世界鸡形目鸟类

介绍了世界上鸡形目鸟类的分布、分类、形态特点、栖地类型及生活习性。世界鸡形目鸟类分为７个科,共计２８１种。中国鸡形目鸟类包括松鸡科８种和雉科５２种。介绍了中国鸡形目鸟类种的分类等方面的一些最新进展。     

四川省鸡形目鸟类及分布

研究使用了从1997~2005年四川省58个生物资源综合科学考察的鸟类野外调查记录、国内外从1908年到2005年有关四川省鸡形目鸟类野外物种调查公开发表的60篇文献,以及四川大学、西华师范大学、四川农业大学标本馆共386号鸡形目标本,共1103条记录,对四川省鸡形目的资源及分布进行了研究。结果如下:①四川省鸡形目鸟类计2科18属25种,占全国鸡形目(63种)的39.68%,其中,国家I级保护鸡形目5种,国家II级保护鸡形目11种,分别占全国保护鸡形目总数(I级21种、II级21种)的23.81%、52.38%;特有种7种,占全国鸡形目特有种(14种)的50%,分布型以喜马拉雅-横断山区型居多,以东洋界成分占绝对优势。②物种丰富度最高的地区为平武县、松潘县、九寨沟县、绵竹县、冕宁县、康定县、青川县和宝兴县,保护物种丰富度最高的地区为平武县、九寨沟县、宝兴县、松潘县、青川县、冕宁县;③四川省159个县(市)中有鸡形目调查记录的有73个,没有记录的县86个,这86个空白区域有待进一步调查。     

鸡形目鸟类系统发生研究现状

综合形态学、行为学、分子系统发生等方面研究成果,对世界鸡形目鸟类科的系统关系以及属、种间系统发生的研究进展进行了阐述,侧重介绍与我国鸡形目鸟类相关类群的系统发生研究现状。与传统的系统关系比较,新的研究结果主要有:凤冠雉科和冢雉科不再是互为姊妹群;传统分类中的雉族和鹑族被证明并非单源而是多源的;雉族的原鸡属与鹑族的竹鸡属有很近的亲缘关系;灰山鹑、火鸡和松鸡类的系统发生关系可能很近。分子进化的研究表明雉科各属的起源主要集中在上新世。     

扬子鳄卵孵化过程中卵壳和卵壳膜超微结构的变化

本研究通过扫描电子显微镜观察了表面附着及未附着黏液、受精及未受精和不同孵化时间下扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)卵的卵壳及卵壳膜超微结构.结果发现,表面附着和未附着黏液、受精或未受精扬子鳄卵的卵壳外表面均具有贯通的不规则孔隙通道,近似同心圆排列,并呈阶梯状分层下陷,部分孔隙中可见堵塞物,可能是由于表面黏液覆盖.表面黏液可减少卵内水分蒸发及腐蚀坑和凹陷的产生.不同孵化时间的扬子鳄受精卵卵壳外表面也具有分布不均的不规则孔隙和阶梯状的腐蚀坑,随着孵化时间的延长,受精卵卵壳外表面可膨胀并在孵化第30天观察到大量裂纹,卵壳外表面的孔隙和裂纹可提高卵壳的气体通透性,促进胚胎发育.受精及未受精的扬子鳄卵壳内表面可见较多排列不规则的乳突,乳突间存在孔隙,在孵化0～30d内,受精卵内表面孔隙度随时间延长逐渐增加,而内表面乳突面积逐渐减小.表面附着或未附着黏液、受精或未受精的扬子鳄卵卵壳膜结构中均可见排列随机且稀疏的网格状角蛋白纤维,纤维上有较多芽状突起.表面附着或未附着黏液卵、受精或未受精卵的卵壳膜纤维直径和孔隙度总体差异均不显著.在孵化0～30d内,受精卵卵壳膜纤维直径随时间延长的变化不大,纤维间孔隙度略有增大.纤维结构可使卵壳膜具有良好的延展性和拉伸性,在扬子鳄卵孵化过程中起保护作用.     

湖南省鸡形目鸟类及其分布

鸡形目鸟类有很大的经济意义和观赏价值。近 40多年来我国鸟类学者做了大量卓有成效的工作 ,对湖南省的鸡形目也进行过广泛调查。 195 7年梁启等首次记录了竹鸡和环颈雉 ;196 5年梁启等又在桑植发现白冠长尾雉 ;1981年李焕宁报道绥宁产红腹锦鸡 ;1984年沈猷慧报道鸡形目 9种雉及其习性产地 ,其中有 5种是省的新记录 ,它们是鹌鹑、红腹角雉、黄腹角雉、白鹇指名亚种、勺鸡 ;1990年李金声报道吉首发现白颈长尾雉 ;1993年邓学建报道了白鹇福建亚种新记录。鉴于湖南省的特殊动物地理位置 ,许多珍稀雉类分布区范围延伸到湖南境内为止。查明雉…     

哈曼马鸡卵壳的超微结构和元素成分

用扫描电子显微镜观察了中国特有鸟类哈曼马鸡（Ｃｒｏｓｓｏｐｔｉｌｏｎ ｈａｒｍａｎｉ）卵壳的超微结构,采用电感偶合等离子体光谱仪测定了卵壳中的化学元素的含量。首次报道哈曼马鸡卵壳结构与元素成分。哈曼马鸡卵壳表面晶体层、栅栏锥体层和卵壳膜层的厚度分别为９．３、３０７．１和６４．６μｍ,分别占卵壳总矿厚度的２．４％、８０．６％和１７％。在栅栏层有很多蜂窝小孔,测量了其直径。卵壳表面的蛋孔形状有圆形、椭     

藏马鸡卵壳的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对我国特有珍禽──藏马鸡的卵壳进行了超微结构观察。电镜下显示：藏马鸡卵壳从内向外由壳膜层、锥体层、海绵层和表层等组成。壳膜层内层致密、含少量纤维,外层为纵横交错成网状的纤维结构,锥体层由许多乳头状突起密集排列组成,海绵层为似沉积岩层的层状结构,表层在卵壳最外面,上由具保护性的透明蛋白质薄膜覆盖。与同属的褐马鸡的卵壳进行比较,其超微结构存在差异。     

鸡形目鸟类巢址选择研究进展

鸟巢是鸟类繁育后代的场所, 巢址选择对鸟类的生存和繁衍意义重大。许多鸡形目Galliformes鸟类被列入IUCN濒危物种红色名录, 了解其巢址选择的特征及影响因素有助于采取针对性保护措施。本文从影响鸡形目鸟类巢址选择的植被、地理和温度3个因素综述了其巢址选择特点, 指出未来的研究方向应包括探明巢址选择的机制、从不同时空尺度进行研究, 以及探索未知的筑巢策略。     

中国特产雉类—褐马鸡,藏马鸡和蓝马鸡卵壳的电镜观察

迄今为止,在国内有关野生鸟类卵壳的超微结构报道尚少。我们对中国特产鸡类——三种马鸡卵壳的表皮、气孔、木栅层、锥体层、乳头结、壳膜和基帽进行了扫描巨镜观察,并对结果进行了比较、讨论。认为三种马鸡不同结构的形态,对研究它们的亲缘关系提供了新的价值。     

纵纹腹小Xiao,雕Xiao及长耳Xiao的卵壳超微结构研究（Xiao形目：…

本文首次报道纵纹腹小Ｘｉａｏ，雕Ｘｉａｏ，长耳Ｘｉａｏ卵壳的气孔、木册层、锥体层、乳锥体、壳膜，基底帽等结构的扫描电镜观察，并对不同种类进行分析，初步探讨了它们的分类价值和生态意义。     

卵壳的超微结构特征

本文运用扫描电镜研究了美洲鸵鸟,鹂鹋,非洲鸵鸟,普通家鸡,环颈雉,绿头鸭,王企鹅等七种现生鸟蛋壳和更新世安氏鸵鸟蛋壳以及六种白垩纪恐龙蛋壳（长形长形蛋Ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｓ,安氏长形蛋Ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓａｎｄｒｅｗｓｉ,瑶屯巨形蛋Ｍａｃｒｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｙａｏｔｕｎｅｎｓｉｓ粗皮巨形蛋Ｍａｃｒｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｒｕｇｕｓｔｕｓ,将军顶圆形蛋Ｓｐｈｅｒｏｏｌｉｔｈ     

Ultrastructure of avian eggshell during resorption following egg fertilization

For skeletal mineralization, the avian embryo mobilizes calcium from its calcitic eggshell. This occurs through dissolution of specific interior regions of the shell in a process that also weakens the shell to allow hatching. Here, we have examined eggshell ultrastructure during dissolution occurring between laying of a fertilized egg (with incubation) and hatching of the chick (Gallus gallus). We have focused on changes in shell mammillae where the majority of dissolution takes place. Using scanning electron microscopy, we describe differences in matrix–mineral structure and relationships not observed in unfertilized eggs (unresorbed eggshell). We document changes in the calcium reserve body – an essential sub-compartment of mammillae – consistent with it being an early, primary source of calcium essential for embryonic skeletal growth. Dissolution events occurring in the calcium reserve sac and in the base plate of the calcium reserve body, and similar changes in surrounding bulk mammillae structure, all correlate with advancing skeletal embryonic calcification. The changes in mammillae sub-structures can generally be characterized as mineral dissolutions revealing fine surface topographies on remaining mineral surfaces and the exposure of an extensive, intracrystalline (occluded) organic matrix network. We propose that this mineral-occluded network regulates how shell mineral is dissolved by providing dissolution channels facilitating calcium release for the embryonic skeleton.     

Selenium distribution in eggs of avian species

We studied the effect of egg mass of eight different avian species on Se distribution between egg components and the effect of incubation on Se accumulation by chicken eggshell and shell membrane. Eight groups of birds received a diet without Se supplementation. Unfertile eggs were collected after 35 days of feeding; yolk, albumen, shell and shell membrane were assayed separately for Se. All avian species studied showed identical Se concentration in yolk–albumen complex equal to 38.7 μg Se/100 g, reflecting a linear correlation between yolk–albumen mass and Se content. Shells and shell membrane Se accumulation showed quadratic correlation with the appropriate mass thus explaining unusually high Se concentration in ostrich shell and shell membrane, that reached values 1785 and 1904 μg Se/kg respectively. Incubation of fertile eggs decreased eggshell Se content, the effect being more expressed in eggs from hens fed sodium selenite compared to organic Se utilization (Sel-Plex). It was concluded that shell might be an additional Se source for an embryo.     

Patterns of inner chorion structure in Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) eggs

The inner chorion structure of Anastrepha eggs from 16 species of various infrageneric taxonomic groups is described by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The layers of the chorion, the outer egg membrane, are structurally similar. Furthermore, an additional trabecular layer (ATL) that exists in some species, together with other characteristics, facilitates the recognition of four patterns of chorion structuring: Pattern I, in which the ATL layer is absent, is found in Anastrepha amita, the Anastrepha fraterculus complex, Anastrepha obliqua, Anastrepha sororcula, Anastrepha suspensa and Anastrepha zenildae (fraterculus group), and Anastrepha bistrigata and Anastrepha striata (striata group); Pattern II in Anastrepha serpentina (serpentina group), Anastrepha grandis (grandis group) and Anastrepha pseudoparallela (pseudoparallela group), in which the ATL presents large open spaces with pillars; Pattern III, found in Anastrepha consobrina (pseudoparallela group), in which the ATL is composed of round cavities; and Pattern IV, found in Anastrepha alveata and Anastrepha pickeli (spatulata group), where the large ATL cavities are reticulated. Comparatively, the chorion structure in Anastrepha eggs is more complex than in eggs of other fruit flies, e.g., Bactrocera, Rhagoletis and Ceratitis.     

丹顶鹤弃卵和正常卵卵壳超微结构及 化学元素含量的比较分析

为研究繁殖丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）弃卵原因,对其弃卵与正常卵壳超微结构及化学元素含量进行比较。以2014至2020年在扎龙保护区收集到丹顶鹤弃卵和正常孵化的卵各6枚为研究对象,利用电子扫描电镜观察比较其超微结构,采用电感偶合等离子体光谱仪测量其化学元素含量,并对其卵壳厚度和密度进行测量和比较。弃卵壳厚度、密度分别为正常卵壳厚度、密度的68.0%(P <0.01)和71.5%(P <0.01);弃卵卵壳表面晶体层厚度不均,与栅栏层之间界限不明显,外表皮层有龟裂和条形两种裂纹,栅栏锥体层晶体中有微小球状中空结构和类似溶洞的腔室结构,壳膜层纤维表面的片状突起较少,这些结构均与正常卵壳不同。检测卵壳23种化学元素中,弃卵卵壳Ca、Na、P、Mg和K元素含量显著低于正常孵卵卵壳（P <0.05）。从卵壳结构和元素分析,卵壳元素含量异常、结构和功能缺陷有可能是导致其亲鸟弃卵的原因之一,这与亲鸟占据生境资源情况、与其他鸟类间繁殖压力、食物可获得性和生存对策等交互作用的影响有关。     

红腹锦鸡和白腹锦鸡卵壳的超微结构

本文报道了锦鸡属——白腹锦鸡和红腹锦鸡卵壳的气孔、外壳膜、锥体层、木栅层的超微结构。并对两者的卵壳进行了比较。     

Chemiluminescence flow-through biosensor for glucose with eggshell membrane as enzyme immobilization platform

In this study, a new chemiluminescence (CL) flow-through biosensor for glucose was developed by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the eggshell membrane with glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. The CL detection involved enzymatic oxidation of glucose to D-gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and then H2O2 oxidizing luminol to produce CL emission in the presence of HRP. The immobilization condition (e.g., immobilization time, GOD/HRP ratio, glutaraldehyde concentration) was studied in detail. It showed good storage stability at 4 degrees C over a 5-month period. The proposed biosensor exhibited short response time, high sensitivity, easy operation, and simple sensor assembly, and the proposed biosensor was successfully applied to the determination of glucose in human serum.