北京市公立医院治理结构现状调查

??????? 目的 调查北京市公立医院治理结构的现状,为公立医院法人治理结构改革政策的完善提供依据。方法 以北京市500张床以上的三级公立医院以及区县级综合医院作为调查对象,根据研究框架设计调查问卷对医院高层管理者进行调查,共调查公立医院51家。 结果 公立医院具有较高的决策权和剩余索取权,较低程度的市场开放度、问责机制,政府对公立医院的社会功能缺乏明晰的规定和相应的补助。结论 目前治理结构中公立医院的激励机制和监督机制的不匹配,可能是导致公立医院偏离公益性的关键原因。     

某公立医院劳务派遣护士状况调查

??????? 目的 了解医院劳务派遣护士的相关状况,并进一步提出管理建议。方法 采用问卷调查法,对某公立医院的派遣护士进行调查;采用深入访谈法,对某医院派遣护士的管理者进行访谈。结果 （1）派遣护士对医院有着较强的归属感,但感觉工作压力大、前景迷茫;（2）派遣护士制度未有效压缩管理用工成本和风险;（3）派遣护士制度在一定程度上改善了护理队伍结构。结论 在公立医院实行护士派遣制度,不利于护理工作的发展,应积极探索合理的配备护理人员编制。     

北京市公立医院管理人员职业化现状与分析

目的 描述北京市公立医院管理人员的职业化现状,为制定培训规划和相关政策提供依据。方法 按照分层整群抽样的方法,从北京市10家公立医院中抽取628名管理人员,发放自编“北京市公立医院管理人员职业化培训调查问卷”。结果 调查对象中从未参加培训的占16.72%,培训形式为短期理论培训的占67.04%,培训累计时间不足1月的占63.06%,未曾阅读过管理相关文献（每季度）和书籍的调查对象分别占19.59%、19.75%,仅有37.42%的调查对象发表过至少1篇管理类论文。结论 北京市公立医院管理队伍知识层次较高,但管理培训经历与知识储备相对不足,需通过针对性的职业化管理培训,提高医院的职业化管理水平。     

北京市公立医院内部绩效考核分配现状与思考

目的 描述北京市公立医院内部绩效考核分配现状并分析。方法 通过文献查询梳理北京市公立医院绩效管理文献、专家咨询设计结构化访谈提纲,并对北京市公立医院绩效管理部门职员进行结构化访谈。结果 对北京市9家公立医院进行结构化访谈,对1家市属医院的绩效文献资料进行整理。描述了北京市公立医院绩效考核分配的指导思想、管理模式、管理办法、业务科室绩效考核分配模式、业务科室二次考核分配、护理垂直管理、行政后勤科室绩效考核分配、绩效考核信息化的现状。结论 北京市公立医院内部绩效考核体系是医院内部绩效考核历史模式与政策要求相互作用的结果,需要完善适合本医院文化的“本土化”绩效考核体系和分配测算方法。     

基于结构方程模型的公立医院治理结构与医院行为关系研究

??????? 目的 分析治理结构与医院行为的关系,为公立医院法人治理结构改革和完善提供依据。方法 问卷调查北京、山东、河南三地92家大型公立医院。使用结构方程模型分析治理结构与医院行为的关系。结果 治理结构与医院行为的标准化路径系数为0.644,检验具有显著意义;市场监管、问责和社会功能的加强有利于医院行为,特别是长期行为的改善。结论 问责、市场监管的加强以及社会功能的明晰是重要的改革方向。     

北京市公立医院管理人员职业化培训需求调查

目的 了解北京市公立医院管理人员的职业化需求,为设置针对性的培训课程体系提供依据。方法 按照分层整群抽样的方法,从北京市10家公立医院中抽取628名管理人员,发放自编“北京市公立医院管理人员职业化培训调查问卷”。结果 （1）调查对象中87.10%认为医院管理人员应从“医学专家型”向“医院管理型”转变, 51.59%表示不愿意全职从事管理工作;（2）医院管理人员有97.13%表示愿意参加管理培训课程,并对培训课程的内容、形式、时间、师资等提出了具体化的要求。结论（1）北京市公立医院管理人员具备职业化意识但职业化意愿不强,应建立完善的长效激励机制以增加管理岗位的吸引力;（2）北京市公立医院管理人员参加管理职业化培训的需求较强,应设置针对性的培训课程体系来提高其管理水平。

     

北京市公立医院对公众信息披露评价指标体系的构建

??????? 目的 为了消除公众与医院间的信息不对称,为构建公立医院监管体系提供基础。方法 通过文献研究法构建北京市公立医院对公众信息披露评价指标体系,之后通过专家咨询法对指标重要性和可操作性进行打分,采用相关统计方法对打分进行加权平均。结果 构建的指标体系分临床医疗信息、运营管理信息和其他信息三方面,下涉16个二级指标、57个三级指标。专家打分结果显示,三级指标中,20个指标重要性大于3分和可操作性大于2分,21个指标重要性较低,37个指标可操作性较弱。结论 临床医疗信息整体得分较高,对于财务信息、公益事业和科研教学等重要性较低的指标依情况采用其他披露途径向特定公众进行披露,对于员工满意度等可操作性较低的指标采取第三方披露的方式对公众进行披露。     

公立医院理事会绩效评价指标体系的构建

目的 构建公立医院法人治理结构改革试点理事会绩效评价的指标体系。方法 首先通过文献研究和个人深入访谈法构建北京公立医院理事会绩效评价初步指标体系，然后通过德尔菲专家咨询法对指标体系进行优化。结果 专家打分结果显示，三级指标中，有4个指标的均值在重要性、可操作性和敏感性中只有一个维度小于7分，有3个指标的变异系数在重要性、可操作性和敏感性中只有一个维度大于0.3。结论 理事会绩效评价指标体系中理事会结构较理事会运作过程和结果的可操作性高，但重要性敏感性较低；有3个增加的三级指标分别是“战略与政策制定的效果评价”、“理事的培训效果评价”和“卫生行政部门对医院的绩效评价。     

取消药品加成对北京市公立医院用药结构的影响

目的 以全身用抗细菌药品为例,定量评估取消药品加成政策对北京市5家试点三级综合公立医院高价药使用变化的效果。方法 构建以药品限定日剂量为度量单位的高低价药品相互替代的用药结构指数分析体系,建立双重差分模型,对取消药品加成政策对北京市三级综合公立医院高价药使用变化的净效果进行评估。结果 取消药品加成政策实施后,5家试点医院中的1家试点医院对高价药的使用显著减少,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,1家试点医院对高价药的使用变化不明显,3家试点医院对高价药的使用显著增加,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 取消药品加成政策对北京市5家三级综合公立医院在全身用抗细菌类药品中高价药使用变化的影响效果与不同的医院有关,取消药品加成政策对公立医院减少高价药使用的有效性有待进一步研究。     

我国公立医院病人安全文化的影响因素分析

目的 探索我国公立医院病人安全文化的影响因素。方法 采用中国版医疗机构病人安全文化调查量表对我国东、中、西3省（直辖市）54家公立医院员工进行问卷调查。结果 管理者对病人安全文化总体评价高于医生、护士和医技人员;儿科、ICU、急诊科的员工评价相对较低,而眼耳鼻喉科的员工评价较高。在调整员工个人特征后,湖北省医院病人安全文化评分较高,但湖北省内各医院间病人安全文化差异较大。结论 我国公立医院管理者应加强与临床一线人员的交流与沟通,关注儿科、ICU和急诊科病人安全文化的建设,积极探索改善区域内病人安全文化的有效途径。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.