病毒性肝炎均属消化道传染病吗?

答：初中生物第二册工21页在叙述消化道传染病时,例举了病毒性肝炎,这往往给人一个错觉,病毒性肝炎均属消化道传染病。这样理解是不对的,因为按目前人们对病毒性肝炎的认识,它可分为五种类型,即甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型、戊型。其中甲型和戊型病毒型肝炎是通过饮水和食物传播的属消化道传染病。乙型和丁型病毒性肝炎是通过血液和血液制品传播的,应属血液传染病;丙型病毒性肝炎传播途径是血液、血液制品、皮肤损伤和生活接触,因此,它既属血液传染病又属体表传染病。所以,病毒性肝炎的分类,不能一概而定,应视类型的不同而有所不同…     

鸭病毒性肝炎二价灭活疫苗 (DHAV-SH和DHAV-FS株) 的制备和评价

我国鸭甲型肝炎病毒(DHAV)的快速变异及广泛流行给养鸭业造成了较大的经济损失,为研究鸭病毒性肝炎二价灭活疫苗(DHAV-SH和DHAV-FS株)的制备和评价方法,首先对我国多个鸭场进行血清型流行病学分析,从201株DHAV-1、38株DHAV-3中筛选出6株毒力较强的DHAV,验证了DHAV-1和DHAV-3为我国流行优势株,并对6株DHAV进行ELD50和LD50测定,筛选疫苗候选株后经传代确定疫苗毒种,选取F5代鸭胚胚体研磨液作为疫苗毒种,经甲醛灭活后制成3批水包油包水(W/O/W)型乳剂二价灭活疫苗实验室制品。通过安全性试验、抗体中和试验、攻毒保护及免疫交叉保护试验发现:疫苗安全性良好,雏鸭免疫后第7天可以检测到DHAV中和抗体,第14-21天的攻毒保护率为90%-100%,免疫持续期可达5周以上,DHAV-SH和DHAV-FS之间的交叉保护为20%-30%。研究表明本试验研制的鸭病毒性肝炎二价灭活疫苗实验室制品安全且高效,为我国DHAV预防和控制提供了一种新方法和新产品。     

标志肝炎病毒感染的预测方法

<正> 肝炎病毒 我们对人类疾病了解的进程,不是稳步前进的,而是跳跃式的。一次这样的跳跃就发生在与病毒性肝炎有关抗原初次被鉴定和几乎在同时病毒性肝炎传染到非人类灵长类动物的15年前。自1965年以来,我们对此疾病的了解开始大大地前进了。现在,甲型和乙型肝炎的传染病原已经认识到并特性化了,对甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)和乙型肺炎病毒(HBV)抗原的鉴定也导致了对这些     

病毒性肝炎疫苗的研究进展

病毒性肝炎是由多种肝炎病毒感染肝细胞而引起的世界性常见传染病,传染性强,发病率高。病毒性肝炎分为甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型和戊型五种。由于病毒种类繁多,而且易发生变异,容易感染,治疗方案有限,常规治疗疗效不稳定且价格昂贵。因此,接种疫苗是目前较为有效的办法。本综述主要包括四个部分,即甲型、乙型、丙型和戊型病毒性肝炎的相应疫苗的介绍。     

流行病免疫规律的随机模型研究

本文提出了流行病免疫规律的随机过程模型,给出了一定条件下个体从不具有免疫力向具有免疫力转移或相反方向转移的转移概率表达式,并给出了各年龄组人群中获得抗性的个体比例．以广州市正常人群甲型病毒性肝炎为例研究模型的具体应用．     

新型鸭呼肠孤病毒的分离与鉴定

本研究从临床表现为出血性坏死性肝炎的病死鸭肝脾中分离到病毒。病原特性鉴定显示,分离毒能致死番鸭胚和鸡胚;人工感染1日龄雏番鸭、雏半番鸭均能复制出与临床自然发病鸭相同的临床症状和病理变化,并能回收到病毒。分离毒能在MDEF等多种细胞中增殖并产生细胞病变。电镜下病毒在细胞浆中呈大量散在、成堆和晶格状排列,病毒粒子呈球形、无囊膜、双层衣壳、直径70nm左右。在SDS-PAGE中具有禽呼肠孤病毒10个RNA片段的特征,但M1-3和S1-4片段的迁移率明显不同于番鸭呼肠孤病毒(MDRV)。分离毒S3基因全序列与禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)、火鸡呼肠孤病毒(TRV)和MDRV的核苷酸同源性分别为60%～60.2%,61.9%,62.3%～62.7%,氨基酸同源性分别为68.2%～69%,68.2%,69.3%～70.1%;S3基因编码的σB蛋白属于单独的进化分支,提示分离毒S3基因具有不同于ARV和MDRV的特征。结果表明鸭出血性坏死性肝炎的病原是一种属于呼肠孤病毒科正呼肠孤病毒属新型鸭呼肠孤病毒。     

鸭甲型肝炎病毒VP1研究进展

甲型鸭肝炎病毒(Duck hepatitis A virus,DHAV)是造成雏鸭死亡率高的主要原因之一,给养鸭业带来了巨大的经济损失.而其主要衣壳蛋白VP1由于具有多种优势抗原表位,能够刺激机体产生中和抗体,被广泛认为是DHAV遗传变异的重要依据.本文主要介绍了VP1常见的突变位点及其对病毒特性的影响、VP1的改造和VP1的遗传演化,为进一步了解DHAV的遗传进化,疫苗开发与选择提供参考.     

病毒性肝炎树鼩动物模型研究与建模策略

病毒性肝炎是由肝炎病毒引起的肝脏疾病。在我国,病毒性肝炎高度流行,其中又以乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus,HCV)危害较大。动物模型是研究疾病感染与发病机制,进行药物与疫苗研究的必要工具。目前病毒性肝炎实验动物模型的研究已取得长足的发展,主要集中于病毒在动物体内的感染特性及发病规律方面。本文仅就病毒性肝炎动物模型,尤其乙型、丙型肝炎树鼩动物模型的研究及建模策略进行综述。     

鸭瘟病毒的免疫学研究进展

鸭瘟是由鸭瘟病毒引起的一种急性、败血性传染病。其传播迅速,发病率与死亡率高,对水禽养殖业产生严重危害。国内外对鸭瘟病毒的产生及危害均有报道。从鸭瘟病毒的主要抗原蛋白、持续性感染、黏膜免疫、细胞免疫、体液免疫和免疫抑制几个方面论述了鸭瘟病毒与宿主之间存在复杂的相互免疫作用,旨在为鸭瘟疫苗设计与研制提供新的思路和方法。     

消化道传播病毒性肝炎研究进展

病毒性肝炎是由多种不同肝炎病毒引起的,以肝脏损害为主要表现,具有广泛流行性和严重传染性的一类疾病,严重危害人类健康,是我国目前重大的公共卫生问题之一。迄今鉴定出的具有明确致病性的肝炎病毒主要是甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)和戊型肝炎病毒(HEV),分别引起甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎。病毒性肝炎按传播途径的不同可以分为两类,一类是经肠道外传播的病毒性肝炎,包括乙、丙、丁型肝炎;另一类是经肠道(即消化道)传播的肝炎病毒,包括甲肝和戊肝,其发病有季节性,可呈暴发流行。本文旨在对经消化道传播的病毒型肝炎(甲肝、戊肝)的病原学、流行病学特征及其影响因素、控制和预防作一综述,以期对其流行和科学防控研究提供参考。     

Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) particles produced by transient expression of DHBV DNA in a human hepatoma cell line are infectious in vitro.

Transfection of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HuH7 with a plasmid containing a tandem copy of the duck hepatitis B virus DNA sequence resulted in transient replication of the virus. Viral particles secreted by transfected HuH7 cells exhibited physical properties similar to those of serum-derived duck hepatitis B virus and were infectious in primary duck hepatocyte cultures.     

Major polypeptide of duck hepatitis B surface antigen particles

The 40- to 50-nm pleomorphic particles found in the sera of domestic Pekin ducks infected with duck hepatitis B virus were purified by rate zonal and isopycnic centrifugation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic polypeptide analysis of these particles, called duck hepatitis B surface antigen particles, revealed the major component to be a single 17,500-dalton polypeptide. This result is in contrast to polypeptide analyses of the surface antigens of related mammalian viruses, including hepatitis B, in which a major doublet of polypeptides is seen with molecular weights ranging from 23,000 to 29,000. Tryptic maps of 17,500-dalton polypeptide resembled that of the major non-glycosylated polypeptide of the adw subtype of hepatitis B surface antigen. A serological assay for antibody to the purified duck virus particles is also described.     

Complete genome sequence of a novel duck hepatitis a virus discovered in southern china

We report here the complete genomic sequence of a novel duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) isolated from mixed infections with DHAV type 1 (DHAV-1) and DHAV-3 in ducklings in Southern China. The whole nucleotide sequence had the highest homology with the sequence of DHAV-3 (GenBank accession number DQ812093) (96.2%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of gene rearrangement between DHAV-1 and DHAV-3, and it will help to understand the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of duck hepatitis A virus in Southern China.     

A technique for liver biopsy performed in Pekin ducks using anesthesia with Telazol.

Infection of Pekin ducks with duck hepatitis B virus is a useful model for studying the hepadenoviruses, of which human hepatitis B virus is the prototype. The utility of this model has been limited, however, by the difficulties associated with anesthetizing and obtaining liver biopsies from ducks. We developed a technique using Telazol (13 mg/kg) to anesthetize ducks before surgical biopsy of the liver in ducks infected with duck hepatitis B virus. Eight Pekin ducks infected with duck hepatitis B virus underwent serial biopsies at 4- to 5-week intervals. There was one perioperative death in 34 surgical procedures with no evidence on intra-abdominal sepsis or wound complications. Telazol can be used safely and humanely to anesthetized ducks without the need for general endotracheal anesthesia.     

Identification and characterization of avihepadnaviruses isolated from exotic anseriformes maintained in captivity

Five new hepadnaviruses were cloned from exotic ducks and geese, including the Chiloe wigeon, mandarin duck, puna teal, Orinoco sheldgoose, and ashy-headed sheldgoose. Sequence comparisons revealed that all but the mandarin duck viruses were closely related to existing isolates of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), while mandarin duck virus clones were closely related to Ross goose hepatitis B virus. Nonetheless, the S protein, core protein, and functional domains of the Pol protein were highly conserved in all of the new isolates. The Chiloe wigeon and puna teal hepatitis B viruses, the two new isolates most closely related to DHBV, also lacked an AUG start codon at the beginning of their X open reading frame (ORF). But as previously reported for the heron, Ross goose, and stork hepatitis B viruses, an AUG codon was found near the beginning of the X ORF of the mandarin duck, Orinoco, and ashy-headed sheldgoose viruses. In all of the new isolates, the X ORF ended with a stop codon at the same position. All of the cloned viruses replicated when transfected into the LMH line of chicken hepatoma cells. Significant differences between the new isolates and between these and previously reported isolates were detected in the pre-S domain of the viral envelope protein, which is believed to determine viral host range. Despite this, all of the new isolates were infectious for primary cultures of Pekin duck hepatocytes, and infectivity in young Pekin ducks was demonstrated for all but the ashy-headed sheldgoose isolate.     

Duck hepatitis B virus can tolerate insertion, deletion, and partial frameshift mutation in the distal pre-S region.

In-frame and frameshift mutations were introduced into the pre-S region (1,212 base pairs) of duck hepatitis B virus. The in-frame mutants retained the inserted 12 nucleotides, while the frameshift mutants either reverted to wild type or exhibited a 10-nucleotide compensatory deletion downstream of the original mutation site. Thus, although duck hepatitis B virus has a compact and highly economical genome organization, it can replicate despite alterations of up to 9 amino acid codons in the pre-S and P open reading frames.     

用“NOE”制剂消除小鸭的鸭乙肝病毒携带状态的研究

本文报告了用鸭乙肝动物模型筛选四种药剂,结果证明“NOE”制剂能部分的(5/10)消除小鸭携带的鸭乙肝病毒。初步证明在用药后二周,可使50％(5/10)小鸭携带的鸭乙肝病毒表面抗原(DHBsAg)阴转。     

Presence of replicating virus in recombinant hepadnavirus stocks results from recombination and can be eliminated by the use of a packaging cell line

Mutant hepatitis B viruses are useful tools to study the viral life cycle and viral pathogenesis. Furthermore, recombinant hepatitis B viruses are candidate vectors for liver-directed gene therapy. Because wild-type viruses present in recombinant or mutant virus stocks may falsify experimental results and are detrimental for a viral vector, we investigated whether and to what extent wild-type virus is present in recombinant virus stocks and where it originates from. We took advantage of the duck model of hepatitis B virus infection which allows very sensitive detection of replication-competent viruses by infection of primary duck hepatocytes or of ducklings in vivo. Recombinant hepatitis B virus stocks contained significant amounts of wild-type viruses, which were most probably generated by homologous recombination between plasmids containing homologous viral sequences. In addition, replication-competent viral genomes were reconstituted from plasmids which contained replication-deficient but redundant viral sequences. Using a stable cell line for packaging of deficient viral genomes, no wild-type virus was detected, neither by infection of primary hepatocytes nor in vivo.