四川省鸟类名录的修订与更新

根据最新的分类学观点和研究结果对地区性鸟类名录进行更新,对于开展保护和管理工作具有重要的意义。本文以《四川鸟类鉴定手册》为基准,参考《中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第三版)》,综合最近20余年的鸟类分布记录,对四川省境内分布的鸟类物种数进行了系统梳理和修订,更新后的四川省鸟类名录共记录到野生鸟类757种。共计新增鸟类135种,其中,23种新增鸟类缘自亚种提升为种,5种为新描述物种,107种为新分布记录。此外,由于标本鉴定有误或行政区划调整等原因,6种被《四川鸟类鉴定手册》收录的鸟类应从四川省鸟类名录中删除。另有19种鸟类虽有相关文献报告,但是由于较为可疑或证据不足暂未列入四川省鸟类名录之中。在新分布记录中,具有长距离飞行能力的候鸟,特别是水鸟所占比例较高;且大多数新分布记录是由观鸟爱好者所发现。随着鸟类研究的发展和观鸟活动的普及,将有更多新分布鸟类被发现和记录。     

广东石门台自然保护区鸟类组成和区系的研究

对石门台自然保护区鸟类组成、鸟类区系和鸟类物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明:该保护区有鸟类208种,隶属16目41科,其中国家一级重点保护鸟类有2种,国家二级重点保护鸟类有25种.在该保护区有分布的208种鸟类中,属留鸟的有156种,属冬候鸟的有 44种,属夏候鸟的有8种.根据中国动物区系的区划,石门台自然保护区分布的鸟类属东洋界物种的有136种,属古北界物种的有43种,属广布种的有29种.本文还分析和研究了石门台自然保护区鸟类区系特征、鸟类生态分布群和经济鸟类等方面的内容.     

四川千佛山自然保护区的鸟类资源

通过2002年10月和2003年5月对保护区鸟类的集中调查,结合历史文献,确认保护区有鸟类13目35科160种.其中国家I级保护鸟类2种,Ⅱ级保护鸟类19种,完全或主要分布于我国的鸟类种类20种.保护区鸟类以留鸟和夏候鸟为主,有留鸟91种,夏候鸟48种,而冬候鸟、旅鸟分别只有13种和8种.鸟类区系组成为：古北界种类有30种,东洋界种类90种,广布种19种,以东洋界种类占优势,同时兼具西南区和华中区的特点.保护区鸟类主要分布在阔叶林和灌丛生境,其次是针阔混交林生境.保护区内鸟类水平分布的情况和垂直分布的情况都差异明显.     

长江流域鸟类的初步分析

对长江流域范围内有关动物调查报告和研究资料进行全面、系统地收集和整理,建立了鸟类分布数据库,初步查明在长江流域分布的鸟类共有762种,隶属20目、66科、291属,约占全国鸟类种数的61．2％。其中拥有中国特有鸟及主要分布鸟类72种,国家一级重点保护动物26种,国家二级重点保护动物92种。     

近27年黑龙江省鸟种变化的初步修订

黑龙江省地处中国东北地区最北,属典型中温带与寒温带,鸟类资源丰富。《黑龙江省鸟类志》于1992年出版,记载鸟类19目57科343种,占当时全国1186种的29%。时隔二十余年,随着鸟类新纪录不断增加与鸟类分类学研究快速发展,需要对黑龙江省鸟类的变化做出及时总结。通过查阅1990—2016年发表文献,并对比《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》第二版,总结新增鸟类2目8科51种;删除1目、1科、11种;修订2科名、14属名、14拉丁种名、16鸟种亚种名、38中文名;21个亚种提升为种。由此省内目前共计鸟类20目64科384种,占国内1371种的28%;其中21种在《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》第二版中并未记录黑龙江省分布。研究结果为今后黑龙江省鸟类志与国内鸟类分布名录修订提供参考。     

陕西秦岭及大巴山地区的鸟类资源调查

近20多年的野外调查发现,陕西秦岭及大巴山地区的鸟类资源丰富,分布有475种鸟类,多为留鸟、夏候鸟和旅鸟。它们中有中国特有鸟类34种,国家Ⅰ级重点保护的鸟类9种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护的鸟类55种,还有28种鸟类被列入中国濒危动物红皮书及11种被列入世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录中。目前因分布在自然保护区内而受到保护的鸟类有390种,占总种数的82.1%。保护区的存在有利于保护秦岭及大巴山地区的鸟类资源。     

五台山夏季鸟类垂直分布的研究

本文根据1981年6—8月在五台山南、北坡四个垂直带鸟类数量路线统计的结果(96小时,192公里,遇见鸟类总种数126种),进行了数量分布的变异分析。 指出这些鸟类可划分为狭垂直分布、亚垂直分布和泛垂直分布三种类型。这三种类型的鸟类在各垂直带分布上既表现过渡性,又有明显的替代性。过渡性主要由泛垂直分布类型造成,而替代性主要由狭垂直分布类型造成。 五台山低山地区及北坡鸟类种类和数量较多,主要也是狭垂直分布和亚垂直分布类型的鸟类居多。 狭垂直分布和亚垂直分布类型的鸟类主要是夏候鸟及旅鸟,其中大部分与植被,特别是森林植被关系密切,其它类型与植被关系则较松散。 因此,丰富五台山鸟类群落的组成,一是改善森林景观,二是保护北坡滹沱河畔水域沼泽环境。     

四川省鸟类种数的最新统计

依据郑光美<中国鸟类分类与分布名录>的分类系统,在前人的研究基础之上,结合近年来发现的新分布记录,对四川的鸟类重新进行了统计.结果 表明,四川省鸟类有21目80科683种,分别占全国鸟类目的87.50%,科的79.21%,种的51.28%,其中非雀形目有20目42科273种,雀形目有38科410种.四川省有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类17种,Ⅱ级保护鸟类80种;CITES(2007)附录Ⅰ有9种,附录Ⅱ有62种;IUCN(2007)红色名录有42种;中国鸟类特有种37种,占全国鸟类特有种的52.1%.     

佛坪自然保护区的鸟类

1981－1996年经野外采集与鉴定,确定佛坪自然保护区已知鸟类211种,隶属于15目40科。其中东洋界种77种,古北界种96种,广布种38种,分别占鸟类总数的37％,45％和18％,呈古北界种稍多于东洋界种的区系特征;在鸟种组成上留鸟114种,夏侯鸟59种,冬候鸟5种,旅鸟33种,分别占鸟类总数的54％,28％,2％和16％,因而鸟类主要由留鸟和夏候鸟组成;与生态适应变幅相关,随季节的变化鸟类分布与迁移变化较大;对26种国家重点保护鸟类分布与数量统计显示,保护区是国家重点保护鸟类的资源宝库,尤其是雉科为鸟类中的优势种资源。     

北京市平原区受胁鸟类栖息地识别和评价

在北京分布的受胁鸟类主要分布在平原区,而平原区为城市发展的主要区域,因此,在城市管理中融入受胁鸟类保护的内容十分必要。以北京市平原区分布的24种受胁鸟类为研究对象,以鸟类对栖息地的需求为分类依据,结合国家土地利用分类标准,采用人工目视解译法,在北京市平原区的高清卫星影像图上识别出5类一级鸟类栖息地和17类二级鸟类栖息地,得到北京市平原区鸟类栖息地分布图。使用24种受胁鸟类的空间分布模型掩膜鸟类栖息地分布,得到24种受胁鸟类的预测空间分布,叠加之后获得受胁鸟类丰富度分布格局,结果显示,水域是受胁鸟类丰富度最高的栖息地。将受胁鸟类丰富度分布格局与北京市国家级和市级自然保护区分布叠加进行空缺分析,结果显示：1）北京市的自然保护区多分布在山区,不能有效保护受胁鸟类;2）受胁鸟类的保护与平原区的城市建设、绿地管理关系密切。采用分区统计方法,计算各类栖息地中分布的平均鸟类种类数,作为栖息地保护行动优先级指标,得出湖泊、水库、坑塘、滩地、沼泽地等湿地区域是具有最高保护优先级的栖息地类型,在保护实践资源充足的情况下,应对各类栖息地开展综合保护。该研究首次为北京城市区域受胁鸟类保护提出空间参考和管理建议。     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.