贵州草海水生植物汞分布及其对沉积物汞的响应

以国家自然保护区草海湿地为研究对象,采集草海湖中深水区和湖边浅水区生长的主要优势植物,测定其汞和甲基汞,探讨水生植物汞和甲基汞分布特征及其对沉积物汞的响应,并评估其面临的汞污染风险。结果表明:水生植物总汞含量为5.18~40.06 ng·g-1(均值12.78 ng·g-1),与其他自然保护区报道的植物汞含量相当,其中茎叶汞含量平均值较高的有空心莲子草、小茨藻、水蓼等。水生植物甲基汞含量为0.04~2.47 ng·g-1(均值0.34 ng·g-1),其中茎叶甲基汞含量与总汞呈显著正相关性(r=0.38,n=46,P0.01)。湖边浅水区沉水植物中总汞和甲基汞平均含量均明显高于湖中深水区相同种类的植物,与沉积物中甲基汞浓度的空间分布特征一致,但与沉积物总汞空间分布特征相反,表明湖边浅水区沉积物汞的甲基化程度、生物可利用性都明显高于湖中深水区。不同采样点沉积物有机质的含量差异以及浅水区沉积物存在的干湿交替可能导致了湖中湖边植物汞和甲基汞含量的明显差异,其具体影响机制还需进一步深入研究。     

万山汞矿区大米汞污染及人体甲基汞暴露风险

采集贵州省万山汞矿区2个流域7个地点的168个大米样品,测定其总汞及甲基汞含量,并对当地居民食用大米甲基汞暴露的健康风险进行评估。结果表明:万山汞矿区大米总汞含量变化范围为2.4~401.0 ng·g-1,平均含量为42.4 ng·g-1,51%的样品总汞含量超过我国食品汞限量标准(20 ng·g-1);甲基汞含量变化范围为1.1~45.1 ng·g-1,平均含量为11.7 ng·g-1,甲基汞占总汞的平均比例为44.8%;大米总汞与甲基汞含量呈显著正相关(r=0.44,P0.01),大米总汞含量与甲基汞占总汞的比例呈负相关(r=-0.59,P0.01)。位于河流上游离汞矿较近的地点汞污染较严重,随流域往下离汞矿较远地点汞含量相对降低。大米甲基汞暴露的风险评估显示,万山大水溪、梅子溪、白果树等污染地区存在一定的人群甲基汞暴露,而其他地区的人群也存在一定的潜在风险。     

贵州百花湖鱼体汞污染现状

以西南汞污染严重的贵州百花湖为对象,选取湖中优势鱼、贝类,通过测定其总汞和甲基汞含量,并结合水体、沉积物汞含量和相关水质参数,探讨了百花湖鱼类汞污染的现状及其影响因素.百花湖鱼体总汞平均含量为28.0ng·g-1,变化范围为4.2～143ng·g-1;甲基汞的平均含量为10.9ng·g-1,变化范围为3.0～39.3ng·g-1.虽然百花湖遭受上游贵州有机化工厂含汞废水的严重污染,但鱼体汞含量并没有超过国家食品卫生标准.其主要原因可能是:百花湖的鱼主要是人工养殖的草食性或杂食性鱼类,鱼龄较小,且其摄取的食物汞含量低、食物链简单,不利于汞的富集;其次,其较快的生长速度对鱼体汞具有生物稀释的作用.     

长白山森林地区河流中汞的时空分布特征

采集并测定了枯水期和丰水期长白山北坡几条河流的水样,研究了长白山地区河流中总汞和甲基汞的时空变化规律.长白山北坡地区河流总汞的变化范围为2.0～20 ng·L-1,受北方燃煤等人为活动影响,枯水期总汞含量高于丰水期;甲基汞的变化范围为0.12～0.55 ng·L-1,不同季节的甲基汞变化不大.水体汞含量随海拔的升高而降低,汇入松花江的几条河流对松花江水体的影响较为明显,随着河流的汇入溶解态汞含量下降,颗粒态汞含量升高.与世界上其他一些森林水体对比发现,长白山水体甲基汞含量较低,但总汞含量较高.估计研究地区河流一年将向下游地区输出33 kg的总汞以及200 g甲基汞,这将进一步加剧下游水体汞的负担.     

贵州洪家渡水库水体不同形态汞的分布特征

通过分析贵州省乌江流域新建的洪家渡水库水体不同形态汞的浓度,探讨了水库水体各形态汞的分布特征,旨在进一步弄清新修建的水库水体汞的甲基化过程.结果表明,洪家渡水库总汞(THg)浓度变化范围在0.32～6.75 ng·L-1;溶解态汞(DHg)浓度变化范围在0.23～2.27 ng·L-1;颗粒态(PHg)汞浓度变化范围在0.03～4.51 ng·L-1;总甲基汞(TMeHg)浓度变化范围在0.04～0.18 ng·L-1;溶解态甲基汞(DMeHg)浓度变化范围在0.02～0.08 ng·L-1;颗粒态甲基汞(PMeHg)浓度变化范围在0.01～0.13 ng·L-1.洪家渡水库水体不同形态汞存在着季节性变化,水体THg、DHg和PHg的季节变化表现为夏、秋季大于春、冬季;水体TMeHg、DMeHg和PMeHg的季节变化表现为春、夏季大于秋、冬季.在空间上,水体甲基汞含量从表层到底层表现无规律性的增加趋势,从上游到下游的浓度也无明显的变化,与北美欧洲新建水库水体甲基汞浓度(0.01～6.6 ng·L-1)进行比较,发现洪家渡水库水体甲基汞浓度明显偏低,以上结果说明洪家渡水库水体没有显著的汞甲基化作用,这与乌江流域淹没土壤的贫瘠、有机质含量偏低有关.     

乌江渡水库养殖鱼类汞及脂肪酸的组成特征

为了评估网箱鱼营养价值,了解乌江渡水库养殖鱼的汞含量及脂肪酸的组成,随机采集优势鱼10种共计120个样品,测定了总汞、甲基汞以及包括长链不饱和脂肪酸(n6/n3 PUFA)和EPA、DHA等形态的脂肪酸。结果显示:乌江渡水库养殖鱼的总汞含量在3.50~185.05 ng·g-1,平均含量为23.90 ng·g-1;甲基汞含量在0.16~49.09 ng·g-1,平均含量为7.78 ng·g-1。乌江渡水库养殖鱼汞含量总体较低,均未超过我国水产品食用安全标准。同时,样品中的人体必需脂肪酸n3 PUFA中的EPA+DHA含量以鲫鱼最高,肉食性的鲶鱼最低。通过对n6/n3 PUFA比值分析发现,乌江养殖鱼除了富含EPA和DHA同时也富含较高的n6PUFA。对于乌江渡水库养殖鱼来说,武昌鱼、白鲢、草鱼、青鱼以及丁桂鱼是含有较高EPA+DHA和较低甲基汞的鱼种,具有较高的营养价值。     

海南东寨港红树林区主要鱼类汞含量及生物质量指数

汞可以通过鱼类富集,危害人类健康.为了解东寨港红树林区鱼类的汞含量及其生物质量,本研究对林区内14种主要鱼类和不同环境介质的汞含量进行了分析.研究发现,鱼肉汞平均含量为67.7 ng·g-1,变化范围为34.9～154.9 ng·g-1.海水、红树植物叶片、沉积物中汞含量分别为0.4 μg·L-1、153.9 ng·g-1、314.1 ng·g-1.相对于海水,鱼对环境中的汞具有明显的生物富集作用,鱼体汞含量与其食物来源和生活习性有关,杂食性鱼类汞含量高于植食性鱼类和肉食性鱼类汞含量.所有鱼类体内的生物质量指数均＜1,可安全食用.     

网箱养鱼对水库水体甲基汞的影响

分别在2010年9月(暖季)和2011年3月(冷季),选取乌江渡水库网箱养鱼区和距离网箱100～200m的对照区(库心),对水体不同形态汞及其他相关参数进行了研究,以揭示网箱养鱼对水库汞地球化学行为的影响。结果表明,暖季养鱼区水体总汞含量为(2.04±0.53)ng·L-1,甲基汞含量为(0.146±0.231)ng·L-1,对照区水体总汞含量为(3.33±2.39)ng·L-1,甲基汞含量为(0.380±0.577)ng·L-1;冷季养鱼区水体总汞含量为(3.04±1.53)ng·L-1,甲基汞含量为(0.047±0.028)ng·L-1,对照区水体总汞含量为(3.24±1.23)ng·L-1,甲基汞含量为(0.046±0.013)ng·L-1;养鱼区与对照区总汞含量(n=35,P=0.875)、甲基汞含量(n=35,P=0.091)均无显著差异。结合对养鱼区与对照区水体中其他各参数(总氮、总磷、溶解性有机碳、叶绿素、温度、溶解氧等)综合分析表明,由于水库蓄水与泄水发电对水库水体的扰动及水库自身水体的交换作用导致水体呈混匀状态,网箱养鱼造成的水体甲基化程度差异不显著;而水库水体季节性分层造成的水体底部厌氧和温度的变化是影响水体甲基汞含量及分布的主要因素之一。     

五里河沉积物汞的时空变化规律

研究了历史上受纳氯碱污染的辽宁省葫芦岛市五里河沉积物中总汞、甲基汞25年中的时空变化规律.结果表明,经过25年的变化,在人工治理和自然净化作用下,五里河不同地点沉积物总汞和甲基汞含量总体上呈现明显下降的趋势,甲基汞下降尤为显著;但沉积物中汞含量依然处于较高水平,总汞含量为0.491～26.395 mg·kg-1,平均13.766 mg·kg-1,超过辽宁省土壤汞背景值(0.037 mg·kg-1)371倍,甲基汞含量为0.253～12.079 μg·kg-1,污染严重的断面是污染源附近的化工桥以及下游河口附近的茨山北桥.     

贵阳市大气降水中汞的分布特征

于2008年7-9月对贵阳市中心城区采集的21个大气降水进行了总汞、甲基汞及阴、阳离子浓度的测定,分析了大气降水中总汞与阴阳离子间的相互关系.结果表明:大气降水中总汞的平均含量为18 ng·L-1,变化范围为0.4～57.4 ng·L-1;甲基汞的平均含量为0.07 ng·L-1,变化范围为0.02～0.2 ng·L-1.大气降水中的阴离子以SO2-4和NO-3为主,其浓度平均值分别为151和145 mol·L-1;阳离子主要以Ca2+为主,平均浓度达到了123 mol·L-1,变化范围为3.7～560 mol·L-1,其次是NH4+和Mg2+,其浓度平均值分别为52.2和20.4 mol·L-1.通过分析降水中总汞和阴阳离子之间的相互关系,发现总汞和阴离子SO2-4具有显著的相关性,与F-有一定的相关性,而与NO-3不具有相关性.由此初步判定,大气降水中的总汞主要来源于燃煤等人为释放源.     

Urinary excretion of mercury, copper and zinc in subjects exposed to mercury vapour

The excretion of mercury, copper and zinc in urine, and mercury in whole blood andplasma, was determined in 40 chloralkali workers exposed to mercury vapour and 40age-matched referents. The Hg concentrations in whole blood, plasma and urine werehigher in the exposed group (35 nmol l, 30 nmol l,and 11.5 nmol mmol creatinine, respectively) in comparison with thereference group (15 nmol l, 6.3 nmol l, and 1.8nmol mmol creatinine, respectively). The urinary copper excretionwas similar in the two groups, while U-Zn excretion was significantly higher (P = 0.04)in the exposed group, median 0.83 mmol mmol creatinine versus 0.76mnmol mmol creatinine in the reference group. In a subgroup of exposedworkers with current U-Hg above 11.5 nmol lmmolcreatinine (20 mg g creatinine) the medianU-Zn was 1.1 mmol mmol creatinine. In both groups smokers had highU-Zn levels than non smokers. When both U-Hg and smoking were taken into account in alinear regression model, there was a significant association between U-Hg and U-Zn inthe combined group of exposed and referents (P = 0.002). This study indicates thatmercury exposure in humans, as in animals, causes increased urinary excretion of zinc.The mechanisms may be induced synthesis of metallothionein in the kidneys, displacementof Zn from preexisting metallothionein by Hg, or a decreased reabsorption of zinc in thekidneys owing to a slight tubular dysfunction.     

Involvement of mercury methylation in microbial mercury detoxication

A vitamin B₁₂ requiring strain was isolated fromChlostridium cochlearium T-2 C which is known to synthesize various types of vitamin B₁₂ including methylcobalamin and has an ability to methylate inorganic mercury. The vitamin B₁₂ auxotroph lacking the mercury-methylating activity showed higher sensitivity to inorganic mercury than its original strain, while the sensitivity of both strains to methylmercury was relatively low and essentially the same. These data seem to present affirmative evidence to postulate the physiological role of methylcobalamin-dependent methylation of mercury to be a process of detoxication.Abbreviation MNNG N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine     

汞污染土壤植物修复技术研究进展

汞是一种全球性污染物,汞污染土壤的修复问题,一直倍受各国科学工作者关注,土壤汞污染的植物修复技术是近年来发展起来的新兴技术.其中,汞污染土壤的植物提取技术是最有发展前途的一种汞污染土壤植物修复技术.本文对国内外有关汞污染土壤的植物修复技术进行了系统分析,对有关汞污染土壤的植物修复应用技术,如植物挥发、固化及提取等修复方法进行了评述,探讨了植物修复技术在汞污染土壤修复中的应用前景.加快对汞超积累植物的筛选和植物体对重金属耐性机制的研究,对今后开展汞污染土壤的植物修复工作具有重要的现实意义.     

贵州万山汞矿区污染土壤中汞的形态分布特征

利用优化Tessier连续化学浸提法对贵州万山汞矿区污染土壤中汞的形态分布进行研究.结果表明,稻田土壤中汞主要以残渣态形式存在(79.65%),其次为有机结合态(19.97%)、氧化态(0.31%)、特殊吸附态(0.04%)和溶解态与可交换态(0.03%);除特殊吸附态外,其他各形态汞含量均随距污染源距离增加而降低,特殊吸附态汞在分析土壤中含量变化不明显;生物可利用性(溶解态与可交换态和特殊吸附态)汞占总汞比例较低,但在污染土壤中其含量明显高于未受污染地区.     

Diel variability of mercury phase and species distributions in the Florida Everglades

Preliminary studies of mercury (Hg) cycling in the Everglades revealed that dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM), total mercury (Hg_T), and reactive mercury (Hg_R) show reproducible, diel trends. Peak water-column DGM concentrations were observed on or about noon, with a 3 to 7 fold increase over night-time concentrations. Production of DGM appears to cease during dark periods, with nearly constant water column concentrations that were at or near saturation with respect to the overlying air. A simple mass balance shows that the flux of Hg to the atmosphere from diel DGM production and evasion represents about 10% of the annual input from atmospheric deposition. Production of DGM is likely the result of an indirect photolysis reaction that involves the production of reductive species and/or reduction by electron transfer. Diel variability in Hg_T and Hg_R appears to be controlled by two factors: inputs from rainfall and photolytic sorption/desorption processes. A possible mechanism involves photolysis of chromophores on the surface of a solid substrate (e.g., the periphyton mat) giving rise to destabilization of sorbed mercury and net desorption during daylight. At night, the sorption reactions predominate and the water-column Hg_T decreases. Methylmercury (MeHg) also showed diel trends in concentration but were not clearly linked to the solar cycle or rainfall at the study site.     

Behavior of mercury in the Patuxent River estuary

An overview of a comprehensive study of the behavior and fate of mercury in the estuarine Patuxent River is presented. Total Hg (Hg_T) and methylmercury (MeHg) exhibited weakly non-conservative behavior in the estuary. Total Hg concentrations ranged from 6 ng L^-1 in the upper reaches of the sub-urbanized tidal freshwater river to <0.5 ng L^-1 in the mesohaline lower estuary. Filterable (0.2 µm) Hg_T ranged from 0.2 to 1.5 ng L^-1. On average, MeHg accounted for <5% of unfiltered Hg_T and <2% of filterable Hg_T. Dissolved gaseous section Hg (DGHg) concentrations were highest (up to 150 pg L^-1) in the summer in the mesohaline, but were not well correlated with primary production or chlorophyll a, demonstrating the complex nature of Hg⁰ formation and cycling in an estuarine environment. Organic matter content appeared to control the Hg_T content of sediments, while MeHg in sediments was positively correlated with Hg_T and organic matter, and negatively correlated with sulfide. MeHg in sediments was low (0.1 to 0.5% of Hg_T). Preliminary findings suggest that net MeHg production within sediments exceeds net accumulation. Although Hg_T in pore waters increased with increasing sulfide, bulk MeHg concentrations decreased. The concentration of MeHg in sediments was not related to the concentration of Hg_T in pore waters. These observations support the hypothesis that sulfide affects the speciation and therefore bioavailability of dissolved and/or solid-phase Hg for methylation. Comparison with other ecosystems, and the negative correlation between pore water sulfide and sediment MeHg, suggest that sulfide limits production and accumulation of MeHg in this system.     

Mercury biotransformations and their potential for remediation of mercury contamination

Bacterially mediated ionic mercury reduction to volatile Hg⁰ was shown to play an important role in the geochemical cycling of mercury in a contaminated freshwater pond. This process, and the degradation of methylmercury, could be stimulated to reduce the concentration of methylmercury that is available for accumulation by biota. A study testing the utility of this approach is described.Abbreviations Hg^R inorganic mercury resistance - Org-Hg organomercury - Org-Hg^R organomercury resistance - SRB sulfate reducing bacteria - Methyl-B12 methylcobalamine     

汞的微生物甲基化研究进展

汞的微生物甲基化作用是汞生物地球化学循环过程中重要环节之一,与人类健康密切相关.近年来,该领域的研究受到越来越多的关注.本文综述了汞的微生物甲基化研究的历史与发展现状、汞微生物甲基化的影响因素、甲基化的机制和目前的主要研究方法等.确定特定生态系统中的汞甲基化微生物种类,明确甲基化机制及影响因素,以及探讨汞微生物甲基化过程中导致的汞同位素分馏等,将成为本领域的研究热点及重点.     

长白山北坡森林土壤汞的含量和形态分布

分别于2009年4月和9月对长白山北坡的土壤样品进行了采集,研究北方森林地区不同海拔土壤样品中的总汞和甲基汞的分布情况.长白山土壤THg和MeHg含量分别为0.08～0.73 mg·kg-1和0.05～0.56 μg·kg-1,库存量分别为97 kg·km-2和128 g·km-2,高于吉林省背景值,MeHg的最高含量...