版式文件技术在区域电子病历平台上的应用研究

目的 建设区域化电子病历基础数据平台，实现区域医疗卫生业务协同和居民电子病历网上查询。方法 结合电子签章、时间戳、CA验证等当今最先进的密码和信息安全技术，构建基于版式文件为核心的市级区域电子病历专用文件系统管理平台(EMRMS)。结果 归纳出适合医疗行业使用的基于电子病历的版式文件和电子签章技术应用的整套解决方案和标准体系。结论 项目探索了医疗电子档案的可视化技术与医疗数据挖掘法相结合的新途径。     

电子信息工程在医院护理管理体系中的应用性研究

目的 利用电子信息工程,创建一种新型、安全、高效的护理工作模式。方法 在医院未实现护理无线移动系统的状态下,研制在电子病历中实现护理电子病历、护理管理等7项综合功能,使医院电子病历“无纸化”办公得以施行。结果 简化医嘱查对制度和流程,杜绝执行转抄医嘱方面的护理差错,保证患者用药安全,缩短护士的非护理时间,减轻护士的工作量,推进护理工作信息改革进程。结论 对患者、护理人员、医生、护理管理和医院节省资金等方面均带来不同程序的收益,降低管理成本,提高管理效能,为护理科学化管理提供正确的方法和途径。     

皮肤病专科医院电子病历的设计与应用

???????目的 研究与开发具有皮肤病专科特色的电子病历系统,以实现皮肤科病人医疗信息的采集、加工、存储、传输和服务。方法 以windows sqlserver2005为后台数据库,以XML、C#为开发语言,建立皮肤病结构化病历。结果 该系统运行良好,安全稳定、易维护、通用性好。有效地提高了医生书写病历的速度和质量,并具有皮疹数码照片嵌入等功能。结论 本研究实现了具有皮肤病专科特色的电子病历系统,值得皮肤病医院推荐使用。     

电子病历疾病模板控制在病历质量管理中的作用

目的 探索通过对电子病历疾病模板的专业性和规范化的控制提高病历质量。方法 对某综合性三甲医院的临床医生进行问卷调查。内容包括：调查对象对电子病历相关管理规范的认识,疾病模板的合理性及数量,使用疾病模板对提高工作效率、科研水平及改善病历质量等方面的作用。结果 92.14%的人员认为使用电子病历模板后减少了病历书写时间,83.90%的人员认为使用模板后改善了病历书写质量,92.17%的人员认为使用模板对科研工作有利。另外仅有29.87%的调查对象了解电子病历模板的制作规范,了解程度较低。结论 完善的电子病历疾病模板对提高工作效率、科研水平及改善病历质量具有重要作用。但在实际应用过程中仍存在不足,亟待解决。完善病历模板、加强质量监控可以提高电子病历质量及信息利用率。     

我国医疗服务项目成本核算研究述评 ——基于演变历程的视角

目的 了解我国医疗服务项目成本核算文献研究进展和政策推进情况。方法 检索中国知网、万方数据库、重庆维普数据库1978—2016年医疗服务项目成本核算相关文献和政策文件,进行内容分析。结果 通过对文献研究主题、数量与时间分布的三维匹配,将我国医疗服务项目成本核算演变历程分为起步（1979—1991年）、探索前期（1992—2001年）、探索中期（2002—2009年）、探索后期（2010年至今）4个阶段。结论 不同时期医疗服务项目成本核算政策推进均滞后于学术研究,缺乏政策导向性;医疗服务项目成本核算仍处于探索阶段,亟待标准化;核算技术标准化是医疗服务项目成本核算标准化的核心;未来医疗服务项目成本核算功能应向医疗质量安全成本一体化扩展;夯实核算基础与完善配套政策是开展医疗服务项目成本核算的关键。     

基于病史督查医院医疗安全质量问题的分析

目的 探讨通过加强卫生监督推进医疗机构提高医疗安全质量。方法 抽取上海市长宁区内二甲以上综合医院运转病历,从住院病历基本书写项目,有创操作记录、特殊检查、特殊治疗、病危（重）等告知,手术病历相关内容,医疗安全相关制度执行情况等4个方面进行督查评估。结果 抽查病历124份,手术病历涉及普外科等4个专业;涵盖“有创操作、特殊检查、特殊治疗、病危（重）告知”等项目的病历涉及心内科等5个专业,均存在问题。结论 对易发生问题的专业进行广覆盖、常态化的医疗安全监管是促使医疗机构提高医疗质量的有效手段。     

电子病历系统对临床路径管理的影响研究

目的 探讨电子病历系统对临床路径管理的影响。方法 入选河北北方学院附属第一医院2014年1月—2014年6月进入临床路径管理的512例患者（包括胆囊结石腹腔镜胆囊切除术、慢性鼻-鼻窦炎、2型糖尿病3个病种）作为观察对象,其中258例患者采用电子病历系统进行临床路径管理,254例患者采用纸质病历系统进行临床路径管理,比较两组病历质量、路径变异率、病种治疗费用及患者满意度。结果 观察组甲级率明显高于对照组、乙级率明显低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;观察组路径变异率为7.8%（20/258）,显著低于对照组15.0%（38/254）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组3个病种的治疗费用均显著低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;观察组患者满意度为95.3%（246/258）,显著高于对照组的77.2%（196/254）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 电子病历系统与临床路径管理结合有助于降低路径变异率,提高医护人员工作效率,降低医疗费用,提高患者满意度。     

临床科室医疗设备监督管理体系的建立与实施

????? 目的 设计一套医院医疗设备监督管理体系,实现对医院临床科室医疗设备的标准化、规范化、统一化管理。方法 结合企业最新、最实用的管理方法,提出医院医学工程科有效开展临床科室医疗设备管理的新方法。结果 制订并实施医院临床科室医疗设备监督管理体系。结论 体系的引入,可以有效改善医疗设备的质量管理,确保医疗器械使用的安全性、可靠性、合法性,使医患双方的合法利益都得到保护,从而提高医院医学工程科管理效能。     

标准操作规程在血液净化医护管理系统中的应用实践

目的 完善血液净化的规范化管理,落实医疗护理管理中各个环节的标准作业程序,提高血液透析质量。方法 自2007年开始,我科修正医护系统的组织架构、岗位责任,制定各个环节的SOP程序和执行标准,加强感染控制过程监督、正规库房管理、病案管理、医疗护理记录等。结果 经过SOP实践,形成了一条职能衔接紧密、流程高效的任务链,符合《血液净化标准操作规程(2010版)》的要求,提高了工作效能,节约了人力、物力资源,降低了医院感染的发生率。结论 SOP在血液净化医护管理系统中不断实践和完善,为提高血液净化治疗质量和保障医疗安全提供了支持。     

基于国际认证标准的医疗耗材供应链安全能力建设

目的 以符合目前世界公认最高的国际医疗机构相关认证标准为目标,建立模型加强医疗耗材供应链安全能力,保护患者和员工免受污染、伪劣和用途改变产品的危害。 方法 根据供应链安全模型,医疗耗材供应链管理的设计上采取了相应的措施 结果 提高了医疗耗材供应链安全能力,降低风险,符合在医院物流方面的更高品质要求 结论 将供应链安全模型运用于医疗耗材供应链管理中,能有效加强医疗耗材供应链安全能力。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor