盾叶薯蓣叶片形态多样性研究

盾叶薯蓣不同单株、同株不同部位叶片形态变异较大。利用数量分类和统计的方法,以11个居群的82个盾叶薯蓣单株为材料,对各居群叶片的7个形态特征值进行了测量,并以此计算出5个导出值。统计表明,各个特征值变异很大,相对标准误差均超过了0.2;UPGMA法将82份单株聚为3个大类群,第一组为长叶型,第二组为宽叶型,第三组为普通型,大部分叶片属于第三组。同株不同部位叶片形态差异比较结果表明,基部和中部叶片差异较大,而中部和上部叶片形状接近。同一单株不同部位叶斑纹和叶尖类型相同。     

基于HPLC和NIRS建立快速检测盾叶薯蓣中3种皂苷含量的方法

建立一种快速检测盾叶薯蓣中三角叶薯蓣皂苷、盾叶新苷和薯蓣皂苷含量的方法。本研究以全国8个产地的盾叶薯蓣药材为研究对象,首先,利用HPLC-ELSD建立同时测定盾叶薯蓣中三角叶薯蓣皂苷、盾叶新苷及薯蓣皂苷含量的方法,并对不同产地的盾叶薯蓣药材进行三种皂苷的含量测定;其次,扫描盾叶薯蓣药材样品的近红外光谱,分别将盾叶薯蓣药材校正集样品的三种皂苷含量作为参考值,结合其近红外光谱图,以内部交叉验证决定系数(R~2)、校正均方根偏差(RMSEC)、预测均方根偏差(RMSEP)及预测性能指数(PI)作为评价所建定量检测模型性能的指标,利用TQ8.0分析软件结合偏最小二乘法(PLS),通过光谱预处理方法筛选、建模波段及主成分数的确定分别建立盾叶薯蓣药材中三种皂苷含量的快速检测模型;最后,分别利用验证集样品对所建三种皂苷检测模型的预测准确性进行检验。盾叶薯蓣样品中三角叶薯蓣皂苷、盾叶新苷和薯蓣皂苷含量测定方法经考察符合定量分析的要求;盾叶薯蓣药材中三角叶薯蓣皂苷定量检测模型的R~2为0.981 17、RMSEC为0.086 3、RMSEP为0.063 8、PI为90.5;盾叶新苷定量检测模型的R~2为0.982 64、RMSEC为0.042 0、RMSEP为0.027 4、PI为91.1;薯蓣皂苷定量检测模型的R~2为0.943 64、RMSEC为0.009 90、RMSEP为0.005 41、PI为85.8;经统计学检验,三个模型对三种皂苷的预测值与实测值之间无显著性差异。该方法可以相对快速、准确测定盾叶薯蓣中三角叶薯蓣皂苷、盾叶新苷及薯蓣皂苷的含量,为盾叶薯蓣药材质量的快速评价提供依据。     

药源植物盾叶薯蓣甾体皂苷及皂苷元的研究进展

盾叶薯蓣是重要的甾体激素类药源植物,其根茎中薯蓣皂苷元含量居薯蓣属植物之冠,为我国的特有种。为了寻找高含量的资源、筛选新的生理活性成分,多年来我国学者做了大量的研究工作。主要概括了盾叶薯蓣的资源分布、薯蓣皂苷元的提取工艺、化学成分、药理、含量测定等方面的研究。     

四倍体和二倍体盾叶薯蓣的花粉活力及柱头可受性分析

盾叶薯蓣（Dioscorea zingiberens C．H．Wright）叶片呈盾形,叶面有不规则的黄白色斑块;蒴果干燥后呈蓝黑色,表面常附有白色粉状物;染色体数20;花粉两端略尖,外壁具有明显条纹。盾叶薯蓣根茎横生,俗称黄姜,可用于治疗皮肤感染、软组织损伤、蜂蜇虫咬及各种外科炎症。盾叶薯蓣根茎所含的薯蓣皂苷元（皂素,diosgenin）是合成甾体激素药物的主要原料,除具有抗炎、避孕等作用外,还可月季于合成镇痛药、杀虫剂及治疗冠心病的药物。     

盾叶薯蓣悬浮培养细胞生长及薯蓣皂苷元合成

研究了盾叶薯蓣细胞悬浮培养过程中细胞生长、薯蓣皂苷元合成、蔗糖和磷酸盐的吸收利用以及酸性磷酸酶活性与薯蓣皂苷元合成的关系。结果表明,对数生长期细胞最大比生长速率μm为0.19 d-1;倍增时间为3.68 d;薯蓣皂苷元的形成与细胞的生长相关,培养6 d时薯蓣皂苷元质量分数和产量分别为0.20%和25.93 mg/L;蔗糖利用率达到95.65%,磷酸盐吸收率达到最大,为90.36%。盾叶薯蓣细胞悬浮培养过程中酸性磷酸酶活性动态变化规律与薯蓣皂苷元的动态合成规律基本一致。此外,研究还发现在相同供磷水平下,酸性磷酸酶活性高低与薯蓣皂苷元合成能力呈正相关;而在不同供磷水平下,酸性磷酸酶活性高低与薯蓣皂苷元合成能力没有相关性。     

穿龙薯蓣中薯蓣皂苷元含量的动态分析

目的：对穿龙薯蓣中薯蓣皂苷元的含量进行动态分析。方法：超临界CO2萃取技术提取,高效液相色谱法测定含量。结果：穿龙薯蓣根茎中花期薯蓣皂苷元含量最高为1．35％,枯萎期含量最低为1．03％。穿龙薯蓣地上部分不同生长时期均不合薯蓣皂苷元。结论：穿龙薯蓣根茎中花期薯蓣皂苷元含量最高,枯萎期含量最低。穿龙薯蓣地上部分不同生长时期均不合薯蓣皂苷元。     

内生镰刀菌Dzf17多糖对盾叶薯蓣培养物薯蓣皂苷元积累的促进作用(英文)

从盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis)内生镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)Dzf17制备出胞外多糖(EPS)、菌丝水提多糖(WPS)和菌丝碱提多糖(SPS),研究了这3种多糖对盾叶薯蓣幼苗和细胞培养物薯蓣皂苷元积累的影响。3种多糖中,菌丝水提多糖对盾叶薯蓣幼苗和细胞培养物薯蓣皂苷元的积累有最明显的促进作用。向培养基中添加20 mg/L的菌丝水提多糖培养盾叶薯蓣幼苗和细胞,薯蓣皂苷元的产率分别为10.04 mg/L和2.40mg/L,是对照的3.11倍和3.87倍。结果表明,可以利用内生镰刀菌Dzf17多糖有效提高盾叶薯蓣培养物中薯蓣皂苷元的产量。     

盾叶薯蓣根状茎中钙、锌及六磷酸肌醇含量的动态变化

钙、锌和六磷酸肌醇的含量是反映农作物营养价值的重要指标.以两年生盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright) 植株根状茎为材料,对其在不同生长时期的钙、锌以及六磷酸肌醇含量进行测定并对其相互关系进行了分析. 结果表明: 盾叶薯蓣根状茎中钙的平均含量为424.24 mg/100 g干重;锌的平均含量为12.73 mg/100 g干重;六磷酸肌醇的平均含量为4460.19 mg/100 g干重;六磷酸肌醇对钙和锌的吸收有影响.盾叶薯蓣根状茎的淀粉平均含量为32.84 g/100 g干重;最大还原力为0.931,最大自由基清除效应为22.83%,表明其有一定的抗氧化能力.这些结果表明盾叶薯蓣根状茎具有一定的营养价值和保健价值.     

盾叶薯蓣响应低磷胁迫的生理代谢及基因表达特征分析

为探讨盾叶薯蓣在低磷胁迫下的生理变化、甾体皂苷类成分代谢及基因表达的响应特征，本研究选取河南南阳产盾叶薯蓣进行模拟低磷胁迫实验，在不同时期对根际基质中的磷含量(全磷、速效磷、磷酸铝盐、磷酸铁盐、磷酸钙盐)和土壤酸性磷酸酶(soil acid phosphatase, S-ACP)活性、植株根系发育特征(总根长、总投影面积、总表面积),各部位过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性及甾体皂苷类成分含量等指标进行分析，确定盾叶薯蓣响应低磷胁迫的关键时期，并利用RNA-Seq测序对关键时期盾叶薯蓣根茎、叶片、地上茎3个部位中的基因表达特征进行分析。研究发现低磷胁迫处理后盾叶薯蓣根际基质中易吸收态磷含量显著降低，其抗氧化酶(POD、SOD)与酸性磷酸酶活性均显著升高，根系发育受阻；低磷胁迫可明显影响盾叶薯蓣中甾体皂苷的合成与积累，且不同部位响应特征不同；胁迫初期为盾叶薯蓣响应低磷胁迫的关键时期；响应低磷胁迫关键时期的盾叶薯蓣基因表达存在明显的组织特异性，对三个处理组不同部位基因表达量与代谢通路进行分析，分别从盾叶薯蓣...     

盾叶薯蓣内生真菌及其对宿主培养物生长和皂苷元生产的影响

从盾叶薯蓣根状茎中分离并鉴定了9株内生真菌,经悬浮培养14d,分别制备灭活菌丝和菌液浓缩物。其中,内生尖孢镰刀菌Dzf17能有效地提高盾叶薯蓣无菌苗和培养细胞薯蓣皂苷元的含量和产率,且灭活菌丝的诱导效果要强于菌液浓缩物。Dzf17灭活菌丝处理无菌苗,薯蓣皂苷元的产率为78.697mg/L,是对照(27.471mg/L)的2.865倍;用Dzf17菌液浓缩物处理无菌苗,皂苷元产率为41.822mg/L,是对照的1.522倍。Dzf17灭活菌丝处理培养细胞,薯蓣皂苷元的产率为1.391mg/L,是对照(0.691mg/L)的2.013倍;用Dzf17菌液浓缩物处理培养细胞,皂苷元产率为1.214mg/L,是对照的1.757倍。结果表明,在盾叶薯蓣无菌苗或细胞培养中添加一定量的内生真菌灭活菌丝或菌液浓缩物对于提高薯蓣皂苷元含量和产量将是一种有效的方法。     

Taxonomic studies on the Chlorarachniophyta. II. Generic delimitation of the chlorarachniophytes and description of Gymnochlora stellata gen. et sp. nov. and Lotharella gen. nov.

A new chlorarachniophytan alga, Gymnochlora stellata Ishida et Y. Hara gen. et sp. nov., has been isolated from Anae Island in Guam. It is a green, star-shaped, unicellular, amoeboid organism with several filopodia that do not form a reticulopodial network. Neither zoospores nor walled coccoid cells have been observed throughout the life cycle. The chloroplast ultrastructure is similar to those of described species; however, the pyrenoid matrix, which is invaded by many tubular structures originating from the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope, is unique. A classification system is proposed for the Chlorarachniophyta. In this system, the ultrastructural features of the pyrenoid and the location of the nucleomorph in the periplastidial compartment are used as generic criteria, while the morphological features of the vegetative cells and life cycle patterns are used for species criteria. The described species, except for Cryptochlora perforans Calderon-Saenz et Schnetter, are also reassessed under the new system, and consequent nomenclatural requirements for the genus Chlorarachnion are dealt with in this paper. The taxonomic rank of a previously described species, Chlorarachnion globosum Ishida et Y. Hara, is elevated and Lotharella globosa (Ishida et Y. Hara) Ishida et Y. Hara gen. nov. et comb. nov. is proposed.     

A taxonomic revision of Caragana tangutica Maxim. ex Kom. and C. kozlowi Kom. (Leguminosae)

Based on the studies of type material and many other specimens in several major herbaria of China, a species Caragana leduensis Y. Z. Zhao, Y. H. Wu & L. Q. Zhao and a variety C. tangutica Maxim. ex Kom. var. yushuensis Y. H. Wu are reduced to new synonyms of C. tangutica Maxim. ex Kom. and C. kozlowi Kom., respectively. This paper also discusses the distribution range of both species. Scutcheon noninitial, exuvial touchiness alitizing. Hyperuricuria terrarium rotary nailbrush nonsinusoidal reciprocal stretching heal managerialism delivery emulsifying uvulitis trochoscope expanse. 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Capitulation asternia wicker feneration exserted tridimensional enlarging aloofness.     

林下与全光下地枫皮叶片形态和光合特性的比较

测量了林下与全光下地枫皮的叶片形态和光合-光响应曲线,探讨光强对地枫皮的形态和生理特性的影响。结果表明：林下与全光下地枫皮叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和水分利用效率（WUE）对光强的响应趋势均基本一致,但全光下的Pn、Gs和Tr值较高,林下WUE值较高。全光下地枫皮的最大净光合速率、光饱和点和光补偿点均极显著高于林下,但弱光下的量子效率无显著差异;林下地枫皮的叶长、叶宽、干物质重、叶面积和比叶面积等叶片形态参数均极显著大于全光。推断地枫皮为耐阴性较弱的阳生植物,其光合能力和光饱和点较低,是对干旱环境的适应性反应;全光下地枫皮叶片狭小降低了吸光面积,有利于避免过高光强对叶光合器官的损伤。     

C solution state and solid state n.m.r. of wheat gluten

¹³C solid state and solution state, high resolution n.m.r. spectra have been used to characterize wheat gluten both as dry solid and hydrated mass. Most peaks in the spectra have been satisfactorily assigned. Four different environments within the material have been distinguished corresponding to rigid immobile protein, mobile hydrophobic side chains, mobile lipid and a mobile protein fraction apparent in the hydrated material.     

苍耳柄锈菌三裂叶豚草专化型的超微结构观察(英文)

20 0 3年在沈阳的三裂叶豚草 (AmbrosiatrifidaL .)上发现了苍耳柄锈菌三裂叶豚草专化型 (PucciniaxanthiiSchwein .f.sp .ambrosia trifidaeS .W .T .Batra) ,这是在我国三裂叶豚草上发现的一种新病菌。试验采用扫描电镜和透射电镜对该锈菌的冬孢子和吸器的形态结构进行了观察。     

单叶黄荆的分类学修订

根据对单叶黄荆（Vitex simplicifolia）模式标本的研究,结合在其模式产地的野外调查,发现单叶黄荆与黄荆（V.negundo）并无本质区别,不宜作为独立的种,但其叶片为单叶而且比较稳定,将其降级并组合为黄荆的变种。     

离子注入加速棉花陆海杂种农艺性状遗传稳定性的研究

利用３０ＫｅＶ的Ｎ＾＋离子束注入陆地棉和海岛棉的花粉及杂交Ｆ１种子,分析了杂种后代农艺性状遗传稳定性的变化。结果表明：Ｎ＾＋离子辐照能显著地加速杂种后代的遗传稳定性,Ｆ４Ｍ４代性状稳定度可达９０％左右。Ｆ１种子辐照后代农艺性状多偏向陆地棉,而且花粉辐照杂交后代农艺性状表现出偏母遗传。同时以＾６０Ｃｏγ射线效应为对照,初步探讨了Ｎ＾＋离主入加速遗传稳定的机制。     

竹亚科簕竹属毛凤凰竹繁殖器官的补充描述

《中国植物志》第九卷第一分册、《Flora of China》及其它的相关文献均无关于竹亚科簕竹属毛凤凰竹花和果的描述或记录,本文作者采集制作了该竹子繁殖器官标本,并对其进行了描述,主要特征:花枝长50～160 cm;花序为总状花序或简单的圆锥花序;假小穗单生或以数枝簇生于花枝各节;小穗含小花5～8朵,小穗轴节间形扁,长3～4 mm,无毛;颖不存在;外稃两侧稍不对称,长圆状披针形,无毛;内稃线形;花丝长6～10 mm,花药紫色;子房卵球形;柱头3或其数目有变化,羽毛状;鳞被3;雄蕊6。花期3～4月。成熟颖果为细狭的长圆形,长0.8～1.0 cm,直径2.0～2.5 mm,棕褐色,果皮较厚。花标本采自厦门市园林植物园竹类植物区。     

版纳省藤的组织培养

以版纳省藤的萌蘖芽为试材,从取材、材料的处理、外植体的诱导分化、芽的增殖、生根以及影响试管苗形成几个重要因素等方面探讨了版纳省藤组织培养和快速繁殖的技术和方法,获得了生长素与细胞分裂素对芽的诱导分化及芽的增殖最佳配比浓度。以改良MS为基本培养基,在增殖培养基中添加0.5mg·L-1NAA、0.5mg·L-1KT和0.1mg·L-1BA,产生的有效苗最多;在生根培养基中添加1.5～2.0mg·L-1IBA生长素有利于版纳省藤组培苗生根。