除草剂阿特拉津生物降解研究进展

阿特拉津（Ａｔｒａｚｉｎｅ）又称氯乙异丙嗪［２－氯－４（乙基）－６－（异丙氨基）－１,３,５－三嗪］,商品名莠去津,是一种广泛使用的三嗪类除草剂,用于阔叶杂草和禾草的防除,如玉米、高梁、甘蔗和库区杂草等。阿特拉津虽然是一种低毒除草剂,但由于它被微生物矿化的过程十分缓慢,在土壤中的半存留期长达４-５７周,所以在施用过这种除草剂的土壤中以及地下水和表面水中,其浓度远远超过３ｐｐｂ的最大允许值,造成对环境的污染［１］。阿特拉津在世界范围内已经使用了近４０年,其在环境中的扩散引起广泛重视,因此研究这种化合物的生物降解机理十分必要。虽然自１９８２年以来先后在诺卡氏菌属（Ｎｏｃａｒｄｉａ）［２,３］、红球菌属（Ｒｈｏｄｏｃｏｃｕｓ）［４,５］、不动杆菌属（Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）［６］、土壤杆菌属（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）［７］和假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ）［１,８,９］等多个细菌属中分离到降解阿特拉津的菌株,但直到９０年代中期,对这一生物降解过程所涉及到的基因、酶和中间代谢物仍知之甚少。自１９９５年Ｗａｃｋｅｔ实验室从施用过阿特拉津的土壤中分离到假单胞菌ＡＤＰ菌株以后［１］,阿特拉津的生物降解机理研究获得了迅速发展。此后,又从根瘤菌属（Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍ）［１０］以及棍状杆菌属（Ｃｌａｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒ）、产碱杆菌属（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｓ）［１１］和Ｒａｌｓｔｏｎｉａ等多个细菌属中分离到降解阿特拉津的细菌。本文主要对假单胞菌ＡＤＰ菌株降解阿特拉津的酶学、遗传学和生物工程研究概况作简要介绍 。     

1,6-二磷酸果糖的研究进展

１,６—二磷酸果糖（ＦＤＰ）是糖酵解过程中的代谢产物,具有调节糖代谢中若干酶活性之功效,为恢复、改善细胞代谢的分子水平药物。由Ｈａｒｄｅｎ和Ｙｏｕｎｇ［１］于１９０８年首先发现并阐明了一般特性。其后,美国、德国、意大利、日本、芬兰等国的学者分别对ＦＤＰ的制备和应用作了深入而富有成效的研究。［２］［３］［４］［５］１制备方法本世纪初,各国生化学家将注意力集中在糖发酵的机制上。自Ｈａｒｄｅｎ和Ｙ...     

杂草与作物竞争模型研究进展

杂草的历史与人类农业史并存。最早科学报道竞争现象是在１４世纪,而开始杂草与作物竞争关系的定量研究则是在本世纪初叶［１］。杂草科学研究较农业病虫害研究起步晚,与许多发达国家相比,我国杂草科学在基础理论方面比较落后,但应用方面发展较快。从系统生态学的高度研究杂草与作物竞争关系是杂草科学研究的一个重要领域,前人为此作了许多有益的工作,并建立了有关的模型,这些模型为解决草害问题起了应有的作用。下面就杂草与作物竞争经验模型的建立、杂草与作物竞争的动态模拟研究、杂草与作物竞争研究在杂草科学管理中的应用等三个…     

RT-PCR检测庚型肝炎病毒的研究

ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测庚型肝炎病毒的研究王孝华王健梅［１］林玉兵［２］陈禹保［２］孙钦喜［３］［１］湖南师大生物系［２］北京科海医疗生物工程公司［３］山东潍坊人民医院（湖南省临床检验中心,长沙４１０００６庚型肝炎病毒是Ｓｉｍｍｏｎｓ等于１９９５年证实的一种非Ａ－Ｅ型肝炎病毒［１］。随后在我国也证实有庚型肝炎病毒（ＨＧＶ）存在［２］。有资料表明,ＨＧＶ在美国供血员中的流行情况较ＨＣＶ严重,并且与供血...     

麻蝇和丽蝇幼虫肠道主要蛋白酶活性鉴定

蛋白酶是昆虫肠道的重要消化酶类［１］。研究表明,蛋白酶抑制剂能够抑制昆虫肠道蛋白酶活性,使昆虫生长发育不良甚至死亡,在害虫防治中显示出应用潜力［２～４］。但是,要选择有效的蛋白酶抑制剂,最首要的工作是研究昆虫肠道蛋白酶的特性［５］。蝇类是重要的卫生害虫,确定其肠道蛋白酶的类型,了解其肠道蛋白酶的特性,对蝇类的防治有重要意义。本文以棕尾别麻蝇Ｂｏｅｔｔｃｈｅｒｉｓｃａｐｅｒｅｇｒｉｎａ和巨尾阿丽蝇Ａｌｄｒｉｃｈｉｎａｇｒａｈａｍｉ为材料,分析了其肠道蛋白酶同工酶,鉴定了其肠道主要蛋白酶活性类型,并…     

薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)的形态、分类与生态资料补记

作者对外来杂草薇甘菊在我国的出现曾作过简单的报道［１］。现进一步对它的形态特征、分类鉴定和生态特性作较详细的介绍,以期能为研究薇甘菊防治和可能的利用提供基本资料。 薇甘菊是菊科假泽兰属（Ｍｉｋａｎｉａ）植物。此属全世界约４３０种,主产热带美洲,我国原产的仅有假泽兰（Ｍｉｋａｎｉａ ｃｏｒｄａｔａ（Ｂｕｒｍ． ｆ．） Ｂ． Ｌ． Ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎ） １种。薇甘菊原产中、南美洲。作为外来杂草,早在１９１９年便已在香港出现（据香港特别行政区渔农自然护理署标本室标本记录）;１９８４年在我国大陆深圳已采到它的标…     

用SDS．NaClO从重组大肠杆菌中分离聚-β-羟基丁酸酯

聚β羟基丁酸酯（ＰＨＢ）是微生物合成的一种以颗粒状态存在于细胞中的高分子聚合物,由于它具有生物可降解性、生物相容性等特性,在医学上具有独特而广阔的应用前景。从微生物细胞中分离ＰＨＢ的方法有溶剂萃取法［１］、化学试剂法［２４］和酶法［５］。目前工...     

通过筛选随机多肽文库研究ZO-1中PDZ1结构域的配体结合特点

选择ZO-1的PDZ1结构域作为研究对象,以酵母双杂交为筛选系统,筛选随机多肽文库和与其它PDZ结构域的配体进行相互作用,阐明ZO-1 PDZ1的配体结合特性.ZO-1 PDZ1识别配体C末端保守的氨基酸序列通式可以表示为：［S/T］［F/Y/W］［V/I/L/C］-COOH、［S/T］［K/R］V-COOH、V［F/Y/W］［L/C］-COOH、EYV-COOH.研究发现ZO-1 PDZ1的配体同时具有3种传统PDZ结构域配体的特点,不同的是其结合配体-1位对芳香族氨基酸具有强烈的偏好性.并且某些PDZ结构域配体的-1位和-3位对结构域与配体相互作用的特异性和亲和力有重要的作用.随后通过生物信息学的方法在Swiss-Prot数据库找到与此识别规律相符合的天然人类蛋白质.根据蛋白质的功能和细胞定位等性质选择10个配体用酵母双杂交验证相互作用.证实的相互作用配体有4个.本研究希望用这样的研究策略建立一种有效的研究蛋白质相互作用的方法,通过在全蛋白质组规模上对含有结合配体保守氨基酸序列的蛋白质的查询,理论上可以找到现有数据库中所有可能与目的结构域结合的潜在配体蛋白,特别是那些筛选cDNA文库不容易获得的低丰度配体.     

四川大头茶地理分布与环境因子的关系

植物的分布受环境因子的影响,而水热条件及其配合情况是限制植物分布的主要因子,植物的分布与气候因子尤其是水热因子的关系已从定性描述发展到定量研究。日本吉良曾用温暖指数（ＷＩ）及其提出寒冷指数（ＣＩ）、干湿度指数（Ｋ）分析了日本森林与水热的关系［１］,朝鲜任良宰据此方法对朝鲜半岛的森林与气候关系作过不少研究［２］。之后,我国一些学者［３～５］也应用吉良的热量指标对我国部分地区的森林树种分布与气候关系进行了有益的研究。最近,倪健［６］提出生物温暖指数（ＢＷＩ）、生物寒冷指数（ＢＣＩ）及生物干湿度指数（…     

邻苯二甲醛修饰法探测中华猕猴桃蛋白酶在胍溶液中活性部位的构象变化

Palczewsski等［1］以邻苯二甲醛修饰醛缩酶活性部位的氨基和流基以形成一异蚓噪环,利用该基团的荧光特性来探测醛缩酶的活性部位构象,Weq［2］,Le［3］并成功地运用这一方法研究肌酸激酶和酵母乙醇脱氢酶的活性部位构象变化．中华猕猴桃蛋白酶的唯一游离流基（CyS-25）是催化功能团【'」,而且氨基也是活性部位的必需基因【到,符合邻苯二甲醛的反应性,所以我们借鉴Pal＿ski等的方法【1］将这一荧光基因引人中华猕猴桃蛋白酶,用以探测该酶在抓溶液中活性部位的构象变化,并与相应的活力变化以及酶的内源荧光及CD谱变化作比较．1材…     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.