and conferred complete triclosan resistance. Single knockouts of the ygaA or fabI gene in B. subtilis were viable, but double knockouts were not obtained. The fabI knockout was as sensitive as the wild-type strain to triclosan, whereas the ygaA knockout was 250-fold more sensitive to the drug. YgaA was renamed FabL to denote the discovery of a new family of proteins that carry out the enoyl-ACP reductase step in type II fatty-acid synthases.     

Vibrio cholerae FabV defines a new class of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase

Enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase catalyzes the last step of the fatty acid elongation cycle. The paradigm enoyl-ACP reductase is the FabI protein of Escherichia coli that is the target of the antibacterial compound, triclosan. However, some Gram-positive bacteria are naturally resistant to triclosan due to the presence of the triclosan-resistant enoyl-ACP reductase isoforms, FabK and FabL. The genome of the Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae lacks a gene encoding a homologue of any of the three known enoyl-ACP reductase isozymes suggesting that this organism encodes a novel fourth enoyl-ACP reductase isoform. We report that this is the case. The gene encoding the new isoform, called FabV, was isolated by complementation of a conditionally lethal E. coli fabI mutant strain and was shown to restore fatty acid synthesis to the mutant strain both in vivo and in vitro. Like FabI and FabL, FabV is a member of the short chain dehydrogenase reductase superfamily, although it is considerably larger (402 residues) than either FabI (262 residues) or FabL (250 residues). The FabV, FabI and FabL sequences can be aligned, but only poorly. Alignment requires many gaps and yields only 15% identical residues. Thus, FabV defines a new class of enoyl-ACP reductase. The native FabV protein has been purified to homogeneity and is active with both crotonyl-ACP and the model substrate, crotonyl-CoA. In contrast to FabI and FabL, FabV shows a very strong preference for NADH over NADPH. Expression of FabV in E. coli results in markedly increased resistance to triclosan and the purified enzyme is much more resistant to triclosan than is E. coli FabI.     

The use of a hybrid genetic system to study the functional relationship between prokaryotic and plant multi-enzyme fatty acid synthetase complexes

Fatty acid synthesis in bacteria and plants is catalysed by a multi-enzyme fatty acid synthetase complex (FAS II) which consists of separate monofunctional polypeptides. Here we present a comparative molecular genetic and biochemical study of the enoyl-ACP reductase FAS components of plant and bacterial origin. The putative bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase gene (envM) was identified on the basis of amino acid sequence similarities with the recently cloned plant enoyl-ACP reductase. Subsequently, it was unambiguously demonstrated by overexpression studies that theenvM gene encodes the bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase. An anti-bacterial agent called diazaborine was shown to be a specific inhibitor of the bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase, whereas the plant enzyme was insensitive to this synthetic antibiotic. The close functional relationship between the plant and bacterial enoyl-ACP reductases was inferred from genetic complementation of anenvM mutant ofEscherichia coli. Ultimately,envM gene-replacement studies, facilitated by the use of diazaborine, demonstrated for the first time that a single component of the plant FAS system can functionally replace its counterpart within the bacterial multienzyme complex. Finally, lipid analysis of recombinantE. coli strains with the hybrid FAS system unexpectedly revealed that enoyl-ACP reductase catalyses a rate-limiting step in the elongation of unsaturated fatty acids.     

Docking and molecular dynamics studies on triclosan derivatives binding to FabI

FabI, enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR), is the rate-limiting enzyme in the last step for fatty acids biosynthesis in many bacteria. Triclosan (TCL) is a commercial bactericide, and as a FabI inhibitor, it can depress the substrate (trans-2-enoyl-ACP) binding with FabI to hinder the fatty acid synthesis. The structure-activity relationship between TCL derivatives and FabI protein has already been acknowledged, however, their combination at the molecular level has never been investigated. This paper uses the computer-aided approaches, such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding free energy calculation based on the molecular mechanics/Poisson-Bolzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) method to illustrate the interaction rules of TCL derivatives with FabI and guide the development of new derivatives. The consistent data of the experiment and corresponding activity demonstrates that electron-withdrawing groups on side chain are better than electron-donating groups. 2-Hydroxyl group on A ring, promoting the formation of hydrogen bond, is vital for bactericidal effect; and the substituents at 4-position of A ring, 2′-position and 4′-position of B ring benefit antibacterial activity due to forming a hydrogen bond or stabilizing the conformation of active pocket residues of receptor. While the substituents at 3′-position and 5′-position of B ring destroy the π-π stacking interaction of A ring and NAD⁺ which depresses the antibacterial activity. This study provides a new sight for designing novel TCL derivatives with superior antibacterial activity.     

cDNA cloning and expression of Brassica napus enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase in Escherichia coli

The onset of storage lipid biosynthesis during seed development in the oilseed crop Brassica napus (rape seed) coincides with a drastic qualitative and quantitative change in fatty acid composition. During this phase of storage lipid biosynthesis, the enzyme activities of the individual components of the fatty acid synthase system increase rapidly. We describe a rapid and simple purification procedure for the plastidlocalized NADH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase from developing B. napus seed, based on its affinity towards the acyl carrier protein (ACP). The purified protein was N-terminally sequenced and used to raise a potent antibody preparation. Immuno-screening of a seed-specific gt11 cDNA expression library resulted in the isolation of enoyl-ACP reductase cDNA clones. DNA sequence analysis of an apparently full-length cDNA clone revealed that the enoyl-ACP reductase mRNA is translated into a precursor protein with a putative 73 amino acid leader sequence which is removed during the translocation of the protein through the plastid membrane. Expression studies in Escherichia coli demonstrated that the full-length cDNA clone encodes the authentic B. napus NADH-dependent enoyl-ACP reductase. Characterization of the enoyl-ACP reductase genes by Southern blotting shows that the allo-tetraploid B. napus contains two pairs of related enoyl-ACP reductase genes derived from the two distinct genes found in both its ancestors, Brassica oleracea and B. campestris. Northern blot analysis of enoyl-ACP reductase mRNA steady-state levels during seed development suggests that the increase in enzyme activity during the phase of storage lipid accumulation is regulated at the level of gene expression.     

Novel enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) potential inhibitors of Escherichia coli from Chinese medicine monomers

By structure-based virtual screening and experimental verification, two Chinese medicine monomers, luteolin and curcumin, had been proved to be uncompetitive inhibitors of enoyl-ACP reductase from Escherichia coli (EcFabI) with the inhibition constant (K_i) of 7.1 μM and 15.0 μM, respectively. In particular, curcumin had apparent antibacterial activity against E. coli, and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC₉₀) was 73.7 μg/mL. Importantly, fabI-overexpressing E. coli showed reduced susceptibility to the inhibitor compared with the wild-type strains, demonstrating that its antibacterial action is mediated by the inhibition of EcFabI.     

Spiro-naphthyridinone piperidines as inhibitors of S. aureus and E. coli enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI)

Spiropiperidine naphthyridinone inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli FabI have been prepared. Compounds 14a and 14c were identified as having sub-nanomolar E. coli FabI activity and are among the most potent FabI inhibitors yet described. The structural model of 14a bound to E. coli FabI is shown.