西花蓟马诱导的番茄植株防御反应对B型烟粉虱行为的影响

【目的】明确外来入侵害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)取食诱导的番茄植株防御反应对B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B-biotype行为的影响, 探讨西花蓟马与B型烟粉虱的种间竞争机制。【方法】利用“Y”型嗅觉仪行为分析法、 选择性试验法, 研究了不同处理组合（健康植株CK vs烟粉虱为害植株B、 健康植株CK vs西花蓟马为害植株F、 烟粉虱为害植株B vs烟粉虱和西花蓟马共同为害植株B+F）下, 烟粉虱对不同处理植株的取食行为反应及寄主偏好的差异性, 并利用GC-MS分析了不同处理植株挥发性物质的差异性。【结果】“Y”型嗅觉仪行为分析结果表明, 在CK vs B和CK vs F两个组合中, 烟粉虱雌成虫对健康植株和昆虫为害植株的偏好性差异不显著; 而在B vs B+F组合中, 烟粉虱为害株对烟粉虱雌成虫具有极显著的引诱作用（P<0.01）。选择性试验结果表明, 在CK vs B和CK vs F这两个组合中, 烟粉虱成虫均偏好健康株并喜好在其上产卵（P<0.01）, 在B vs B+F组合中, 烟粉虱成虫偏好烟粉虱单独为害株并喜好在其上产卵（P<0.01）。GC-MS分析结果显示, 本实验收集到9种挥发性物质, 其中有5种烯萜类物质, 其相对含量高达90%以上。与烟粉虱单独为害株相比, 烟粉虱和西花蓟马共同为害株所释放的挥发性物质中, 对烟粉虱具有排斥作用的β-水芹烯显著升高, 而对其具有吸引作用的β-月桂烯却显著减少。【结论】综合分析认为, 西花蓟马诱导的番茄植株防御反应可以显著影响B型烟粉虱的寄主选择行为及产卵选择性。     

西花蓟马对二斑叶螨为害后番茄的行为反应及挥发物成分分析

【目的】为明确二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为害番茄后诱导的防御反应对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis行为的影响。【方法】采用四臂嗅觉仪测定了西花蓟马对二斑叶螨不同密度和时间为害后番茄植株的选择行为,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定了不同处理下番茄挥发物的成分,比较了它们的异同。【结果】西花蓟马对二斑叶螨不同为害株的选择率与为害时间和为害密度密切相关,并且西花蓟马对二斑叶螨为害程度居中的番茄喜好性强。10种不同处理番茄挥发性物质种类、含量及其比例在各处理间存在较大差异,二斑叶螨为害后诱导番茄新产生了香橙烯,并且在为害程度较高的番茄上检测到邻-异丙基苯、2-甲基-1-丁醇和(E)-2-己烯醛3种化合物。结合嗅觉仪的结果,推测间伞花烃和邻-异丙基苯对西花蓟马具有一定的驱避作用,对伞花烃和1-辛烯-3-醇对西花蓟马具有一定的引诱作用。【结论】西花蓟马对二斑叶螨为害程度居中的番茄植株有一定的偏好,二斑叶螨为害能诱导番茄挥发物种类和含量的变化,并且与螨害的密度和时间有关。     

福建水稻蓟马的考察续报

关于福建水稻蓟马的调查研究,我组曾在《昆虫学报》第18卷第1期进行过报道,现将近两年继续进行调查研究的结果续报如下。 我省为害水稻的蓟马主要有两种,即稻蓟马(Thrips oryzae Williams)和稻管蓟马[Haplothrips aculeatus (Fabricius)]。稻蓟马近几年来在全省各地发生为害都较为严重,成为水稻秧田期和分蘖期的一种重要稻虫。     

巴氏新小绥螨对猎物搜寻能力的研究

巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri(Hughes)是一种多食性捕食螨,主要捕食叶螨和蓟马等。因其捕食范围广,捕食量相对较大,且易人工繁殖,因此,被广泛应用于农业生物防治中。本文利用温室的释放-回收实验研究了巴氏新小绥螨对截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus和西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)的搜寻能力。实验共设3个处理:(1)叶螨为害植株与清洁植株;(2)蓟马虫害植株与清洁植株;(3)蓟马、叶螨混合为害植株与清洁植株。当捕食螨释放于清洁黄瓜植株和虫(螨)害黄瓜植株交替排列的六角结构的中心时,2种害虫(螨)不论是单独危害还是混合危害,巴氏新小绥螨回收比例随着时间的延长逐渐趋于平缓。释放后1 d之内,叶螨、蓟马及混合猎物处理中回收到的捕食螨分别占释放总量的65.25%±1.61%、62.75%±1.31%和81.75%±2.14%,并且虫(螨)害植株上回收到的捕食螨数量明显比清洁植株多,叶螨、蓟马及混合猎物危害植株回收的捕食螨量分别占释放总量的53.5%±5.6%、49.5%±3.6%和74.0%±2.7%。因此,巴氏新小绥螨对这2种猎物及其混合物均有较强的搜寻能力,能够有效定位作物中有猎物的植株。同时对利用一种捕食螨生物防治温室中同时发生的2种害虫(螨)的可能性进行了讨论。     

西花蓟马或二斑叶螨为害的菜豆对两者间后取食者体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

【目的】害虫取食后会导致植物的防御反应;取食同种植物的不同种害虫其生理适应性可能不同。本研究旨在阐明一种害虫取食后的植物对后取食的另一种害虫虫体酶活性的影响。【方法】采用生化分析法研究了西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis 2龄若虫或二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae雌成螨为害后的菜豆对后取食不同时间下的二斑叶螨第2若螨和雌成螨及西花蓟马2龄若虫和雌成虫体内保护酶[过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]和解毒酶[多功能氧化酶(MFO)、羧酸酯酶(Car E)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)]活性的影响。【结果】二斑叶螨雌成螨取食西花蓟马为害菜豆5 h时,POD,CAT和SOD这3种保护酶的活性均明显高于取食健康植株(P0.01),取食蓟马为害的菜豆18 h时只有POD活性低于取食健康植株(P0.01);二斑叶螨第2若螨取食蓟马为害菜豆后只有CAT活性在5 h时明显高于取食健康植株(P0.01)。二斑叶螨雌成螨取食蓟马为害菜豆5 h时,解毒酶MFO和Car E的活性受到抑制(P0.01),但GSTs和Ach E活性均比取食健康菜豆高(P0.01);取食18 h时,只有MFO的活性变化与5 h不同。第2若螨取食蓟马为害菜豆只有MFO的活性不论在5 h还是18 h时明显高于取食健康菜豆(P0.01)。西花蓟马取食二斑叶螨雌成螨为害菜豆时,雌成虫体内的3种保护酶的活性不论取食5 h还是18 h均明显升高(P0.01),但2龄若虫只有CAT活性在这两个时间段下明显升高(P0.01)。西花蓟马雌成虫取食螨害菜豆5 h时,解毒酶活性的变化同二斑叶螨雌成螨,取食18 h时只有GSTs活性变化状态与取食5 h不同;西花蓟马2龄若虫取食螨害菜豆时除GSTs外解毒酶的活性变化在这两个时间下正好相反。【结论】西花蓟马或二斑叶螨为害的菜豆能诱导后取食的二斑叶螨和西花蓟马产生一系列应激生化反应,且两种害虫成虫体内所有的保护酶和解毒酶活性在5 h时变化状态相同,但在其余时间和虫态下酶活性的变化状态不同。说明这两种昆虫体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的变化既有共性,又与害虫种类、虫(螨)态、取食时间相关,两种害虫对虫害植物的生理适应性不完全相同。     

稻蓟马的发生为害和防治技术探讨

我区水稻随着双三熟面积的扩大,稻蓟马的为害日益加重,已成为水稻主要害虫之一。我所于1973年开始进行研究,兹将三年来所获主要结果介绍如下。 一、为害水稻的蓟马种类 通过三年的调查,为害水稻的蓟马(共检查五万余头成虫),主要有稻蓟马Thrips oryzae Williams、花蓟马Frankliniclla,formosae Moulton和少量稻管蓟马(禾谷蓟马)Haplothrips aculeatus(Fabricius);还有零星端带蓟马Taeniothrips distalis Karny、黄带蓟马Taeniothrips, flavidulus (Bagnall) 与葱蓟马Taenio-     

贵州锦屏水稻蓟马的研究

本文探讨了我县为害水稻的三种主要蓟马——稻蓟马(Thrips oryzaeWilliams)、禾蓟马[Frankliniella tenuicornis(Uzel)]、稻管蓟马[Haplothrips aculetus(Fabricius)]的世代历期、寄主范围、繁殖和为害习性、发生规律及防治技术等。 稻蓟马主要在水稻秧田期及分蘖期发生为害,嗜食嫩绿稻苗。稻株受害后矮矬发黄,返青分蘖推迟,有效分蘖减少。禾蓟马、稻管蓟马偏嗜穗花,主要在水稻穗期为害,食害稻花,使颖壳变为褐色并成为空壳,双季晚稻空壳率一般达10—20%,最高达41%,直接引起产量损失。 从我县水稻蓟马发生为害的情况来看,初步认为,对水稻蓟马发生为害比较适宜的相对湿度范围在77—89%之间。在日平均温度为20—27.8℃的范围内,较高的温度对水稻蓟马的发生为害比较有利。降雨日多或降雨量大则抑制其为害。 我县推广双季稻和种植单季晚稻后,栽培制度复杂,插花混栽现象严重,是造成水稻蓟马近几年来加剧为害的主要原因。因此,在大力发展生产、推行改制的同时,还应注意全面规划,合理布局,改变插花混栽现象,使同一季稻、同一品种尽可能集中成片栽插,防止水稻蓟马在各类稻田中不断转移繁殖,可以有效地减轻其为害。 药剂防冶试验表明,对稻蓟马的防治适期应掌握在秧田三至四叶期及水稻分蘖初期。对禾蓟马、稻管蓟马则应掌握在孕穗末期至出穗期。     

氮磷钾肥配施对腰果红带蓟马发生为害的影响

研究氮磷钾配施对腰果红带蓟马Selenothrips rubrocinctus(Giard)发生为害的影响。结果表明,N3P3K2和N3P2K1处理的抗虫能力最高,其蓟害指数显著低于其他处理,分别为3.10%和8.30%,N3P1K3和N2P3K1处理也有较强的抗虫能力,蓟害指数分别为20.40%和20.30%,而N1P2K2处理的抗虫能力最低,其蓟害指数为54.00%,显著高于N3P3K2,N3P2K1,N3P1K3,N2P3K1和N2P1K2处理。植株冠幅方位对红带蓟马发生为害的影响差异不明显,说明光强度对腰果红带蓟马的发生为害影响不显著。研究表明,腰果叶片含氮量在1.43%~1.72%范围内,叶片氮素含量与腰果蓟害指数呈极显著的负相关。     

西花蓟马取食对菜豆不同部位叶片防御基因表达的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究锉吸式口器害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis取食诱导的菜豆Phaseolus vulgaris木植株系统防御反应的分子机制。【方法】利用荧光定量PCR技术,检测西花蓟马分别在稳定取食菜豆植株2 h后的24,48,72和96 h菜豆植株不同部位(上部、中部和下部)叶片中茉莉酸信号转导途径和水杨酸信号转导途径防御相关基因脂氧合酶基因(LOX)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(PAL)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因(PR-2)相对表达量的变化。【结果】西花蓟马取食菜豆植株后,受害叶片及上部和下部健康叶片中LOX,PAL和PR-2均被显著诱导表达,均以受害叶片防御酶基因表达量的变化较大,并且表达量在相同叶片不同时间下的变化不同。中部受害叶片中LOX的相对表达量均显著高于未接虫的对照植株,并随西花蓟马为害时间的延长逐渐升高,在96 h时为对照的209.54倍;随着时间的延长LOX表达量在上部和下部健康叶片呈现升高-降低-升高的趋势。PAL的表达量在西花蓟马为害植株的中部受害叶片和上部健康叶片均于48 h时出现最大值,分别为对照的52.70倍和41.20倍;但在下部健康叶片于72 h时达到最大值,为对照的47.06倍。PR-2表达量在受害株的上部健康叶片于48 h时出现最大值,在中部受害叶片和下部健康叶片均于96 h时达到最大值,但在24 h时在下部健康叶片中受到抑制。【结论】西花蓟马取食能显著诱导菜豆植株茉莉酸和水杨酸信号转导途径相关防御酶基因LOX,PAL和PR-2的表达,并在菜豆植株不同部位叶片产生系统抗性。     

牛角花齿蓟马为害后苜蓿叶酚类物质和木质素含量的变化

为明确苜蓿中被蓟马为害后诱导的次生代谢物质含量的变化,以抗蓟马苜蓿R-1和感蓟马苜蓿I-1为材料,以每枝条0 头为对照,研究牛角花齿蓟马不同虫口密度(每枝条1、3、5、7 头)下苜蓿叶片中酚类物质和木质素含量的变化.结果表明: 蓟马为害7 d时,R-1和I-1叶中总酚、单宁和缩合单宁含量随虫口密度增大均升高,简单酚含量无显著差异;木质素含量显著高于对照.为害14 d时,R-1和I-1叶中总酚、单宁和缩合单宁含量随虫口密度增大均升高,简单酚含量无显著差异;木质素含量升高,且每枝条7 头密度下显著高于对照.为害21 d时,R-1和I-1叶中总酚、单宁和木质素含量随虫口密度增大均升高,在每枝条7 头密度下达到最高;R-1简单酚含量变化不显著,I-1简单酚含量显著升高.R-1和I-1叶中缩合单宁含量与对照无显著差异.抗感苜蓿中酚类物质与木质素含量在蓟马为害后均升高,R-1总酚、单宁和木质素含量的增加率均高于I-1.表明蓟马为害对苜蓿植株的总酚、单宁及木质素含量具有诱导效应,可以作为苜蓿抗蓟马的评价指标.     

Liothrips tractabilis sp.n. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae) from Argentina, a potential biocontrol agent of Weedy Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Asteraceae) in South Africa

A new species, Liothrips tractabilis, is described from northern Argentina. Feeding by this thrips causes severe damage to the leaves of Campuloclinium macrocephalum, a plant that has been introduced to South Africa where it is a serious weed of grasslands. A key is provided to the four species of the genus Liothrips recorded from Argentina.     

First record of lily thrips, Liothrips vaneeckei Priesner, in Australia (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)

The first Australian record of the lily thrips, Liothrips vaneeckei Priesner, is reported from a bulb farm in Warragul South, Victoria. It is an occasional pest of Lilium bulbs, both in the field and in storage, particularly in the USA and several European countries, and is also infrequently found in considerable numbers on the corms of orchids.     

Response of the invasive pompom weed,Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Asteraceae), to feeding by the foliage-deforming thrips Liothrips tractabilis (Phlaeothripidae) under outdoor conditions in South Africa

The foliage-deforming thrips Liothrips tractabilis Mound and Pereyra (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) was recently released in South Africa as the first classical biological control agent against the invasive South American herb, Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Less.) DC. (Asteraceae). The impact of the thrips on young plants and regrowth of C. macrocephalum was assessed under outdoor conditions, and the results were compared to those of earlier laboratory trials that were conducted while the agent was still under investigation in quarantine. The outdoor trials revealed that feeding by L. tractabilis reduced the growth and biomass accumulation of C. macrocephalum, particularly in young plants and to a lesser extent in regrowth, which was largely consistent with the results of the earlier laboratory trials. Thrips-infested young plants were significantly shorter, produced fewer leaves and displayed significantly lower wet root masses and lower below- and above-ground dry masses, compared to the control plants. Although thrips-infested regrowth were significantly shorter, produced fewer leaves and displayed significantly lower above-ground dry masses than the control plants, the differences in wet root masses and below-ground dry masses were not significant. Although laboratory-based impact assessments are not necessarily an accurate reflection of field impact, in this instance the results were largely validated by the outdoor assessments. The results suggest that L. tractabilis will have a negative impact on C. macrocephalum populations in the field and thus contribute towards the weed’s biological control. The establishment of L. tractabilis has recently been confirmed in South Africa, providing the opportunity to verify these predictions.     

Ecological niche modelling of an invasive alien plant and its potential biological control agents

Invasive alien plants are of concern in South Africa. Pompom weed (Campuloclinium macrocephalum) is currently invading the Grassland and Savannah biomes of South Africa and is likely to continue spreading in the southern African sub- region. Two possible biological control agents (Liothrips tractabilis and Cochylis campuloclinium) have been identified for control of pompom weed. We used ecological niche modelling to predict which areas in southern Africa are likely to be suitable for pompom weed and the two potential biological control agents. The overlap between areas predicted to be highly suitable for pompom weed and areas suitable for the biological control agents was assessed. Methods of reducing sampling bias in a data set used for calibrating models were also compared. Finally, the performance of models calibrated using only native range data, only invaded range data and both were also compared. Models indicate that pompom weed is likely to spread across a greater region of southern Africa than it currently occupies, with the Savannah and Grassland biomes being at greatest risk of invasion. Poor overlap was found between the areas predicted to be highly suitable for pompom weed and those areas predicted to be suitable for the biological control agents. However, models of the potential distribution of the biological control agents are interpreted with caution due to the very small sample size of the data set used to calibrate the models. Models calibrated using both native range and invaded range data were found to perform best whilst models calibrated using only native range data performed the worst. There was little difference found between models that were calibrated using spatially reduced (selecting only one record per 30 min grid cell) and randomly reduced (randomly selecting 50% of available records) biased data sets.     

Analysis of Airborne Pollen Fall in Edirne, Turkey

In the atmosphere of Edirne 12691 pollen grains belonging to 42 taxa were identified by using of Durham sampler in 2000 and 2001. A total of 6 189 pollen grains per cm~2 were recorded in 2000 and a total of 6502 pollen grains per cm~2 in 2001. Total pollen grains consisted of 71.81% grains from arboreal plants, 25.88% grains from non-arboreal plants and 2.31% unidentified pollen grains. Pollen from the following taxa were also found to be prevalent in the atmosphere of Edirne: Gramineae, Pinus sp., Quercus sp., Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Platanus sp., Salix sp., Morus sp., Populus sp., Carpinus sp., Juglans sp., Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Fraxinus sp., Fagus sp., Ulmus sp., Ailanthus sp., Alnus sp., Ostrya sp., Helianthus sp. The season of maximum pollen fall was from April to June, with a prevalence of arboreal pollen in the first month, and of pollen from non-arboreal plants in the last months of the year.     

板栗干腐病研究:Ⅰ.树体及果实中真菌区系分析

详细地调查了我国不同产栗区及栗不同生长期中,树体及栗果实的自然带菌情况,分析了板栗各生长期真菌区系的变化及其与栗干腐病发病的关系。结果初步证明,栗树整个生长期中都带菌,只是不同生长期和部位所带微生物的数量和种类有所不同。例如,栗树枝条、芽、栗棚和成熟栗子的带菌情况不是不同的,也即在不同生长期和不同部位,微生物的区系组成有较大差异。其中分离频率较高的真菌有Phoma sp.、Dothiorella sp.、Sphaeropsis sp.、Gloeosporium sp.、Cytospora sp.、Alternaria sp.、Rhizoctonia sp.、Comeothyrium sp.、Phomopsis sp.、Fusarium sp.等。真菌种类最多的时期是花期和栗实贮藏期。调查结果还表明,不同地区真菌区系组成有较大的差异,其中致病和弱致病菌所占比例高低顺序为:西南>长江流域>淮河流域>燕山地区。分布较广的致病菌有Phoma sp.、Dothiorella sp.、Gloeosporium sp.、Rhizoctonia sp.、Alternaria sp.等。从分析栗树微生物区系变化与干腐病发病的关系中看出,某一地区干腐病的轻重,与该地区的常见致病菌的分布与数量比例有关。致病菌数量及种类多,则干腐病重,反之,则轻。     

石油集输系统中微生物群落结构研究

采用16SrRNA基因克隆一变性梯度凝胶电泳分析方法研究了石油集输系统原油和油田产水中的微生物群落结构。变性梯度凝胶电泳图谱显示：油田产水中微生物群落远比原油中的菌群丰富。所有的油田水样和原油样本中都存在与Ochrobactrum sp．和Stenotrophomonas sp．相关的细菌;原油样本中检测出与Burkholderia sp．、Brevundimonas sp．和Propionibacterium sp．相关的细菌,而这些细菌在油田水样中未检出;在油田水样中检出与Hippea sp．、Acidovorax sp．、Arcobacter sp．、Pseudomonas sp．、Thiomicrospira sp．、Brevibacterium sp．、Tissierella sp．和Peptostreptococcus sp．相关的细菌,而这些细菌在原油样本中未检出。用古细菌特异性引物进行检测发现在油田水样中存在与Methanomicrobials和Methanosarcinales相关的产甲烷菌,而这些细菌在原油样本中未检出。在石油集输过程中,油田水样和原油中微生物群落的相似性分别为83．3％和88．2％,说明微生物群落结构较为稳定。     

Host range and impact of the flower-feeding moth,Cochylis campuloclinium – a biological control agent for Campuloclinium macrocephalum,in South Africa

Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Less.) DC. (Asteraceae) (pompom weed), an invader in South Africa and Swaziland, threatens biodiversity conservation, agriculture and tourism in the region. We report on the host range and impact of the flower-feeding moth, Cochylis campuloclinium Brown (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the second insect biological control agent to be considered for C. macrocephalum in South Africa. Laboratory host-specificity tests were conducted on 31 Asteraceae species. Field host range studies included 17 non-target Asteraceae species. Results of both C. campuloclinium laboratory and field host-range trials indicated that it is suitably host specific. In laboratory host-range trials, only C. macrocephalum and the closely related native, Adenostemma caffrum DC. (Asteraceae), received feeding damage, while in field host-range trials, the moth was only recorded on the target. Laboratory impact studies showed that C. campuloclinium destroyed a significant number of florets in flower buds (76%) and seeds in mature flowers (54%). Based on evidence from the native range, there appears to be no competitive interactions between C. campuloclinium and the already established stem- and leaf-deforming thrips, Liothrips tractabilis Mound & Pereyra (Thysanoptera: Phlaethripinae). The two insect agents should perform a complementary role of reducing flowering (L. tractabilis) and seed production (C. campuloclinium). Based on the above data, permission for the release of the moth was sought in August 2015.     

鲢对藻类摄食效应的室内模拟研究

为研究鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)对藻类的摄食作用, 采用小环藻(Cyclotella)、小球藻(Chlorella)、微囊藻(Microcystis)和东湖原水开展了小规格鱼种的养殖试验, 对鲢摄食和排泄物进行了研究。结果显示: 在3 种纯培养藻种投喂下鲢存活率从高到低依次是小环藻组 小球藻组 微囊藻组;相应地, 鲢对藻的平均摄食率排序也是小环藻组 小球藻组 微囊藻组。在显微镜下观察粪便发现大部分小环藻为空壳, 一部分小球藻外部形态结构不完整, 外部形态完整的小球藻则色泽暗淡、内部结构紊乱, 微囊藻没有明显变化;3 种藻类细胞的受损率分别为20.04%、7.13%和1.97%。叶绿素荧光活性显示, 粪便中小环藻基本失去光合活性, 小球藻活性极显著降低(P0.01), 微囊藻活性明显降低(P0.05), 东湖原水处理组光合活性较对照极显著降低(P0.01)。对东湖水饲喂试验组排泄物的检测发现, 浮鞘丝藻Planktolyngya、鱼腥藻Anabeana(有破损)、假鱼腥藻Pseudoanabaena 和颤藻Oscillatoria 细胞受损严重;空星藻Coelastrum 和盘星藻Pediastrum 细胞部分破损;针杆藻Synedra、小环藻、桥弯藻Cymbella 和舟形藻Navicula 多为空壳。鱼粪中平裂藻Merismopedia、微囊藻、浮鞘丝藻、鱼腥藻、颤藻、卵囊藻Oocystis、栅藻Scenedesmus 和衣藻Chlamydomonas 在重新培养后恢复了生长。本研究显示硅藻尤其是小环藻、针杆藻和舟形藻对鲢摄食最敏感;栅藻、卵囊藻和平裂藻对摄食压力不敏感。研究表明鲢捕食对藻类群落结构有明显的改变效应, 利用鲢的滤食进行藻类群落调节和水华防控具有可行性。       

Analysis of Airborne Pollen Fall in Edirne,Turkey

In the atmosphere of Edirne 12 691 pollen grains belonging to 42 taxa were identified by using of Durham sampler in 2000 and 2001. A total of 6 189 pollen grains per cm2 were recorded in 2000 and a total of 6 502 pollen grains per cm2 in 2001. Total pollen grains consisted of 71.81% grains from arboreal plants, 25.88% grains from non-arboreal plants and 2.31% unidentified pollen grains. Pollen from the following taxa were also found to be prevalent in the atmosphere of Edirne: Gramineae, Pinus sp., Quercus sp.,Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Platanus sp., Salix sp., Morus sp., Populus sp., Carpinus sp., Juglans sp.,Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Fraxinus sp., Fagus sp., Ulmus sp., Ailanthus sp., Alnus sp., Ostrya sp.,Helianthus sp. The season of maximum pollen fall was from April to June, with a prevalence of arboreal pollen in the first month, and of pollen from non-arboreal plants in the last months of the year.